Lung cancer is one of the most aggressive cancers and detecting lung nodule by CT images at the early stage is of vital importance to treating lung cancer. This paper overviews the application of a revolutionary image recognition method, deep learning, in the detection of lung nodule. First, we contrast different convolutional neural network (CNN) architectures and their performance in image recognition. Then, we mainly focus on various deep learning methods including faster-RCNN, transfer learning, residual network and curriculum learning to train the classifier. We also introduce some available databases of lung CT images in the last section of our paper.

With the promulgation of a series of marine economy policies, China has paid more attention to coastal zone and sea exploitation instead of land region. Therefore, allocating coastal land resource are vital in developing marine economy. Analyzing literatures on coastal land by bibliometrics analysis, we found that the domestic research started lately but grew rapidly in recent ten years. Besides, the researches drew the attention of journals in different disciplines, and mainly focused on empirical studies and metrological studies. The existing Chinese literatures on coastal land can be classified into five aspects:(1)Coastal land use cover change and its driving forces, environmental externalities; (2)Coastal land ecological research concentrating on landscape ecology, ecological service value and ecological evaluation; (3)Assessments of coastal land from perspective on economic development and ecological protection; (4)Research on coastal land use situations, issues and optimized strategies; (5)Exploration of integrated technology of geography information system and remote sensing based on coastal land use. In addition, research prospect has been explored from four directions including coastal land use change and global effects, integrated coastal zone management, analysis on oversea coastal land, discovery and application of integrated research metrology, which can provide reference and guidance for the further discuss in coastal land use.

The hybrid fuzzy system is a new system model combining Mamdani fuzzy system and T-S fuzzy system by the control parameters. It retains the excellent characteristics of each system, meanwhile greatly reducing the total number of fuzzy rules. To avoid the rule explosion in high-dimensional mixed fuzzy system under increasing input variables, this article proposes an approximation algorithm for a continuous function based on the layered representation of the hybrid fuzzy system. The total number of rules of high-dimensional layered hybrid fuzzy system can be greatly reduced according to the comparison results. In addition, we simulate the actual output of a three-dimensional hybrid fuzzy system through a practical example, and apply the statistical t-hypothesis test to examine the approximation performance of the three-dimensional mixed fuzzy system.

Considering the general convexity of functions, the authors present the definition of MM-convex function with two variables power means within the interval. Based on the definition, this article discusses its judgment theorems and operation properties, sets up its Jensen-type inequality, and provides the equivalent form of Jensen-type inequality and the deduction. Results show that MM-convex function is an extension of all convex functions determined by the power mean value of two arbitrary points within the definition domain of comparison function and by the power mean of the value. The introduction of MM-convex function brings an effective approach to deep study and further extension of convex function.

The model of multiple Markov chains in a random environment is introduced which is a promotion of Markov chains in a random environment with a more general application scope. Two application backgrounds of the multiple Markov chains in a random environment are given. Then, we discuss some relations and properties of the order m Markov chains and the order k Markov chains in a random environment,Markov chains, and 2m dimensional chains. At last, using the property of the multiple Markov chains in a random environment, we obtain the sufficient condition of the strong law of large numbers of the multiple Markov chains in a random environment, which are a promotion of the results from some literatures.

According to the location of the anchor, the mobility IP (MIP) protocols can be divided into the fixed anchor mobility management protocols and the distributed mobility management (DMM). The DMM can reduce handoff delay and acquire near-optimal routing by letting mobile node (MN) choose a nearby access router as its anchor. However, the anchor is chosen at the beginning of a session and fixed during the MN's movement, which may lead to large handoff delay and sub-optimal routing problems when a MN undergoes many handoffs in a given session. In this case, the handoff process is the same with that of the fixed anchor mobility management protocols. To address this problem, a scheme using two-level pointers is proposed. The lower pointer reduces handoff delay by constructing a pointer chain between mobility capable access router (MAR), and the higher pointer optimize routing by updating MN's location to local mobility anchor (LMA) or correspondent node (CN). Thus, the anchor can be changed dynamically. Furthermore, the handoff delay under our scheme and the existing schemes are derived. Numerical analysis and simulation indicate that our scheme can reduce handoff delay of DMM.

