Rice planthoppers, mainly including Nilaparvata lugens, Sogatella furcifera, and Laodelphax striatellus, are one of the most important insect pests of rice in China. In this review, we summarized the latest research progress on the molecular basis of important genetic characteristics (wing-morph differentiation, fecundity, insecticide resistance) of rice planthoppers, interactions among rice, rice planthoppers, natural enemies of rice planthoppers and other organisms, mechanisms underlying rice planthopper outbreak, and management of rice planthoppers. Finally, we suggest that future studies should further dissect the molecular basis of biology and ecology related to rice planthopper outbreak, and find the coordination mechanisms between intensified agriculture and rice ecosystem resistance at the micro level, so as to maintain or improve the rice ecosystem resistance, and achieve sustainable management of rice planthoppers in the context of intensified agriculture.

Methane (CH₄) as a colorless, odorless organic gas, is one of the most simple hydrocarbons and widely distributed in environment. As the second most important greenhouse gas, only following carbon dioxide, methane contributes a lot to the global warming. 　　Methane-oxidizing bacteria are a kind of microorganisms who directly use methane as carbon and energy sources. Because they can convert methane into carbon dioxide and mitigate the global greenhouse effect, methane-oxidizing bacteria are getting more and more people’s attention. Methane-oxidizing bacteria not only reduce methane emissions in the soil, but also uptake the methane in the gas phase of the unsaturated soil. They are important to mitigate the global greenhouse effect. 　　According to whether can uptake oxygen in environment as electron acceptor or not, methane-oxidizing bacteria can be divided into aerobic and anaerobic methane-oxidizing bacteria. Aerobic methane-oxidizing bacteria are gram-negative bacteria, which use methane as carbon and energy source, have been discovered as early as 1906. Because of the potential value of aerobic methane-oxidizing bacteria in practice production, scientists have made extensive research about it in the past 40 years. At the same time, aerobic methane-oxidizing bacteria can reduce soil methane emissions and uptake the methane in the atmosphere, playing an important role in global carbon cycle. Because anaerobic methane-oxidizing bacteria’s doubling time is long, research progress about it is slow. 　　Cellular component of different kinds of methane-oxidizing bacteria is different, and they have different enzymes and C₁ metabolic pathways. The center metabolic mechanism of C₁ component determines the competition ability of different bacteria in different environment. The main center metabolic mechanism can be divided into three categories: ribulose monophosphate cycle, serine cycle, and the Calvin-Benson-Bassham cycle.

Influenza is an important zoonotic disease. The highly pathogenic avian influenza not only brings enormous losses to China’s livestock breeding industry but also seriously threatens the safety of public health. The ability of influenza viruses to recombine in swine and spread across species barriers poses significant challenges for influenza prevention. Due to the rapid mutation of influenza viruses, the differences between prevalent viruses and vaccine strains reduce the vaccine efficacy. It is necessary to improve the host’s immunity to influenza viruses. Probiotics regulate the balance of intestinal microbiota and promote body health, which is beneficial for protecting animal against influenza viruses. This paper reviewed the mechanisms of anti-influenza virus action of probiotics in animals. The mechanisms include direct or indirect interference with virus attacks by balancing the composition of intestinal flora, regulating the mucosal barrier function of body, and enhancing or suppressing Toll-like receptor-related molecular signaling pathways. This study provides scientific evidence for understanding the mechanisms by which different strains of probiotics combat influenza and for developing more effective anti-influenza strategies.

The repair of DNA damage and maintenance of genomic stability are essential for the normal growth and adverse defense of plants and animals. In view of the genomic instability caused by the misincorporation of DNA polymerase, this study took DNA polymerase η as the research object and screened its possible small molecule inhibitors by computational simulated molecular docking and detected their enzyme kinetic parameters. The results showed that deoxyadenosine triphosphate (dATP) had an inhibitory effect on the activity of DNA polymerase η, resulting in a relative extension efficiency of 36% to 42%. Simulated molecular docking and in vitro experimental results showed that cyclic GMP-AMP (cGAMP) had a lower binding energy (with an affinity of －35.1 kJ/mol) than dATP (with an affinity of －26.7 kJ/mol) to DNA polymerase η. Enzyme kinetic experiments also showed that cGAMP had a stronger inhibitory ability than dATP and achieved the maximum effect at the concentration of 0.5 mmol/L (with a relative extension efficiency of 13%). Therefore, a potential small molecule inhibitor targeting DNA polymerase η was screened out in this study. At the same time, in view of the tolerance to antitumor drug (DNA damage agent) caused by high expression of this protein, these results provide a basis for the development of new drugs.

