长期覆膜旱作和施用包膜尿素对水稻产量、氮肥利用率及土壤养分的影响

doi:10.3785/j.issn.1008-9209.2023.02.131

浙江大学学报（农业与生命科学版）

2024, Vol. 50

Issue (1): 109-122 DOI: 10.3785/j.issn.1008-9209.2023.02.131

资源利用与环境保护

长期覆膜旱作和施用包膜尿素对水稻产量、氮肥利用率及土壤养分的影响

祁通(

),汤胜,周静杰,马庆旭,吴良欢(

)

浙江大学环境与资源学院，浙江省农业资源与环境重点实验室，浙江杭州 310058

Effects of long-term non-flooding plastic film mulching and application of coated urea on rice yield, nitrogen use efficiency and soil nutrients

Tong QI(

),Sheng TANG,Jingjie ZHOU,Qingxu MA,Lianghuan WU(

)

Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Resources and Environment, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang, China

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摘要：

水稻覆膜旱作栽培（non-flooding plastic film mulching cultivation, PM）是以地膜覆盖为核心来实现水稻节水生产的综合集成创新技术。然而，在覆盖地膜后，氮肥只能在移栽前作为基肥一次性施用，导致水稻前期营养生长过盛和生育后期潜在缺氮，从而限制了水稻高产。聚合物包膜尿素（polymer coated urea, CR）是一种控释氮肥，在传统淹水栽培（traditional flooding cultivation, TF）模式下已成为提高作物产量和氮肥利用率的最佳管理措施之一，但尚未在PM模式下进行长期定位试验评估。本研究以高产中熟籼型杂交稻‘两优培九’为供试水稻品种，比较在PM和TF 2种栽培模式下施用CR和普通尿素（urea, UR）对水稻产量、氮肥利用率及土壤养分含量的影响。结果表明：与UR相比，在TF和PM模式下施用CR使水稻氮肥利用率分别提高9.2%和15.4%（P＜0.05），使水稻产量分别提高8.6%和15.0%（P＜0.05）。与TF模式相比，PM模式加速了土壤有机质的分解，降低了土壤全氮、碱解氮含量。与施用UR相比，在PM模式下施用CR能缓解土壤全氮、碱解氮含量的下降，并使经济效益提高16.8%。综上所述，施用CR是解决在PM模式下水稻生育后期缺氮问题的有效途径。

关键词： 水稻; 覆膜旱作栽培; 控释氮肥; 氮肥利用率; 经济效益; 作物产量; 土壤养分

Abstract:

Non-flooding plastic film mulching cultivation (PM) for rice is a comprehensive and innovative technology that utilizes plastic film covering as the core to achieve water-saving rice production. However, after mulching with plastic film, nitrogen (N) fertilizer can only be applied once as a basal fertilizer before transplanting, which will lead to excessive vegetative growth at the early stage and potential N deficiency at the late growth stage, thereby limiting the high yield of rice. Polymer coated urea (CR) is a controlled release N fertilizer that has become one of the best management measures for improving crop yield and N use efficiency under a traditional flooding cultivation (TF) pattern, but it has not been evaluated in a long-term positioning test under the PM pattern. In this study, taking the high-yielding and medium-maturing indica hybrid rice cultivar ‘Liangyoupeijiu’ as a test material, the effects of applying CR and urea (UR) on rice yield, N use efficiency and soil nutrient contents were compared under the PM and TF patterns. The results showed that, compared with applying UR, applying CR under the TF and PM patterns improved the N use efficiency by 9.2% and 15.4%, respectively (P＜0.05), and increased the rice yield by 8.6% and 15.0%, respectively (P＜0.05). Compared with the TF pattern, the PM pattern accelerated the decomposition of soil organic matter and reduced the contents of total N and alkali-hydrolyzable N in the soil. Compared with applying UR, applying CR under the PM pattern alleviated the decrease of the total N and alkali-hydrolyzable N contents in the soil and increased the economic benefits by 16.8%. In summary, applying CR is an effective way to solve the problem of N deficiency at the late growth stage of rice under the PM pattern.

