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浙江大学学报(工学版)
Journal of ZheJiang University (Engineering Science)  2026, Vol. 60 Issue (6): 1148-1165    DOI: 10.3785/j.issn.1008-973X.2026.06.002
    
Advance in coupled heat and moisture transfer study of building envelope towards net-zero energy building
Yucong XUE1,2,3(),Jianya XIAO1,2,Yifan FAN1,2,Tao GAO3,Jian GE1,2,4,*()
1. College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
2. International Research Center for Green Building and Low-Carbon City, Zhejiang University, Haining 314400, China
3. China United Engineering Limited Company, Hangzhou 310052, China
4. Architectural Design and Research Institute of Zhejiang University Limited Company, Hangzhou 310028, China
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Abstract  

The development trajectory of coupled heat and moisture transfer (HAMT) models was elucidated, and the applicability and limitation of different formulation were compared in order to address the complexity of HAMT mechanism in building envelope, as well as the diversity of modeling approaches and experimental methods with markedly different levels of engineering applicability. Typical experimental methods and property measurement techniques were summarized, and their differences in reproducibility and controllability were analyzed. Engineering applications of HAMT were synthesized, with particular attention given to the specific challenges of the regions characterized by high humidity, abundant rainfall, and intermittent operation patterns. Existing research gaps were identified and future research directions were proposed in light of the ongoing enhancement of building envelope performance and recent advance in artificial intelligence methods, with the aim of providing systematic reference and methodological insight for subsequent study and the transition towards net-zero energy building.

Key words： coupled heat and moisture transfer (HAMT)      net-zero energy building (nZEB)      building envelope     
Received: 26 September 2025      Published: 06 May 2026
CLC:  TU 111  
Fund:  国家自然科学基金资助项目（52178093）.
Corresponding Authors: Jian GE     E-mail: yucongxue@zju.edu.cn;gejian1@zju.edu.cn
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Yucong XUE
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Cite this article:

Yucong XUE,Jianya XIAO,Yifan FAN,Tao GAO,Jian GE. Advance in coupled heat and moisture transfer study of building envelope towards net-zero energy building. Journal of ZheJiang University (Engineering Science), 2026, 60(6): 1148-1165.

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https://www.zjujournals.com/eng/10.3785/j.issn.1008-973X.2026.06.002     OR     https://www.zjujournals.com/eng/Y2026/V60/I6/1148


面向零能耗建筑的围护结构热湿传递研究进展

针对建筑围护结构中热湿耦合传递(HAMT)机理复杂、模型与实验方法多样且工程适用性差异显著的问题，阐明热湿耦合传递模型的发展脉络，对比不同模型的适用性与局限性. 总结典型的实验方法与物性参数测量手段，分析复现性与可控性的差异. 梳理热湿传递在工程应用中的研究场景，重点关注南方地区在高湿、多雨与间歇用能条件下的特殊问题. 基于建筑围护结构性能日益提升的发展趋势，结合人工智能方法的前沿进展，归纳现有研究的不足并提出未来的发展方向，以期为本领域后续研究及建筑零能耗化进程提供系统参考与方法借鉴.