Compared with MOSFET, single electron transistor (SET) has the advantages of ultra-low power consumption and ultra-high integration level, which make it the major candidate for the next generation nano quantum devices. Based on the introduction of SET characteristics and concepts of CMOS logic circuits, a three-variable complementary SET universal threshold logic gate(UTLG)is proposed. All of 256 three-variable logic functions can be realized with a UTLG and only a few logic gates. A full comparator, as an example, is also presented to demonstrate the tabular design procedure of three-variable logic function using a UTLG. The proposed UTLG and SET full comparator are simulated with Pspice and their logic functions are confirmed.

As the number of processors in an embedded system increases, mapping and scheduling become key challenges of system software designers. To achieve high performance, communication overheads should be addressed during mapping and scheduling process. Most existing mapping and scheduling approaches exploit coarse-grained system level communication optimizations from a global view, and standalone communication optimization techniques adopt fine-grained thread level communication optimizations from a local view. While these communication optimization techniques can improve performance, they still face problems. In this work, an integer linear programming (ILP)-based mapping and scheduling approach is proposed with multi-grained communication optimizations for Simulink models, which can efficiently exploit the advantages of different granularities of communication optimizations and complement their disadvantages. It conducts coarse-grained communication optimization during the mapping process and fine-grained communication optimization during the scheduling process. Experimental results show that the proposed approach can improve the overall system performance significantly.

Niche differentiation is a major determinant of species coexistence, and hence understanding how species niche differentiates is beneficial to our understanding of the mechanisms underlying species diversity maintenance. Since interspecific plant functional trait differentiation represents the niche differentiation to some extent, we have studied the differentiation of eight functional traits related to water conductance, resource acquisition and utilization in 75 common woody angiosperm species in the Thousand Island Lake Region. We find that the overall interspecific functional trait differentiation is mainly associated with interspecific differentiation in specific leaf area (SLA), chloroplast concentration (Chl) and stomata density (StoD) by principle component analysis (PCA). Five traits (i.e., chloroplast concentration (Chl), leaf thickness (LT), leaf area (LA), specific leaf area (SLA) and maximum height (MaxH) are constrained by phylogeny (i.e., p<0.05 for Blomberg's K) to some extent. A great number of significant pairwise trait correlations are detected, and after PIC adjustment, these significant correlations mostly remaine. We also find that the single trait and the principle component 1 (PC1) and principle component 2 (PC2) values of all traits are not related to species abundance. Our results suggest that the functional trait differentiation of angiosperm species in the fragmented successional Masson pine forest of the Thousand Island Lake Region are constrained by both phylogeny and evolutionary history; And, the functional traits differentiate in major environmental resource axes (i.e., irradiance and water); But they may not relate to species abundance in the successional stage of fragmented forests.

Wenzhou area is situated in the south-east part of Zhejiang Province ranging from 27°03'N to 28°36'N in latitude and 119°37'E to 121°18'E in longitude. Owing to its unique geographical location as well as the special ecological environments, a variety of plant species are grown in Wenzhou area. In order to understand the spermatophyte diversity in Wenzhou, we have carried out botanical investigation, including fieldwork and specimen examination. Based on the investigation and research, a book named "Checklist of wild vascular plants in Wenzhou" was published. As a result, a total of 2 460 species (not including infraspecific taxa), which belong to 958 genera in 166 families, are naturally distributed in this area. And of them 2 435 species are considered to be angiosperm plants from 938 genera in 158 families and 25 species are known as gymnosperm plants from 20 genera and 8 families. The families containing 2-10 species and the genera including one species own the highest percentage accounting for 48.2% and 53.9% of total number of families and genera, respectively. The areal-type of genus can be divided into 14 types and 24 sub-types, while the tropic components are slightly more than the temperate ones (50.1% vs. 47.4%). At genus level, the pan-tropic type is the most and occupies 19.8%, followed by the north temperate type and the east Asia type respectively accounting for 17.0% and 13.2%. The major characteristics of spermatophyte flora in Wenzhou can be summed up in the following points:It is considerable rich in wild seed plants and the geographical components are multiform; Numerous relict, rare or endangered species in this district reveal the ancientry of its origin; Wenzhou is situated in the subtropical region where the compositions of eastern and southern Chinese flora converge; And, appropriate measures should be taken to control the invasive alien plants.