Key words: rice non-flooding plastic film mulching cultivation controlled release nitrogen fertilizer nitrogen use efficiency economic benefits crop yield soil nutrients

收稿日期: 2023-02-13 出版日期: 2024-03-01

CLC:

S36

基金资助: 农田智慧施肥项目(05);浙江省宁波市重大科技任务攻关项目(2021Z101)

通讯作者: 吴良欢 E-mail: 22014120@zju.edu.cn;finm@zju.edu.cn

作者简介: 祁通（https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8845-9630），E-mail：22014120@zju.edu.cn

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引用本文:

祁通,汤胜,周静杰,马庆旭,吴良欢. 长期覆膜旱作和施用包膜尿素对水稻产量、氮肥利用率及土壤养分的影响[J]. 浙江大学学报（农业与生命科学版）, 2024, 50(1): 109-122.

Tong QI,Sheng TANG,Jingjie ZHOU,Qingxu MA,Lianghuan WU. Effects of long-term non-flooding plastic film mulching and application of coated urea on rice yield, nitrogen use efficiency and soil nutrients. Journal of Zhejiang University (Agriculture and Life Sciences), 2024, 50(1): 109-122.

链接本文:

https://www.zjujournals.com/agr/CN/10.3785/j.issn.1008-9209.2023.02.131 或 https://www.zjujournals.com/agr/CN/Y2024/V50/I1/109

表1 水稻产量及其构成因子、植株吸氮量、氮肥利用率、土壤养分含量与栽培模式、氮肥类型、年份及其交互作用的方差分析

年份 Year	氮肥类型 N fertilizer type	水稻产量 Grain yield/(t/hm²)			植株吸氮量 Plant N uptake amount/(kg/hm²)			有效穗数 Effective panicle number/(10⁴ hm^－2)
年份 Year	氮肥类型 N fertilizer type	TF	PM	差异 Difference	TF	PM	差异 Difference	TF	PM	差异 Difference
2008	CK	6.34b	7.09c	－0.75^**	79.2c	94.8c	－15.6^***	238b	241c	－3NS
	UR	8.32a	8.00b	0.32^*	121.0b	145.0b	－24.0^***	361a	343b	18^*
	CR	8.28a	8.45a	－0.17NS	138.8a	171.9a	－33.1^***	362a	362a	0NS
2009	CK	6.24c	6.47c	－0.23NS	76.3c	92.9c	－16.6^***	147c	181c	－34^**
	UR	8.01b	8.15b	－0.14NS	118.3b	133.8b	－15.5^***	334b	308b	26^*
	CR	8.62a	8.69a	－0.07NS	133.7a	163.5a	－29.8^***	341a	334a	7NS
2010	CK	6.11c	6.25c	－0.14NS	76.3c	87.6c	－11.3^***	167b	174c	－7NS
	UR	7.92b	7.88b	0.04NS	106.7b	126.2b	－19.5^***	268a	268b	0NS
	CR	8.42a	8.57a	－0.15NS	122.2a	146.4a	－24.2^***	281a	281a	0NS
2011	CK	6.17c	6.25c	－0.08NS	75.1c	86.5c	－11.4^**	150b	162b	－12NS
	UR	8.08b	7.42b	0.66^**	104.5b	129.4b	－24.9^***	262a	268a	－6NS
	CR	9.08a	9.17a	－0.09NS	117.0a	149.6a	－32.6^***	275a	281a	－6NS
2012	CK	6.00c	6.33c	－0.33NS	74.7c	84.7c	－10.0^**	162b	181c	－19NS
	UR	8.25b	7.58b	0.67^*	107.4b	126.3b	－18.9^***	268a	275b	－7NS
	CR	9.42a	9.25a	0.17NS	118.0a	146.9a	－28.9^***	278a	293a	－15NS
2013	CK	6.10c	6.27c	－0.17NS	76.9c	88.2c	－11.3^**	156b	175c	－19^*
	UR	8.98b	8.55b	0.43^**	110.4b	128.9b	－18.5^***	274a	244b	30^*
	CR	10.00a	10.10a	－0.10NS	120.8a	149.9a	－29.1^***	275a	281a	－6NS
2014	CK	6.05c	6.02c	0.03NS	81.0c	89.7c	－8.7^*	156b	176b	－20NS
	UR	8.62b	8.52b	0.10NS	117.0b	129.2b	－12.2^***	271a	275a	－4NS
	CR	10.10a	10.30a	－0.20NS	128.0a	152.8a	－24.8^***	275a	281a	－6NS
2015	CK	5.97c	6.00c	－0.03NS	76.8c	81.4c	－4.6NS	150b	168b	－18NS
	UR	9.65b	9.35b	0.30NS	114.6b	118.2b	－3.6NS	273a	268a	5NS
	CR	10.20a	10.60a	－0.40NS	124.9a	136.0a	－11.1^***	275a	281a	－6NS
2016	CK	7.03c	7.43c	－0.40NS
	UR	9.04b	8.99b	0.05NS	ND	ND		ND	ND
	CR	10.15a	10.32a	－0.17NS
2017	CK	5.93c	6.53c	－0.60^**
	UR	7.03b	6.81b	0.22NS	ND	ND		ND	ND
	CR	7.97a	8.44a	－0.47^*
2018	CK	6.33b	6.18c	0.15NS	75.5c	83.6c	－8.1^*	162c	154c	8NS
	UR	8.02a	7.03b	0.99^**	113.0b	129.1b	－16.1^***	251b	224b	27^**
	CR	8.07a	8.54a	－0.47NS	122.4a	143.4a	－21.0^***	276a	284a	－8NS
2019	CK	6.25c	6.51c	－0.26NS	72.9c	80.4c	－7.6^*	151c	155c	－4NS
	UR	7.91b	7.49b	0.42^*	109.7b	122.5b	－12.8^*	261b	235b	26^***
	CR	8.67a	9.04a	－0.37NS	122.8a	144.9a	－22.1^***	285a	297a	－12^*
2020	CK	6.79b	6.81b	－0.02NS	75.8c	87.0c	－11.2^**	150c	169b	－19^**
	UR	9.50a	9.45a	0.05NS	114.3b	134.3b	－20.0^**	265b	278a	－13NS
	CR	9.62a	9.47a	0.15NS	124.3a	146.5a	－22.2^***	278a	286a	－8NS

