Please wait a minute...
工程设计学报  2026, Vol. 33 Issue (2): 204-212    DOI: 10.3785/j.issn.1006-754X.2026.05.164
优化设计     
基于Kriging代理模型的仿海豚AUV外形优化设计
唐军1(),邱东旭1(),谢远辉2
1.江西理工大学 机电工程学院,江西 赣州 341000
2.赣州职业技术学院 智能制造学院,江西 赣州 341000
Optimization design of dolphin-inspired AUV shape based on Kriging surrogate model
Jun TANG1(),Dongxu QIU1(),Yuanhui XIE2
1.School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Ganzhou 341000, China
2.Intelligent Manufacturing College, Ganzhou Polytechnic, Ganzhou 341000, China
 全文: PDF(2485 KB)   HTML
摘要:

针对自主水下航行器(autonomous underwater vehicle, AUV)外形设计中低阻力与大容积之间的矛盾,探索以海豚为仿生对象的优化设计方法,以提升AUV的水动力性能与任务载荷能力。首先,采用9段Myring型曲线对海豚轮廓进行参数化拟合,建立AUV三维几何模型,并基于雷诺平均纳维-斯托克斯(Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes, RANS)方程和标准k-ε模型,通过CFD(computational fluid dynamics,计算流体力学)仿真获取初始AUV的总阻力与包络体积。随后,利用最优拉丁超立方抽样法生成样本点,构建描述AUV总阻力、包络体积与设计变量映射关系的Kriging代理模型。最后,以最小化总阻力和最大化包络体积为目标,采用NSGA-II(non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm-II,二代非支配排序遗传算法)求解Pareto最优解集。优化后的AUV在2 m/s航速下的总阻力降低了5.74%,包络体积增大了5.87%。流场仿真分析表明:优化外形使AUV尾部的压力梯度趋于平缓,压差阻力降低了12.56%;同时,AUV尾部的速度梯度减小,有效抑制了边界层分离。阻力构成显示压差阻力降低是AUV总阻力下降的主要原因。水平面稳定性指数GH>0,表明优化后的AUV具有动稳定性。融合参数化建模、CFD仿真、Kriging代理模型与NSGA-II的多目标优化方法,为水下航行器的外形优化提供了参考。

关键词: 自主水下航行器仿生设计计算流体力学Kriging代理模型多目标优化    
Abstract:

Aiming at the contradiction between low resistance and large volume in the shape design of autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs), an optimization design method taking dolphins as bionic objects is explored to enhance the hydrodynamic performance and mission payload capacity of AUVs. Firstly, nine segments of Myring-type curves were used to parameterize and fit the dolphin contour, thereby establishing a three-dimensional AUV geometric model. Based on the Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) equation and the standard k-ε model, the total resistance and envelope volume of the initial AUV were obtained through computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation. Subsequently, the optimal Latin hypercube sampling method was utilized to generate sample points, and Kriging surrogate models describing the mapping relationship between the total resistance and envelope volume of the AUV and design variables were constructed. Finally, with the objectives of minimizing total resistance and maximizing envelope volume, the Pareto optimal solution set was solved using NSGA-II (non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm-II). After optimization, the total resistance of the AUV decreased by 5.74% and the envelope volume increased by 5.87% at a navigation speed of 2 m/s. Flow field simulation analysis indicated that the optimized shape flattened the pressure gradient at the AUV tail, reducing the pressure difference resistance by 12.56%. At the same time, the velocity gradient at the AUV tail decreased, effectively inhibiting boundary layer separation. The resistance composition showed that the reduction in pressure difference resistance was the main reason for the decrease in total resistance. The horizontal stability index GH>0 indicated that the optimized AUV had dynamic stability. The multi-objective optimization method that integrates parametric modeling, CFD simulation, Kriging surrogate model and NSGA-II provides a reference for the shape optimization of underwater vehicles.