Lilium amoenum is a rare lily germplasm with an agreeable rose fragrance. This study aimed to explore the optimal culture conditions and medium formula for the enlargement of L. amoenum bulblets in vitro. Bulblets of L. amoenum with a diameter of 0.4-0.6 cm were inoculated on Murashige & Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with different concentrations of sucrose or sucrose combined with naphthalene acetic acid (NAA), N-(phenylmethyl)-9H-purin-6-amine (6-BA), indole butyric acid (IBA), or paclobutrazol (PP₃₃₃). The culture conditions of 16 hours of light/8 hours of darkness and full darkness were set up. After 45 days of culture, the enlargement coefficient and diameter increase multiple of the bulblets were counted. The results showed that in the range of experimental concentrations, with the increase of sucrose and hormone concentrations, the enlargement coefficient and diameter increase multiples of L. amoenum bulblets overall first increased and then decreased. When the sucrose concentration was 50-120 g/L, the bulblet enlargement effect at 90 g/L sucrose was the greatest, and the bulblets were green and shiny, and had good cohesion. When 50-120 g/L sucrose was combined with 0.1-0.7 mg/L NAA/6-BA, 0.5-4.0 mg/L IBA or 5-40 mg/L PP₃₃₃, the effect of bulblet enlargement was the greatest at 70 g/L sucrose and 1.0 mg/L IBA, and the enlargement coefficient and diameter increase multiple were 3.63 and 1.83, respectively. The synergistic effect of high concentrations of sucrose and PP₃₃₃ significantly inhibited the enlargement of bulblets. Lilium amoenum bulblets cultured under 16 hours of light/8 hours of darkness grew better than those cultured under full darkness, but the rooting effect was greater under full darkness. This study provides a scientific basis for shortening bulb growth time in the field and for germplasm resource protection.

The Triticeae provides the important cereal crops, such as wheat, barley, and rye, which produces approximately 9×10⁸ t annually, accounting for about 30% of the total global cereal production. However, Triticeae genomes are relatively difficult to be de novo sequenced and assembled due to their large genome size, a high proportion of repeat sequences, and different ploidy levels. With the rapid development of third-generation long read sequencing technologies and assembly algorithms designed for complex genomes, and also the falling cost of genome sequencing in recent years, more and more Triticeae species have been successfully sequenced. In this study, we reviewed the advances on the whole genome sequencing of 17 Triticeae species (including subspecies), including Triticum, Hordeum, Secale, Elytrigia, and Aegilops, in aspects of sequencing technology, assembly strategy and quality, and the major research contents associated with genomes and gene functions. This review may provide the references for sequencing strategies and genomic studies of other more complex plant genomes.

Soil moisture is a sensitive factor for crop phenological growth, climate and environment changes, and it plays an important role in the land surface water and atmospheric circulation. In this paper, the soil moisture retrieval algorithms based on active microwave remote sensing, passive microwave remote sensing and Global Navigation Satellite System Reflectometry (GNSS-R) technology were firstly sorted, including: 1) active microwave remote sensing-based empirical model, semiempirical model, physical scattering model for bare ground surface, and water cloud model (WCM), Michigan microwave canopy scattering (MIMICS) model for vegetation coverage; 2) passive microwave remote sensing-based Q/H, H_p, Q_p roughness models for bare ground surface and \tau-\omega model for vegetation coverage; 3) spaceborne and ground-based GNSS-R soil moisture retrieval algorithms. Secondly, the research and development of soil moisture retrieval from microwave remote sensing in recent decades were reviewed. It was proposed that the key to improve the accuracy of soil moisture retrieval was to quantify accurately the spatial and temporal variability of soil moisture retrieval factors such as vegetation and surface roughness, especially the uncertainty of vegetation growth process and the resulting electromagnetic wave radiation transmission mechanism. Finally, the application outlook of soil moisture in agricultural production and land-surface moisture circulation was prospected, and it was pointed out that the response and feedback mechanism of soil moisture on global scale to climate change would be a research hotspot in the future.

