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浙江大学学报(工学版)
浙江大学学报(工学版)  2022, Vol. 56 Issue (10): 2093-2103    DOI: 10.3785/j.issn.1008-973X.2022.10.021
能源工程、机械工程     
熔融沉积成型3D打印拉丝缺陷的正交实验研究
白永健1(),陈赟1,2,*(),张思1,陈康1,苏世杰1,2
1. 江苏科技大学 机械工程学院，江苏 镇江 212003
2. 江苏省船海机械装备先进制造重点实验室，江苏 镇江 212003
Orthogonal experiment of fused deposition molding 3D printing drawing defects
Yong-jian BAI1(),Yun CHEN1,2,*(),Si ZHANG1,Kang CHEN1,Shi-jie SU1,2
1. School of Mechanical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212003, China
2. Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Manufacturing for Marine Machinery and Equipment, Zhenjiang 212003, China
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摘要：

为了及时解决打印过程中的拉丝异常工况，提出基于振动信号的熔融沉积成型(FDM)3D打印拉丝缺陷正交分析方法. 开展单因素试验，对加速度振动传感器采集的信号进行时域分析，提取相关峭度、峰值因子和脉冲因子特征值，确定喷头温度、回抽距离、回抽速率和空驶速率4个打印参数与零件拉丝缺陷的关系. 在单因素试验的基础上进行四因素三水平正交试验，以提取的振动信号时域特征值为评价指标，通过极差与方差分析对试验数据进行分析. 试验结果表明，利用该方法可以对拉丝缺陷进行识别，其中在使用材料为PLA的情况下，回抽距离和喷头温度对零件拉丝缺陷的影响显著，空驶速率和回抽速率影响不显著，当喷头温度为190 ℃、回抽速率为50 mm/s、回抽距离为12 mm、空驶速度为50 mm/s时，打印模型的拉丝情况最好.
关键词： 熔融沉积成型(FDM);  3D打印;  正交试验;  拉丝缺陷    
Abstract:

An orthogonal analysis method of fused deposition molding (FDM) 3D printing drawing defects based on vibration signals was proposed in order to solve the abnormal working conditions of wire drawing in the printing process in time. The single factor test was conducted, and the time domain analysis of the signal collected by the acceleration vibration sensor was conducted. The correlation kurtosis, peak factor and pulse factor eigenvalues were extracted to determine the relationship between the four printing parameters, namely, nozzle temperature, pullback distance, pullback rate, empty driving speed and drawing defects of the parts. The four-factor and three-level orthogonal test was conducted based on the single-factor test, and the extracted time-domain eigenvalues of vibration signals were taken as the evaluation index. The test data were analyzed by range and variance analysis. The test results show that the on-line monitoring method based on acceleration vibration sensor can identify the drawing defects very well. The drawing distance and nozzle temperature significantly affect the drawing defects when the used material is PLA, while the effects of empty driving speed and drawing speed are not significant. The wire drawing condition of the printing model is the best when the nozzle temperature is 190 ℃, the drawing speed is 50 mm/s, the drawing distance is 12 mm and the empty driving speed is 50 mm/s.
Key words: fused deposition molding (FDM)    3D printing    orthogonal experiment    drawing defect
收稿日期: 2021-10-11 出版日期: 2022-10-25
CLC:  TP 334  
基金资助: 国家自然科学基金资助项目(51875003)；国家自然科学基金青年科学基金资助项目(51705214)；江苏省自然科学基金青年基金资助项目(BK20170582)
通讯作者: 陈赟     E-mail: 1062153533@qq.com;yunchen@just.edu.cn
作者简介: 白永健（1998—），男，硕士生，从事状态监测的研究. orcid.org/0000-0001-6235-5606. E-mail： 1062153533@qq.com
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引用本文:

白永健,陈赟,张思,陈康,苏世杰. 熔融沉积成型3D打印拉丝缺陷的正交实验研究[J]. 浙江大学学报(工学版), 2022, 56(10): 2093-2103.

Yong-jian BAI,Yun CHEN,Si ZHANG,Kang CHEN,Shi-jie SU. Orthogonal experiment of fused deposition molding 3D printing drawing defects. Journal of ZheJiang University (Engineering Science), 2022, 56(10): 2093-2103.