Key words: autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV)    bio-inspired design    computational fluid dynamics (CFD)    Kriging surrogate model    multi-objective optimization
收稿日期: 2025-07-24 出版日期: 2026-04-28
CLC:  U 662.2  
基金资助: 国家自然科学基金资助项目(51864015)
通讯作者: 邱东旭     E-mail: 9120060030@jxust.edu.cn;347943350@qq.com
作者简介: 唐 军(1975—),男,副教授,硕士,从事水下机器人结构设计及控制、仿生设计等研究,E-mail: 9120060030@jxust.edu.cn,https://orcid.org/0009-0009-4618-3491
服务  
把本文推荐给朋友
加入引用管理器
E-mail Alert
RSS
作者相关文章  
唐军
邱东旭
谢远辉

引用本文:

唐军,邱东旭,谢远辉. 基于Kriging代理模型的仿海豚AUV外形优化设计[J]. 工程设计学报, 2026, 33(2): 204-212.

Jun TANG,Dongxu QIU,Yuanhui XIE. Optimization design of dolphin-inspired AUV shape based on Kriging surrogate model[J]. Chinese Journal of Engineering Design, 2026, 33(2): 204-212.

链接本文:

https://www.zjujournals.com/gcsjxb/CN/10.3785/j.issn.1006-754X.2026.05.164        https://www.zjujournals.com/gcsjxb/CN/Y2026/V33/I2/204

图1  仿海豚AUV的简化几何模型
图2  仿海豚AUV外形轮廓
参数初始值上限下限备注
d1/mm604080曲线1的高度
a1/mm10080120曲线1的长度
n1213曲线1的饱和度
d2/mm604080曲线2的高度
a2/mm10080120曲线2的长度
n2213曲线2的饱和度
d3/mm180160200曲线3的高度
a3/mm440340540曲线3的长度
n3213曲线3的饱和度
a4/mm9608001 200曲线4的长度
n4315曲线4的饱和度
d5/mm604080曲线5的高度
n5213曲线5的饱和度
d6/mm403050曲线6的高度
n6213曲线6的饱和度
n7315曲线7的饱和度
d8/mm200100300曲线8的高度
a8/mm200160240曲线8的长度
n8213曲线8的饱和度
n9213曲线9的饱和度
表1  设计变量的初始值和取值范围
图3  计算域和边界条件
图4  AUV总阻力与网格数量的关系
图5  AUV周围的网格划分
图6  AUV总阻力的仿真值与预测值对比
图7  AUV包络体积的仿真值与预测值对比
图8  NSGA-II 的寻优流程
图9  AUV外形多目标优化的Pareto最优解集
参数初始方案优化方案B优化方案C
d1/mm6040.3340.41
a1/mm10081.1880.24
n122.992.99
d2/mm6077.5177.76
a2/mm100119.54119.53
n221.041.04
d3/mm180164.58171.35
a3/mm440344.08345.31
n322.952.77
a4/mm9601 198.231 198.31
n432.672.66
d5/mm6079.8079.82
n521.831.46
d6/mm4030.2734.46
n622.482.68
n734.974.97
d8/mm200299.44281.37
a8/mm200191.52196.49
n822.982.99
n921.561.71
总阻力/N18.6317.3917.48
包络体积/dm391.6897.0697.81
表2  AUV外形的初始方案与优化方案对比
图10  AUV总阻力灵敏度分析结果
图11  AUV包络体积灵敏度分析结果
图12  优化前后AUV的压力云图
图13  优化前后AUV周围流场的速度云图
优化方案总阻力/N相对误差/%
预测值仿真值
B17.3917.560.98
C17.4817.721.37
表3  优化后AUV总阻力的仿真值与预测值对比
阻力类型

初始

方案

优化

方案B

变化量变化率/%
压差阻力/N10.198.91-1.28-12.56
摩擦阻力/N8.448.65+0.21+2.49
总阻力/N18.6317.56-1.07-5.74
表4  优化前后AUV的总阻力构成对比
图14  优化前后AUV在不同航速下的总阻力对比
水动力系数数值
Yv'-0.247 553
Nv'-0.007 264
Yr'-0.016 574
Nr'-0.021 381
表5  AUV的水动力系数
  