Insects are capable of inducing the production of heat shock proteins when exposed to environmental stresses or under specific physiological conditions such as diapause. The transcriptional activation of heat shock proteins is usually controlled by the heat shock transcription factor (HSF), a class of transcription factors that are widely present in the organism. There are numerous HSF genes in plants and mammalian species, while previous studies suggested that many insects only had single HSF gene. Under normal conditions, HSF proteins are often present in the inactive form in cells, and they are activated upon shock, and then transferred to the nucleus, where they bind to specific functional domains of target genes and eventually activate the transcription of target genes to improve the tolerance of the whole organism. This paper reviewed the research progress on the basic structure, transcriptional regulation, and biological function of HSF in insects to deepen the understanding of the regulatory role of HSF in stress response mechanisms of insects, and provide new ideas for agroforestry pest control.

Vertebrate embryonic development is a complex process in which cells self-organize into a completely formed organism via cell behaviors such as division, proliferation, differentiation, migration, and programmed cell death (PCD). Among these cell behaviors, PCD exists in all stages of embryonic development, playing important roles in organogenesis, morphogenesis, and maintenance of tissue homeostasis. In this review, we summarized recent research progress on the regulation of vertebrate embryonic development by PCD, including the biological function and regulatory mechanism of PCD and clearance of dead cells during early embryonic development, focusing on the close link between PCD and embryonic developmental processes. We hope this review will help build a more comprehensive understanding of the roles of PCD in vertebrate embryonic development, and provide insights into how PCD is manipulated to improve the quality of embryonic development in the future.

Ralstonia solanacearum is a very harmful plant pathogenic bacterium, and the plant bacterial wilt caused by it seriously affects the healthy production of tomato and potato crops. It has broad host varieties and can acquire new virulence through horizontal gene transfer and gene recombination to extend the host range. The pathogenic mechanism of R. solanacearum is complex, type Ⅲ secretion system (T3SS) is the key pathogenic factor, and the type Ⅲ effectors (T3Es) secreted by it play important roles in the pathogenic processand inhibit innate immune response of hosts at different levels. Moreover, plant hosts can recognize R. solanacearum effectors and activate effector-triggered immunity (ETI) to achieve disease resistance. In this review, the virulence and avirulence mechanisms of R. solanacearum T3Es were discussed and summarized, providing insights for further understanding the pathogenesis of R. solanacearum and the mechanisms of plant resistance to bacterial wilt.

Non-flooding plastic film mulching cultivation (PM) for rice is a comprehensive and innovative technology that utilizes plastic film covering as the core to achieve water-saving rice production. However, after mulching with plastic film, nitrogen (N) fertilizer can only be applied once as a basal fertilizer before transplanting, which will lead to excessive vegetative growth at the early stage and potential N deficiency at the late growth stage, thereby limiting the high yield of rice. Polymer coated urea (CR) is a controlled release N fertilizer that has become one of the best management measures for improving crop yield and N use efficiency under a traditional flooding cultivation (TF) pattern, but it has not been evaluated in a long-term positioning test under the PM pattern. In this study, taking the high-yielding and medium-maturing indica hybrid rice cultivar ‘Liangyoupeijiu’ as a test material, the effects of applying CR and urea (UR) on rice yield, N use efficiency and soil nutrient contents were compared under the PM and TF patterns. The results showed that, compared with applying UR, applying CR under the TF and PM patterns improved the N use efficiency by 9.2% and 15.4%, respectively (P＜0.05), and increased the rice yield by 8.6% and 15.0%, respectively (P＜0.05). Compared with the TF pattern, the PM pattern accelerated the decomposition of soil organic matter and reduced the contents of total N and alkali-hydrolyzable N in the soil. Compared with applying UR, applying CR under the PM pattern alleviated the decrease of the total N and alkali-hydrolyzable N contents in the soil and increased the economic benefits by 16.8%. In summary, applying CR is an effective way to solve the problem of N deficiency at the late growth stage of rice under the PM pattern.

