Glycosylation is a major posttranslational modification, which involves in the regulation of important physiological functions. Among them, core fucosylation is an α1, 6-linked fucose to N-glycans, which catalyzes by only one glycosyltransferase. This review will focus on core fucosylation in mammals and the related biological functions. Fucosyltransferase 8 (FUT8) is the sole enzyme responsible for this modification via the addition of L-fucose residue from guanosine diphosphate-β-L-fucose. The crystal structure of human FUT8 provided insight into both catalytic mechanism and substrate recognition. Currently, core fucosylation plays an important role in tumor progression, immune regulation and stem cell differentiation. Moreover, fucose analogues were either the metabolic substitutes or inhibitors of fucosylation. In conclusion, the specific labeling and automatic synthesis of core-fucosylated N-glycans will play an important role in its further study and clinical application.

Protein phosphatase is one of the two key enzymes in the process of protein reversible phosphorylation. Protein phosphatase 2Cs (PP2Cs) are the important members of protein phosphatases. They are attributed to serine/threonine protein phosphatases (STPs) and can regulate the life activities of eukaryotic cells. PP2C members play an important role in hormone signal transduction pathways, especially abscisic acid (ABA) signal pathways; they can respond to various biotic and abiotic stresses, and also regulate organ development and seed germination. Recently, more and more PP2C members are found in plants. The regulation mechanisms of the PP2C members are diverse in different plants, different growth environments, and different physiological activities. The related research is an important topic. This review mainly introduces the structural characteristics, and subcellular localization of PP2C family in plants, and the research progresses in plant growth and development, hormone signal transductions, and stress responses, as well as in aspects of improving plant biological yield and promoting fruit development.

In order to increase the 1 000-grain mass and yield of film-mulched spring wheat in Hetao irrigation area, we monitored the effects of different supplementary irrigation amounts of 90, 70 and 50 mm water during the heading stage, respectively, on soil moisture and growth of film-mulched spring wheat, taking the conventional irrigation as the control. The results showed that the soil moisture content of film-mulched spring wheat increased at the flowering stage, filling stage and maturity stage by different supplementary irrigation amounts during the heading stage; and the higher the supplementary irrigation amounts were, the higher the soil moisture content and soil moisture evapotranspiration strength, the later the maturity of spring wheat, the less the number of sterile spikelets, and the higher the 1 000-grain mass and grain yields were. The smaller the supple-mentary irrigation amounts were, the higher the yield increase intensity was, but the different supplementary irrigation amounts during the heading stage had no significant effect on the economic coefficient, soil water use efficiency and soil water production efficiency of film-mulched spring wheat. In conclusion, the water quantity of irrigation 50-70 mm should be supplemented in the Hetao irrigation area during the heading stage, which can effectively increase the 1 000-grain mass and yield of film-mulched spring wheat.

Headspace-solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) combined techniques were used to analyse qualitatively and quantitatively the volatile substances of five different types of lilies. The results showed as follows: 33 and 26 kinds of floral scent components were identified from two light sweet fragrance wild lilies of Liliumamoenum with rose fragrance and L. bakerianum var. rubrum with orange fragrance, respectively; 30 kinds of floral scent components were identified from wild L. souliei with strong smell; 27 and 34 kinds of floral scent components were identified from the cultivars of ‘Siberia’ (O) and ‘Robina’ (OT) with strong smell, respectively. Among thelilies with light sweet fragrance, the main floral components of L. amoenum were linalool (15.42%), (Z )-3-hexen-1-ol, acetate (9.93%), eucalyptol (7.54%), α-farnesene (7.05%), etc; the main floral scent components of L. bakerianum var. rubrum were linalool (46.38%), Cis-β-ocimene (33.08%), β-myrcene (4.75%), etc. Among the lilies with strong smell, the main floral scent components of L. souliei were dl-limonene (45.31%), linalool (13.57%), benzeneacetaldehyde (4.01%), etc; the main floral scent components of ‘Siberia’ were linalool (48.53%), methyl benzoate (23.24%), Cis-β-ocimene (13.99%), isoeugenol (6.12%), etc; the main floral scent components of ‘Robina’ were Cis-β-ocimene (33.43%), eucalyptol (11.93%), methyl benzoate (10.27%), methyl salicylate (8.21%), isoeugenol (7.67%), linalool (6.92%), etc. Terpenes were the main type of floral scent components in the five lilies, and linalool was the main floral scent component in the five lilies. Methyl benzoate, methyl salicylate and other esters had relatively high contents in the ‘Siberia’ and ‘Robina’. In conclusion, rose fragrance in L. amoenum may come from α-farnesene, and orange fragrance in L. bakerianum var. rubrum may come from β-myrcene.