[1] WANG P B, LIU X Y, SONG A G. Actuation and locomotion of miniature underwater robots: a survey[J]. Engineering, 2025, 51: 195-214.
[2] SUN C Y, SONG B W, WANG P. Parametric geometric model and shape optimization of an underwater glider with blended-wing-body[J]. International Journal of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering, 2015, 7(6): 995-1006.
[3] 包海默, 安轩昂, 宋梅萍, 等. 水下机器人减阻设计研究进展[J]. 机械设计, 2025, 42(3): 163-172.
BAO H M, AN X A, SONG M P, et al. Advances in drag reduction design for underwater robots[J]. Journal of Machine Design, 2025, 42(3): 163-172.
[4] REN K, YU J C. Research status of bionic amphibious robots: a review[J]. Ocean Engineering, 2021, 227: 108862.
[5] 马楷东, 张瑞荣, 郭鑫, 等. 仿双髻鲨头部的仿生机器鱼外形设计及其流场特性[J]. 力学学报, 2021, 53(12): 3389-3398. doi:10.6052/0459-1879-21-160
MA K D, ZHANG R R, GUO X, et al. Shape design and flow field characteristics of a robotic fish imitating the head of a hammerhead[J]. Chinese Journal of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics, 2021, 53(12): 3389-3398.
doi: 10.6052/0459-1879-21-160
[6] 田晓洁, 刘运祥, 刘贵杰, 等. 仿金枪鱼三维建模及流场受力分析[J]. 中国海洋大学学报(自然科学版), 2019, 49(11): 139-144.
TIAN X J, LIU Y X, LIU G J, et al. Tuna 3D-modeling and stress calculation in flow field[J]. Periodical of Ocean University of China, 2019, 49(11): 139-144.
[7] 包海默, 马宏宇, 乔松, 等. 水下捕捞机器人耐压舱仿生造型设计[J]. 机械设计, 2022, 39(5): 135-141.
BAO H M, MA H Y, QIAO S, et al. Bionic modeling design of compressive cabin of underwater fishing vehicle[J]. Journal of Machine Design, 2022, 39(5): 135-141.
[8] HUANG X S, HAN D X, ZHANG Y, et al. Numerical simulation of bionic underwater vehicle morphology drag optimisation and flow field noise analysis[J]. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, 2024, 12(8): 1373.
[9] ZHANG Y, WU Z X, WANG J, et al. Design and analysis of a bionic gliding robotic dolphin[J]. Biomimetics, 2023, 8(2): 151.
[10] LIU J C, ZHANG C, LIU Z N, et al. Design and analysis of a novel tendon-driven continuum robotic dolphin[J]. Bioinspiration & Biomimetics, 2021, 16(6): 065002.
[11] LI Z H, XIA D, CAO J B, et al. Hydrodynamics study of dolphin's self-yaw motion realized by spanwise flexibility of caudal fin[J]. Journal of Ocean Engineering and Science, 2022, 7(3): 213-224.
[12] WU Z X, YU J Z, YUAN J, et al. Towards a gliding robotic dolphin: design, modeling, and experiments[J]. IEEE/ASME Transactions on Mechatronics, 2019, 24(1): 260-270.
[13] LI Z H, XIA D, ZHOU X F, et al. The hydrodynamics of self-rolling locomotion driven by the flexible pectoral fins of 3-D bionic dolphin[J]. Journal of Ocean Engineering and Science, 2022, 7(1): 29-40.