关键词： 热湿耦合传递(HAMT),  零能耗建筑 (nZEB),  建筑围护结构 
研究人员计算模型与相关参数
Glaser[28]$ \left[\begin{array}{c}{\boldsymbol{g}}_{\mathrm{v}} \\{\boldsymbol{q}}\end{array}\right]=\left[\begin{array}{cc}\delta_{\mathrm{v}} & 0 \\0 & \lambda\end{array}\right] \nabla\left[\begin{array}{c}p_{\mathrm{v}} \\T\end{array}\right] . $
gv为气态水的质量扩散通量，q为能量扩散通量，λ为多孔材料的有效导热系数，δv为水蒸气渗透系数，
pv为水蒸气分压力，T为温度.
Philip &
de Vries[31]		$\left[\begin{array}{cc}1 & 0 \\ 0 & \rho c_{p}\end{array}\right] \dfrac{\partial}{\partial \tau}\left[\begin{array}{l}{\rho_\mathrm{w}} \\ T\end{array}\right]=\nabla \cdot\left(\left[\begin{array}{cc}{D_\mathrm{w}} & D_\mathrm{T} \\ h_{1 \mathrm{at}} D_{\mathrm{w} \mathrm{v}} & \lambda\end{array}\right] \nabla\left[\begin{array}{l}{\rho_\mathrm{w}} \\ T\end{array}\right]\right). $
ρ为材料密度，cp为比定压热容，ρw为含湿量（水质量浓度），hlat为水的蒸发潜热，Dwv为与含湿量梯度相关的气态水
扩散系数，Dw或DT为与含湿量或温度梯度相关的水分扩散系数（含气态水与液态水）.
Luikov[34]$\begin{aligned} & {\left[\begin{array}{cc}1 & 0 \\ 0 & \rho c_{p}\end{array}\right] \dfrac{\partial}{\partial \tau}\left[\begin{array}{c}{\rho_\mathrm{w}} \\ T\end{array}\right]=\nabla \cdot\left(\left[\begin{array}{cc}D_\mathrm{w} & D_\mathrm{T} \\ h_{\mathrm{lat}} D_{\mathrm{w} \mathrm{v}} & \lambda+h_{\mathrm{lat}} D_{ \mathrm{Tv}}\end{array}\right] \nabla\left[\begin{array}{l}{\rho_\mathrm{w}} \\ T\end{array}\right]\right),} \\ & {\left[\begin{array}{cc}1 & 0 \\ -\rho \sigma h_{\mathrm{lat}}-\gamma & \rho c_{p}\end{array}\right] \dfrac{\partial}{\partial \tau}\left[\begin{array}{l}{\rho_\mathrm{w}} \\ T\end{array}\right]=\nabla \cdot\left(\left[\begin{array}{cc}D_\mathrm{w} & D_\mathrm{T} \\ 0 & \lambda\end{array}\right] \nabla\left[\begin{array}{l}{\rho_\mathrm{w}} \\ T\end{array}\right]\right) (\text { 简化后 }).}\end{aligned} $
σ为相变因子，γ为吸附热，DTv为与温度梯度相关的气态水扩散系数.
Künzel[9]$ \left[\begin{array}{cc}\varsigma & 0 \\ 0 & \rho c_{p}+{\rho_\mathrm{w}} c_{p, 1}\end{array}\right] \dfrac{\partial}{\partial \tau}\left[\begin{array}{c}\varphi \\ T\end{array}\right]=\nabla \cdot\left(\left[\begin{array}{cc}\delta_{\mathrm{v}} p_{\mathrm{sat}}+D_\mathrm{w} \varsigma & \varphi \xi \delta_{\mathrm{v}} \\ h_{\mathrm{lat}} p_{\mathrm{sat}} \delta_{\mathrm{v}} & \lambda+h_{\mathrm{lat}} \delta_{\mathrm{v}} \varphi \xi\end{array}\right] \nabla\left[\begin{array}{c}\varphi \\ T\end{array}\right]\right).$
φ为相对湿度，cp,l为液态水的比定压热容，psat为饱和水蒸气压力，?为含湿量-相对湿度曲线斜率，
ξ为水蒸气饱和压力-温度曲线斜率.