链接本文:

https://www.zjujournals.com/eng/CN/10.3785/j.issn.1008-973X.2022.10.021    或    https://www.zjujournals.com/eng/CN/Y2022/V56/I10/2093

图 1  3D打印振动监测平台
水平 VW/(mm·s?1) t/℃ LW/mm VL/(mm·s?1)
1 10 190 1 10
2 30 195 3 30
3 50 200 6 50
4 60 205 9 60
5 80 210 12 80
表 1  单因素试验水平表
试验编号 t/℃ VW/(mm·s?1) LW/mm VL/(mm·s?1)
S1 190 10 1 10
S2 190 50 6 50
S3 190 80 12 80
S4 200 10 6 80
S5 200 50 12 10
S6 200 80 1 50
S7 210 10 12 50
S8 210 50 1 80
S9 210 80 6 10
表 2  正交设计试验表
图 2  不同因素的拉丝现象
图 3  传感器Ⅲ不同因素和水平振动信号的时域图
图 4  不同因素水平与峭度指标的关系
图 5  不同因素水平与峰值因子指标的关系
图 6  不同因素水平与脉冲因子指标的关系
图 7  9组正交试验的打印实物图
试验编号 传感器Ⅰ 传感器Ⅱ 传感器Ⅲ
K C I K C I K C I
S1 6.38 5.54 5.89 5.17 3.82 5.18 4.83 5.48 6.70
S2 4.88 4.64 5.73 4.94 4.32 5.05 5.71 4.37 5.71
S3 6.58 5.47 7.98 6.62 4.95 6.33 6.64 5.77 7.58
S5 7.24 7.98 8.26 7.01 6.07 6.96 6.86 6.03 6.45
S6 4.48 4.40 5.13 3.90 3.92 5.27 3.87 3.79 4.54
S7 6.05 5.20 6.58 5.30 5.32 6.12 5.07 5.32 7.02
S8 4.35 4.81 5.36 4.56 3.62 5.34 4.39 4.83 5.54
S9 3.65 4.32 5.02 3.73 3.29 5.08 4.14 3.83 4.96
表 3  3个传感器振动信号的特征指标
指标 因素 K1 K2 K3 $ \overline {{K_1}}$ $ \overline {{K_2}} $ $ \overline {{K_3}} $ R 水平主次 因素主次
峭度 A 17.85 17.40 14.04 5.95 5.80 4.68 1.27 1 2 3 C > A > B > D
B 18.09 16.47 14.70 6.03 5.49 4.90 1.13 1 2 3
C 15.21 14.19 19.86 5.07 4.73 6.62 1.89 3 1 2
D 17.28 15.42 16.59 5.76 5.14 5.53 0.62 1 3 2
峰值因子 A 15.66 18.75 14.34 5.22 6.25 4.78 1.47 2 1 3 A > C > D > B
B 17.10 17.43 14.19 5.70 5.81 4.73 1.08 2 1 3
C 14.76 15.33 18.66 4.92 5.11 6.22 1.30 3 2 1
D 17.85 14.25 16.65 5.95 4.75 5.55 1.20 1 3 2
脉冲因子 A 19.59 19.44 16.95 6.53 6.48 5.65 0.88 1 2 3 C > A > D > B
B 18.54 19.35 18.12 6.18 6.45 6.04 0.41 2 1 3
C 16.38 16.80 22.83 5.46 5.60 7.61 2.15 3 2 1
D 19.17 17.43 19.41 6.39 5.81 6.47 0.66 3 1 2
表 4  传感器Ⅰ下的指标极差分析
图 8  各传感器指标与因素的水平趋势图
指标 方差来源 df SS MS F
传感器Ⅰ峭度 A 2 8.53 4.27 5.47
B 2 5.00 2.50 3.21
C 2 17.34 8.67 11.13
D 2 1.85 0.93 1.19
传感器Ⅱ峭度 A 2 9.94 4.97 7.42
B 2 5.88 2.94 4.39
C 2 7.49 3.75 5.59
D 2 5.01 2.51 3.74
传感器Ⅲ峭度 A 2 5.56 2.78 4.09
B 2 1.03 0.52 0.76
C 2 26.59 13.29 19.59
D 2 2.05 1.02 1.51
表 5  峭度指标方差分析
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