Andrographolide is one of the extractions from Andrographis paniculata, which is a traditional herb early reported its anti-tumor efficacy, and is proved it's the active ingredient which could suppress multiple carcinoma. It is proclaimed that many kinds of mechanisms concentrated on autophagy or apoptosis, and correlative signal pathway. To verify whether andrographolide would prevent amplification of gastric cancer cells, and to investigate the mechanism of andrographolide's effect on cell growth, cycle arrest and induction of apoptosis in vitro, we designed the experiment:SGC7901 was treated with different doses(0, 16, 24 and 32 μg·mL^-1) of andrographolide for 24, 48 and 72 h; Cell viability was measured by MTT assays to determine the efficacious time of performance. Then, investigations of cell cycle, ROS level and mitochondria membrane potential were proceeded and detected by flow cytometry. Cell apoptosis was monitored by flow cytometry using Annexin V-FITC/PI staining. Expression level of p53, p-CDC2, bcl-2, Bax were tested by western blot. Finally, we found that andrographolide effectively inhibited SGC-7901 cell growth and the IC₅₀ was 24 μg· mL^-1 in 48 h. Meanwhile, the medicine showed the ability of cell cycle arrest at G2/M phase and apoptosis above 60% when treated with 24 μg· mL^-1 andrographolide for 48 h. Western blot indicated that cell cycle and apoptosis relevant proteins, such as p53, p-CDC2 and Bax were up-regulated and bcl-2 was down-regulated. In the end, we conclude that andrographolide inhibits SGC-7901 cell proliferation through G2/M phase arrest and inducing intrinsic apoptosis pathway.

This study collected 504 samples of PM_2.5 in Taizhou from July, 2015 to March, 2016. 19 inorganic elements, 8 water-soluble ions and 2 carbonaceous components associated to PM_2.5 were detected by inductive coupling plasma emission spectrograph, atomic fluorescence spectrophotometer, ion chromatograph and thermal optical analyzer, respectively. Chemical composition and pollution characteristics were analyzed in different functional areas. Results showed that the average mass concentration of PM_2.5 during the sampling period was (45.3±20.1) μg·m^-3, and the season order of concentration was winter > spring > autumn > summer, and for the space, the order of concentrations was industrial area > hybrid area of commerce and residence > scenic area. 19 inorganic elements accounted for 9.78% of the total PM_2.5. Na,K,Ca,Si,Zn,Al,Mg and Fe were the dominant elements. The results of enrichment factor method indicated that transportation source, coal consumption, construction dust and sea salt were the main sources of pollution. The average mass concentration of 8 ions was found to be (26.50±5.86) μg·m^-3. Secondary inorganic species SO₄^2-, NO₃^- and NH₄⁺were the major components of water-soluble ions in PM_2.5, with a contribution of (41.96±8.59)%. The order of Cl^-, NO₃^- and NH₄⁺ concentration was industrial area > hybrid area of commerce and residence > scenic area, and concentrations of SO₄^2- were close in different functional areas. The average mass concentration of OC and EC were (10.04±2.08) and (3.27±0.80) μg·m^-3, respectively. The concentrations of OC and EC were close in hybrid area of commerce and residence and industrial area, and were slightly above the scenic area. SOC/OC was the highest in autumn, and then in winter. The order of SOC/OC was industrial area > hybrid area of commerce and residence > scenic area.