Low reproductive efficiency of high-yielding dairy cows is a worldwide challenge, among which the high mortality rate of early embryos is one of the main reasons. Scientists have gained insightful knowledge into early embryonic development in mice while very little work has been performed in cattle. To better understand the early embryonic development in cattle, we compared early embryonic development in cattle and mice from the perspectives of embryo morphology, transcription factors and signaling pathways. It was found that after fertilization, degradation of maternal factors, zygotic genome activation, construction of cell polarity and asymmetric division occurred at different periods in the early embryos of cattle and mice. Eventually, embryos develop to blastocysts with three germ layers (trophectoderm, epiblast and primitive endoderm). Furthermore, multiple transcription factors and signaling pathways form complicated networks to regulate cell lineage differentiation during early embryonic development in cattle and mice. In summary, similar biological events occur one after another at the early embryonic development in cattle and mice, but the regulation of cell lineage differentiation is different, suggesting the limitations of using the early embryo of mouse as a research model. The study in this field plays a crucial role in improving reproductive efficiency of dairy cows and promoting the genetic improvement in cattle.

In this study, the whole fruit of Citrus×aurantium L.Changshanhuyou was divided into five parts, namely, the flavedo, albedo, segment membrane, juice sacs and seeds, from which polyphenols and pectin polysaccharides were extracted sequentially. Ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry was used to determine 30 kinds of citrus polyphenols, and the compositions and molecular weights of pectin polysaccharides were compared to comprehensively analyze the compositions of the main functional components in different parts of Citrus×aurantium L.Changshanhuyou fruits. The results showed that flavonoids in various parts mainly existed in flavanones, and the contents of neohesperidin and neoeriocitrin in the albedo were the highest, reaching 13 700.72 μg/g and 6 270.24 μg/g (by dry mass and the same as below), respectively. The contents of cinnamic acids in various parts were higher than that of benzoic acids, and the contents of cinnamic acids in the flavedo were the highest. The yield of pectin polysaccharides extracted from albedo by amylase-assisted ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid solution was the highest (27.46%). The yield of pectin polysaccharides from the flavedo by the extraction of NaOH solution was the highest (11.30%), and the molecular weights (M_W) of pectin polysaccharides extracted by the two extraction methods in the flavedo were up to 6.888×10⁵ g/mol and 2.343×10⁵ g/mol, respectively. The flavedo, albedo and segment membrane of Citrus×aurantium L.Changshanhuyou can be used as the main processing sources of flavonoids and pectin, and their rich contents of neoeriocitrins provide new development direction for processing byproducts.

In order to classify the appearance quality level of Fritillaria thunbergii, the F. thunbergii dataset was constructed with the DigiEye system followed by an image annotation tool. Several statistical learning and object detection algorithms were selected to train and test the F. thunbergii dataset. The results showed that the model trained by the YOLO-X of YOLO (you only look once) series had relatively better performance. In addition, to optimize YOLO-X, according to the unique features of F. thunbergii dataset, a dilated convolution structure was embedded into the end of the backbone feature extraction network of YOLO-X as it could improve the model sensitivity to the dimension feature. The mean average precision (mAP) of the improved model was raised to 99.01%; the average precision (AP) for superfine, level one, level two, moth-eaten, mildewed, and broken F. thunbergii were raised to 99.97%, 98.33%, 98.47%, 98.71%, 99.73%, and 98.85%, respectively; and the weighted harmonic mean of precision and recall (F₁) were raised to 0.99, 0.92, 0.94, 0.97, 0.99, and 0.97, respectively. The tune-up in this study enhanced the detection performance of the model without increasing the number of parameters, computational complexity, or major changes to the original model. This study provides a scientific basis for the subsequent construction of F. thunbergii detection platform.

Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) is a cardiovascular disease characterized by one or both ventricular dilation and systolic dysfunction. Its pathogenesis involves inherited genetic mutations and various secondary factors. Human DCM animal models have been developed using a variety of experimental animals such as mice, rats, zebrafish, and pigs, and are generally constructed by gene editing, drug induction, autoimmune deficiency induction, and viral infection. The previous studies have utilized DCM animal models to thoroughly investigate the pathogenic mechanisms and therapeutic targets of this disease. This paper briefly described the pathological features, clinical symptoms, and epidemiological characteristics of human DCM. Furthermore, it reviewed the types of DCM animal models and their construction methods used in recent years. This paper also presented new perspectives on optimizing modeling methods and promoting therapeutic research for DCM. Therapeutic studies based on DCM animal models can help us better understand the mechanisms of DCM and provide a basis for the development of new therapeutic approaches.

Heart disease is a major threat to human health due to the high morbidity and mortality rates. As a result, the discovery of adult zebrafish heart regeneration provides a new perspective for the study and treatment of human heart diseases. This study reviewed the zebrafish heart injury models for heart regeneration, such as apex amputation, cryoinjury, genetic ablation of cardiomyocyte models and so on. In addition, we also explored the essential mechanisms underlying heart regeneration, including the spatiotemporal activation of multiple signaling pathways in different cell types, epigenetic reprogramming, coronary revascularization, activation of key development-related transcription factors, and the disassembly and reassembly of cardiomyocyte sarcomeric structure. Analysis of the mechanism of heart regeneration provides more references basis for therapeutic strategies to overcome heart disease in the future.

Temperature is an important factor affecting the postembryonic development duration of Chinese mitten crab (Eriocheir sinensis). Biological zero temperature and effective accumulated temperature reflect the intrinsic relationship between temperature and developmental duration. In this experiment, the larvae of Jianghai 21, an improved species of E. sinensis bred in Sheyang area of Yancheng City, Jiangsu Province, were used as experimental objects. A single factor, three treatments and three repetitive constant temperature test (constant temperature was set at 20, 22 and 24 ℃, respectively) was designed to monitor the development temperature and duration of E. sinensis at regular intervals. The biological zero and effective accumulated temperatures were calculated and validated by the effective accumulated temperature formula. The experimental data and the local five-year historical monitoring data were analyzed by single factor variance analysis. The test results showed that: 1) There was no statistically significant difference between the experimental data of biological zero temperature, effective accumulated temperature and the historical data (P＞0.05). It was confirmed that the biological zero and effective accumulated temperatures of E. sinensis were separately 6.91 ℃ and 274.18 ℃?d at the postembryonic stage. 2) Among the experimental temperature range, the larval development period of E. sinensis decreased with the increase of temperature. The above results can provide a scientific and theoretical basis for the study of postembryonic development of E. sinensis.

To understand the community structure composition and dynamic change characteristics of human pathogenic bacteria (HPB) in soils after manure application, laboratory cultivation experiments were conducted on agricultural soils with long-term application of chicken manure, pig manure, or chemical fertilizer in five regions of Hangzhou, Jiaxing, Quzhou, Jinhua, and Longyou in Zhejiang Province, and the community compositions of the soil bacteria and HPB were analyzed by high-throughput sequencing and sequence alignment methods. The results showed that a total of 75 HPB were detected in 160 soil samples and two manure samples, and the dominant HPB were Bacillus_megaterium_QM_B1551 (24.2%) and Clostridium_beijerinckii_NCIMB_8052 (23.1%). The Shannon indexes of bacteria and HPB in the soils decreased after the application of pig manure, while the diversities of bacteria and HPB in the soils with the application of chicken manure or chemical fertilizer had no significant changes. The results of the principal coordinate analysis showed that there was a significant difference in the bacterial community composition of soils between the manure treatment and the unfertilized control, especially in the pig manure treatment (P＜0.001); 22.7% of all HPB were shared among the soil samples; and the relative abundance of most HPB in the soils treated with manure was higher than that in the unfertilized control, and it decreased continuously with the extension of cultivation time. The results of the variance partitioning analysis showed that soil physicochemical properties, bacterial communities, and their interactions were important factors contributing to the variation of HPB in the soils. In summary, the HPB variation characteristics in soils treated with manure are influenced mainly by manure types, soil types, soil physicochemical properties, and inherent bacterial communities.