表2 栽培模式、氮肥类型和年份的交互作用对水稻产量、植株吸氮量和有效穗数的影响

表3 栽培模式和氮肥类型的交互作用对水稻产量及其构成因子和氮肥利用率的影响

图1 栽培模式/氮肥类型与年份的交互作用对水稻氮肥利用率的影响短栅上不同小写字母表示同一栽培模式/氮肥类型的不同年份间在P＜0.05水平差异有统计学意义；*、**、***分别表示同一年份不同栽培模式/氮肥类型间在P＜0.05、P＜0.01、P＜0.001水平差异有统计学意义。

表4 不同栽培模式和氮肥类型下水稻产量及其构成因子、植株吸氮量、氮肥利用率间的相关性分析

表5 不同氮肥类型对土壤理化性质的影响

表6 不同栽培模式对土壤理化性质的影响

图2 不同栽培模式和年份的交互作用对土壤有机质和碱解氮含量的影响短栅上不同小写字母表示同一栽培模式不同年份间在P＜0.05水平差异有统计学意义；*、**分别表示同一年份不同栽培模式间在P＜0.05、P＜0.01水平差异有统计学意义。

图3 不同栽培模式和年份的交互作用对土壤有效磷、速效钾含量和pH值的影响短栅上不同小写字母表示同一栽培模式不同年份间在P＜0.05水平差异有统计学意义；*、**、***分别表示同一年份不同栽培模式间在P＜0.05、P＜0.01、P＜0.001水平差异有统计学意义。

表7 不同栽培模式与不同氮肥类型组合的年均收入、成本及利润 (yuan/(hm2∙a))

氮肥类型 N fertilizer type	$N H 4 +$ -N/(mg/kg)		$N O 3 －$ -N/(mg/kg)
氮肥类型 N fertilizer type	TF	PM	TF	PM
CK	3.27bA	3.09bB	2.70a	2.44b
UR	3.27b	3.03b	2.48a	2.67b
CR	6.92aA	4.70aB	3.01aB	4.34aA

表8 连续覆膜旱作并施用包膜尿素13年对土壤NH4+-N和NO3－-N含量的影响

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