[14] MYRING D F. A theoretical study of body drag in subcritical axisymmetric flow[J]. Aeronautical Quarterly, 1976, 27(3): 186-194.
[15] 施迅, 周悦, 吴诗昊, 等. 三体模块化渔业监测AUV结构设计及外形优化[J]. 上海海洋大学学报, 2024, 33(6): 1429-1438.
SHI X, ZHOU Y, WU S H, et al. Structural design and shape optimization of three-body modular fishery monitoring AUV[J]. Journal of Shanghai Ocean University, 2024, 33(6): 1429-1438.
[16] SENER M Z, AKSU E. The effects of head form on resistance performance and flow characteristics for a streamlined AUV hull design[J]. Ocean Engineering, 2022, 257: 111630.
[17] LIU F, DENG X D. Multi-objective optimization of an autonomous underwater vehicle shape based on an improved Kriging model[J]. Ocean Engineering, 2024, 313(Part 1): 119388.
[18] WANG Z L, YANG C L, WEN Q B, et al. Shape optimization of autonomous underwater helicopters based on different parameter curves and various optimization algorithms[J]. Ocean Engineering, 2024, 309: 118420.
[19] CHEN X D, YU L, LIU L Y, et al. Multi-objective shape optimization of autonomous underwater vehicle by coupling CFD simulation with genetic algorithm[J]. Ocean Engineering, 2023, 286(Part 2): 115722.
[20] CHEN S P, LIU F. Multi-objective shape optimization of underwater vehicles based on an adaptive sampling algorithm[J]. Applied Ocean Research, 2024, 146: 103950.
[21] ZHANG K, CHENG L, WANG Q, et al. Three-dimensional configuration optimization of X semi-dynamic rudder for fully appended AUV based on response surface methodology and NSGA-II[J]. Ocean Engineering, 2025, 329: 121107.
[1] 高纪宁,王红,何勇,张启真,权海锐. 考虑动态客运量的地铁车辆部件预防性维修策略[J]. 工程设计学报, 2026, 33(1): 86-94.
[2] 李玉龙,宋陆昊,刘天涯,宋安然. 罗茨泵极限真空度及其预抽时间预测模型研究[J]. 工程设计学报, 2025, 32(6): 856-864.
[3] 刘东,胡国良,张佳伟,喻理梵. 变刚度变阻尼磁流变阻尼器的优化设计及性能分析[J]. 工程设计学报, 2025, 32(5): 686-695.
[4] 吴田,吴滨帆,邱中华,彭勇,朱祥. 基于改进MOMVO算法的大荷载绝缘拉棒端头多目标优化[J]. 工程设计学报, 2025, 32(5): 696-707.
[5] 田立勇,张佳豪,于宁,于晓涵,张硕. 掘进机回转台疲劳寿命预测及影响因素研究[J]. 工程设计学报, 2025, 32(1): 92-101.
[6] 李浩,王颖,马耀帅,孙春亚,黄荣杰,王昊琪,李琳利. 基于Kriging模型的大型立式磨机选粉机结构优化设计研究[J]. 工程设计学报, 2024, 31(6): 801-809.
[7] 方冰,胡国良,梅鑫,喻理梵. 全通道内置阀式磁流变阻尼器的设计及性能分析[J]. 工程设计学报, 2024, 31(5): 623-633.
[8] 孙敏,卢丰源,赵宇轩,王青春,陈忠加. 送风参数对老化箱内部温湿度场的影响研究[J]. 工程设计学报, 2024, 31(3): 357-367.
[9] 谢海波,洪昊岑,王柏村,姜伟,杨华勇. 基于多目标遗传算法的斜盘式轴向柱塞泵低脉动结构优化设计[J]. 工程设计学报, 2024, 31(2): 160-167.
[10] 曹望城,韩佳轩,姚廷强. 基于参数化多体动力学模型的内齿式回转支承动态优化设计[J]. 工程设计学报, 2024, 31(2): 168-177.
[11] 李佳,宋梅利,冯君,汤海斌. 面向激光增材制造的仿生薄壁结构抗冲击研究[J]. 工程设计学报, 2024, 31(1): 67-73.
[12] 王金栋,谢宇鸿,陈燚,吴展扬. 基于河狸门齿的锤片式粉碎机锤片仿生设计[J]. 工程设计学报, 2023, 30(4): 476-484.
[13] 窦方健,邱清盈,管成,邵锦杰,吴海峰. 大转动惯量缠绕机加减速曲线优化设计[J]. 工程设计学报, 2023, 30(4): 503-511.
[14] 刘江,肖正明,张龙隆,刘卫标. 考虑摆线轮磨损的RV减速器传动精度可靠性分析与参数优化[J]. 工程设计学报, 2022, 29(6): 739-747.
[15] 高伟,张玮,谷海涛,孟令帅,高浩,赵志超. 大型深海AUV无动力螺旋下潜运动特性分析[J]. 工程设计学报, 2022, 29(3): 370-383.