Fructose is a monosaccharide. Fructose is greatly sweeter than glucose and sucrose. In recent years, high fructose corn syrup has been widely used in beverages and food industry globally. However, the effect of fructose on human health has received much attention in current years. In this review, we mainly discussed the food source, absorption and metabolism of fructose, relationship between fructose and metabolic disorders, and recommendation intake of total sugar. 　　Crystalline fructose is dried, ground, and highly pure. Fructose is found in most fruits and vegetables either as a monosaccharide or as a unit of sucrose. The ratio of fructose to glucose in most natural food is approximately 1∶1. Fructose has the lowest glycemic index of all natural sugars. High-fructose corn syrup is a mixture of fructose and glucose. HFCS is widely used in food industry, added into soft drinks and baked foods for its palatability and good taste. HFCS-42, HFCS-55 and HFCS-90 are three kinds of HFCS. The number for each HFCS represents the percentage of fructose in the syrup. Free fructose is absorbed directly by intestine via facilitated transport involving GULT5 transport proteins. Unabsorbed fructose in intestine can cause abdominal symptoms such as diarrhea and abdominal pain. When fructose exists in a 1∶1 ratio with glucose, it can be absorbed mostly. Unlike glucose, fructose can be metabolized in liver, it can be partially converted into glucose, and mostly metabolized to fatty acid, and the latter can be synthesized into triacylglycerol. Fructose is first metabolized into fructose 1-phosphate by fructose to kinase referred to as fructolysis. Unlike glycolysis, in fructolysis the triose glyceraldehyde lacks a phosphate group. Fructose 1-phosphate then is hydrolyzed by aldose B to form dihydroxy acetone phosphate and glyceraldehyde. DHAP can either be isomerized to glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate by triosephosphate isomersae or reduced to glycerol 3-phosphate by glycerol 3-phosphate dehydrogenase. The glyceraldehyde produced may also be converted to glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate by glyceraldehyde kinase or further converted to glycerol 3-phosphate by glycerol 3-phosphate dehydrogenase. The metabolism of fructose yields intermediates in the gluconeogenic pathway leading to glycogen synthesis as well as fatty acid and triglyceride synthesis. Triacylglycerol can be accumulated in liver to cause non-alcohol fatty liver and insulin resistance in liver. Triglycerides are incorporated into very-low-density lipoproteins, which are released from the liver destined toward peripheral tissues for storage in both fat and muscle cells. Then, triacylglycerol can also be transported to others organs and tissues to increase the risk of insulin resistance, obesity and cardiovascular disease. 　　Based on the available evidence,WHO recommends a reduced intake of free sugars throughout the life to limit free sugars intake to less than 10% of total energy intake. WHO suggests a further reduction of the intake of free sugars to below 5% of total energy intake. 　　In conclusion, there exits a relationship between fructose and non-alcohol fatty liver, obesity, cardiovascular disease and insulin resistance. Therefore, fructose should be applied in an appropriate way or it will exert a detrimental influence on health. It is reasonable to pay more attention on reducing fructose intake.

Fire blight is an important disease caused by Gram-negative bacterium Erwinia amylovora that severely harms Rosaceae plants, and it is an important factor to restrict the development of pear and apple industries in China. Erwinia amylovora is highly virulent with a wide host range, and thus it is difficult to find a unified target for its eradication. With the emergence of drug-resistant strains, control of the disease becomes more difficult. In this paper, the disease characteristics, epidemiology, management methods and the mechanisms underlying E. amylovora pathogenicity and plant resistance were reviewed, which could provide references to further research and efficient control of fire blight.