陈友明等[44]$\left[\begin{array}{cc}\varsigma l & 0 \\ 0 & \rho c_{p}+{\rho_\mathrm{w}} c_{p, 1}\end{array}\right] \dfrac{\partial}{\partial \tau}\left[\begin{array}{c}p_{\mathrm{c}} \\ T\end{array}\right]=\nabla \cdot\left(\left[\begin{array}{cc}\delta_{\mathrm{v}} p_{\mathrm{sat}} l+K_1 & \varphi \xi \delta_{\mathrm{v}} \\ h_{1 \mathrm{at}} p_{\mathrm{sat}} \delta_{\mathrm{v}} l-h_{1 \mathrm{at}} K_1 & \lambda+h_{1 \mathrm{at}} \delta_{\mathrm{v}} \varphi \xi\end{array}\right] \nabla\left[\begin{array}{c}p_{\mathrm{c}} \\ T\end{array}\right]\right). $
pc为毛细压力，Kl为液态水渗透系数，l为相对湿度-毛细压力曲线的斜率.
黄建恩等[50]$\left[\begin{array}{cc}1 & -\varphi \xi \\ 0 & \rho c_{p}\end{array}\right] \dfrac{\partial}{\partial \tau}\left[\begin{array}{c}p_{\mathrm{v}} \\ T\end{array}\right]=\nabla \cdot\left(\left[\begin{array}{cc}p_{\mathrm{sat}} \delta_{\mathrm{v}} /(\varsigma \rho) & 0 \\ h_{ \mathrm{lat}} \delta_{\mathrm{v}} & \lambda\end{array}\right] \nabla\left[\begin{array}{c}p_{\mathrm{v}} \\ T\end{array}\right]\right). $
Qin等[52]$\left[\begin{array}{cc}\rho c_{\mathrm{m}} & 0 \\ -\rho c_{\mathrm{m}}\left(\sigma h_{\text {lat }}+\gamma\right) & \rho c_{p}\end{array}\right] \dfrac{\partial}{\partial \tau}\left[\begin{array}{c}\rho_{\mathrm{v}} \\ T\end{array}\right]=\nabla \cdot\left(\left[\begin{array}{cc}\delta_{\mathrm{v}} & \delta_{\mathrm{v}} \varepsilon \\ 0 & \lambda\end{array}\right] \nabla\left[\begin{array}{c}\rho_{\mathrm{v}} \\ T\end{array}\right]\right). $
cm为比湿容，ρv为气态水密度，ε为与气态水密度梯度相关的气态水扩散系数.
Budaiwi等[53]$\left[\begin{array}{cc}1 & -\varphi \mathrm{d} w_{\mathrm{a}, \text { sat }} / \mathrm{d} T \\ 0 & \rho c_{p}\end{array}\right] \dfrac{\partial}{\partial \tau}\left[\begin{array}{c}w_\mathrm{a} \\ T\end{array}\right]=\nabla \cdot\left(\left[\begin{array}{cc}w_{\mathrm{a}, \text { sat }} \delta_{\mathrm{v}} R \rho_{\mathrm{a}} T /\left(M_{\mathrm{w}} \varsigma \rho\right)+D_\mathrm{w} & 0 \\ h_{1 \mathrm{at}} \delta_{\mathrm{v}} R \rho_{\mathrm{a}} T / M_{\mathrm{w}} & \lambda\end{array}\right] \nabla\left[\begin{array}{c}w_{\mathrm{a}} \\ T\end{array}\right]\right). $
wa为空气中水质量分数，wa,sat为空气中饱和水质量分数，R为理想气体常数，ρa为空气密度，Mw为水的摩尔质量.
Tab.1 Models of coupled heat and moisture transfer based on different theories or driving potentials
Fig.1 Anomalous moisture transport induced by using moisture content as driving potential
Fig.2 Moisture adsorption and desorption process curve of typical porous material
r/mpc/MPaφ/%
10–81.5×101100 – 101
10–71.5×100100 – 100
10–61.5×10–1100 – 10–1
10–51.5×10–2100 – 10–2