BiOI/BiOBr composite visible photocatalyst was prepared via hydrothermal method using inorganic materials, and characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-Ray spectroscopy, UV-vis diffuse reflectance spectra and transient photocurrent response curve for the phase composition and optical property. Taking rhodamine B (RhB) as the target pollutant, the photocatalytic activity and stability of photocatalysts were studied under visible light irradiation. Furthermore, the mechanism in the process of photocatalytic degradation was discussed by electron spin resonance spectroscopy analysis and the trapping experiment of generated radicals. The results show that BiOI/BiOBr composite photocatalyst prepared by hydrothermal method using inorganic materials own high purity and excellent crystallization performance. Composited by BiOI, BiOBr exhibits higher photocatalytic activity considerably by reducing the rate of electron-hole recombination and broadening the range of visible-light response. Among the prepared composites with various BiOI contents, 8% BiOI/BiOBr exhibits the best efficiency in the degradation of RhB. After irradiation for 21 min, the degradation rate of RhB is 100%, which is 1.5 times of pure BiOBr. After 5 times recycle, it also shows high photocatalytic activity. The results also suggest that holes and ·O₂^- are the main reactive species in the photocatalytic process of the RhB degradation.

In order to study the ability of peroxydisulfate in degrading ammonia nitrogen and other nitrogen compounds in water, it is necessary to analyze the content of nitrogen compounds and peroxydisulfate in the water. Simultaneous determination of ammonia nitrogen and peroxydisulfate in lake water by dual system ion chromatography was proposed. Ammonia nitrogen could be decomposited by peroxydisulfate under the proper condition of light, heat and transition metal ions. KOH and MSA were used as eluent, and suppression conductivity detector was used for detection. The detection limits (LODs) of ammonia nitrogen and peroxydisulfate were 0.005 mg·L^-1 and 0.009 mg·L^-1, respectively, based on the signal-to-noise ratio of 3 (S/N=3) and the 25 μL injection volume. Relative standard deviations (RSDs) for retention time and peak area were all less than 1.78%. The easy and fast method was performed with satisfactory recoveries between 98.2% to 103.5% for all ions. It provides a convenient, rapid and effective analysis method for environmental monitoring.

The Cu doped Fe/β (40) catalysts were prepared by ion-exchanged/wetness-impregnation methods and characterized using various analytical techniques, including H₂-TPR, XRD, UV-vis and XPS. Appropriate amount of copper enormously improved the low temperature activity of Fe/β (40) and broadened the temperature window of activity. Excessive amount of copper decreased the N₂ selectivity of catalysts. 1.27%Cu-2%Fe/β catalyst obtained the best performance attributed to many ion-exchanged positions of Fe³⁺ and Cu²⁺. However, a large amount of CuO can promote NH₃ oxidation at high temperature, and decrease N₂ selectivity and narrow down the temperature window of activity. Cu doping may make the migration and agglomeration of Cu and Fe species more easily under high-temperature hydrothermal conditions, which leads to hydrothermal stability of Cu-Fe/β (40) catalyst change.

To meet the demands of future development of dynamic and diversified scientific explorations, based on the comprehensive analysis on the characteristics of multi-source survey data, a scheme for managing multi-source survey data is proposed with the support of advanced SQL Server database management system and spatial database engine ArcSDE. We set up the Southwest Indian Ocean polymetallic sulfide scientific data management system, which facilitates the unified storage and management of multi-source survey data with visualized spatial operations. The system has good adaptability and extensibility, and satisfies the requirements of practical applications.

Underground pipeline is an important part of urban infrastructure, urban planning, construction and management. It provides a substantial foundation for the survival and development of the city. In recent years, underground pipeline accidents occur frequently which exposes serious problems in its management. While the administration pas much attention on the surveys of pipeline, the importance of real time data update, has often been overlooked, and the database usually loses its validity not long after each census. In order to solve this problem, this article proposes the idea of building a life-cycle model of project. In this model, the project will be managed in a completed linked system covering submission, approval, construction, supervision, completion and archiving. Each government department is required to upload the key data to the relevant platform and all the data will be integrated into a pipeline project database for sharing. Meanwhile, all departments can download data on demand to complete their own database. The management and control platform aims to make clear the responsibility of each department and connect them with each other during the entire process of pipeline management. It hence allows each pipeline project to be controlled in a better way with stricter procedure of approval and supervision, and promotes continuous and dynamic update of the pipeline database.