10–41.5×10–3100 – 10–3
Tab.2 Correspondence between capillary pressure and relative humidity in high-humidity range of porous material
物性参数类别物性参数物理意义常用测量方法典型参照标准
基本物性参数表观密度材料在自然状态下的单位体积的质量，反映固体骨架与孔隙气体共同占据的体积烘干法：将试样烘干至恒重，测定质量；适用于热稳定性良好、在高温下不发生分解或挥发的材料；烘干温度须根据材料的耐热特性确定
几何测量法：直接测量尺寸求体积，再结合质量计算；适用于形状规则、边界清晰的试样		国内标准：GB/T 1033.1-2008、GB/T 21650.2-2008、GB/T 24586-2009、GB/T 208-2014、GB/T 3810.3-2016、GB/T 40401-2021、GB/T 44524-2024、GB/T 21782.3-2025等
国际标准：ISO 12154:2014、ISO 17892-1:2015、ISO 15901-1:2016、ISO 10545-3:2018、ISO 29470:2020、ISO 8130-3:2021等
骨架密度不计孔隙，仅由固体骨架物质本身所占体积计算的密度，是实质成分（如矿物纤维）的本征密度气体置换法：利用氦气或氮气填充试样细微孔隙，通过排气体积计算固体部分体积；适用于形状不规则或孔隙较细的试样
液体置换法：原理同上，采用液体介质（如汞或石蜡）替代气体；适用于不溶于置换液的材料
孔隙率材料总体积中孔隙所占的比例，常由表观密度与骨架密度计算，反映材料内部空隙的发育程度公式换算法：基于表观密度和骨架密度进行推算；在宏观层面获取试样的整体孔隙率
射线成像法：通过射线层析扫描试样，重构孔隙结构，直接计算孔隙体积与总体积之比；可以用于利用常规置换法难以测量或可溶于水的材料
热物性参数有效导热系数材料在温度梯度下传导热量的能力，综合反映固体骨架、孔隙气体及水分的导热作用稳态法：在试样两侧建立稳定温差，通过热流量和温差计算；适用于导热系数稳定、结构均匀
的试样
瞬态法：基于试样在瞬态加热时的温度响应曲线，反推出导热性能；当材料导热系数易发生变化时（如含湿量波动明显）尤为适用		国内标准：GB/T 10294-2008、GB/T 10295-2008、
GB/T 32064-2015等
国际标准：ISO 8301:1991、ISO 8302:1991、ISO 22007-2:2022等
比热容材料升高/降低温度时须吸收/释放的热量，反映材料储存热能的能力，是衡量材料热惯性的核心参数差示扫描量热法：通过控制温度升降，记录试样与标准参比物质的热流差异；适用于试样量极小、须高灵敏度测量的情况，但测量结果对试样均匀性较敏感
绝热量热法：通过热量输入和绝热条件下的材料温升关系计算；不适用于快速升温或试样量极小的测量		国内标准：GB/T 3140-2005、GB/T 19466.4-2016、
GB/T 5990-2021等
国际标准：ISO 11357-4:2021、ISO 24144:2023等
湿物性参数平衡含湿量材料在特定相对湿度环境下，与环境水汽交换达到平衡时所含有的水质量静态平衡法：将试样置于不同相对湿度的恒湿箱内，直至质量变化率小于规定值，测得平衡含湿量；适用于吸湿速率较慢、结构稳定且可长期恒湿放置的材料
动态湿度调节法：让恒定湿度的气流持续流经试样表面，加速试样与环境的水分交换；适用于须缩短测量时间的材料与薄片试样		国内标准：GB/T 20312-2006、GB/T 20313-2006等
国际标准：ISO 12571:2021等
毛细饱和
含湿量		材料通过毛细作用吸水，孔隙被水充满到毛细力能够作用的极限时所能达到的最大含湿量毛细吸水实验：将试样下表面与水接触，记录质量随时间的变化，直至质量趋于稳定，计算毛细饱和含湿量；适用于孔隙连通性好、毛细吸水显著且不溶于水的材料国内标准：T/CECS 743-2020、T/CECS 10203-2022等
国际标准：ISO 15148:2002、ASTM C1585-20等
水蒸气渗
透系数		材料在一定湿度差下允许水蒸气扩散通过的能力，反映材料对水汽渗透的阻滞或透过性能干湿杯法：将试样密封在内置干燥剂或盐溶液的透湿杯上，在恒湿环境中记录质量变化率；适用于水蒸气渗透系数处于中等量级的材料
湿流计法：在试样两侧维持稳定的水汽压差，直接测量透过的水汽质量流量，计算渗透系数；适用于须连续、高精度记录通量的高渗透材料或薄片试样		国内标准：GB/T 30801-2014、GB/T 17146-2015等
国际标准：ISO 12572:2016、ISO 1663: 2023等
液态水扩
散系数		材料在含湿量梯度或毛细压力差作用下，液态水在孔隙结构中的迁移扩散速率毛细吸水实验：将试样下表面与水接触，记录质量随时间的变化，根据毛细吸水系数反推液态水扩散系数国内标准：T/CECS 743-2020、T/CECS 10203-2022等
国际标准：ISO 15148:2002、ASTM C1585-20等
Tab.3 Hygrothermal property involved in heat and moisture transfer and their associated information
Fig.3 Common experimental object for investigating coupled heat and moisture transfer process
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