To assess the environmental safety of applications of insecticide spinetoram in red bayberry, the analytical method and residue dynamics as well as final residues in the red bayberry and soil were investigated in Zhejiang and Fujian for two years. The plant samples were extracted with acetonitrile, cleaned up with primary secondary amine (PSA) sorbent and anhydrous magnesium sulfate, and analyzed by ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). The soil samples were extracted with water-acetonitrile, cleaned up with PSA sorbent and analyzed by UPLC-MS/MS, and quantified by external standard method. The results showed good linearity (R²＞0.999) between concentration and peak area when the concentrations of spinetoram ranged from 0.001 to 0.5 mg/L. When the spiked levels ranged from 0.005 to 0.5 mg/kg, the average recoveries in the red bayberry were in the range of 89.40% to 101.85%, with relative standard deviations (RSDs) of 3.63%-7.25%; the average recoveries in the soil were in the range of 95.09% to 102.66%, with RSDs of 3.05%-3.61%; the limit of detection (LOD) was 5.2×10^－5 mg/kg, while the limits of quantification (LOQs) were 5.0×10^－3 mg/kg for the red bayberry and soil. When the red bayberry was sprayed with 60 mg/L spinetoram suspension concentrate at the 1.5 times of the recommended maximum dosage at fruit color-changed period (one time), the dissipation dynamics of spinetoram in the red bayberry and soil were in accordance with the first-order kinetic equation, and the dissipation half lives of spinetoram residues were 4.4-5.2 and 1.2-1.9 d in the red bayberry and soil, respectively, belonging to degradable pesticide. The final residues were 0.073-0.353 mg/kg in the red bayberry and less than the limit of quantification-0.094 mg/kg in the soil at 7 d after spraying. In conclusion, the methods are fast, accurate and sensitive for detection of spinetoram residues in the red bayberry and soil, and the dissipation half lives of spinetoram are short after using the concentration and times recommended by the field experiment, and the final residues are lower than the maximum residue limit of red bayberry stipulated by national standard (1 mg/kg). Therefore, it is safe to use spinetoram for the pest control of red bayberry tree in preharvest interval.

DNA min-barcoding methods based on cytochrome C oxidase subunitⅠ (COⅠ) sequence were developed to detect adulteration in 11 fresh meat products. DNA extraction was carried out with the DNeasy blood and tissue kit after samples were treated with vacuum freeze drying. The amplification of mini-barcoding region from DNA extracts was carried out using universal primer sets. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) products were purified with DNA purification kit and analyzed by clone sequencing. The sequencing results were queried in GenBank (http://blast.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Blast.cgi) using the Blast align. The primer set COⅠ-A was found to be optimal, showing 100% amplification efficiency in 11 fresh meats (including pork, beef, mutton, chicken, duck, pigeon meat, horseflesh, ass meat, goose, rabbit meat and rat meat) with optimized PCR procedure. Eighteen meat adulteration models were founded to test the minimum detected adulteration rate by low economic value meat, and the results showed that the minimum detected adulteration rates of beef and mutton were 5%, and the rates of pigeon meat, goose, and rabbit meat were 10%, when added by the six low economic value meats (including pork, chicken, duck, horseflesh, ass meat and rat meat). To sum up, the method is simple, sensitive and reproducible, which is suitable for the detection of adulteration in the 11 fresh meat products.

Aiming to explore the effects of four commonly used tea packaging materials, including aluminum foil bag, kraft paper bag, aluminum foil-kraft paper bag, and corn fiber bag, on the qualities of Lapsang Souchong black tea during storage, samples were stored at 40 ℃ for eight weeks, and were taken for sensory evaluation and determination of contents of water, tea polyphenols, soluble proteins, free amino acids, and infusion color and aroma at the 1, 2, 4, 6 and 8 weeks. Orthogonal partial least squares-discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) was used to compare the effects of different packaging materials on aroma components in detail. The results showed that the four kinds of packaging materials had effects on preventing the increase of water content and decrease of tea polyphenol, soluble protein and free amino acid contents. Aluminum foil-kraft paper bag had the best effect on the sample storage quality, and aluminum foil and kraft paper bags had similar effects, and corn fiber bag had the worst effect. However, compared with the unpackaged control tea samples, the protective effects of packaging materials on the above indicators were relatively limited. The packaging materials had obvious influence on aroma retention, and the aluminum foil-kraft paper had the best effect. The aroma sensory score increased first and then decreased, and the optimal aroma sensory of tea in four packaging materials appeared at different time points. This study showed that none of the four commonly used black tea packaging materials could effectively slow down the overall quality deterioration of Lapsang Souchong black tea in this storage model. It’s necessary to use some fresh-keeping measures for the preservation of Kungfu black tea as green tea and oolong tea.

A pot experiment was conducted in two paddy soils [paddy field on desalting clayey polder soil (PC) and diluvial gritty loaming paddy soil (DP)] to explore the effects of critical stage moisture managements on cadmium (Cd) accumulation and translocation in rice with five water managements. The water managements were moisture throughout growth (CK), continuous flooding (YS), flooding at tillering-jointing stage (FB), flooding at heading stage (CS) and flooding at filling-maturing stage (GC). The results showed that, in tillering stage, the contents of soil exchangeable Cd were CK≈CS≈GC?FB≈YS, and in other rice growth stages, which were CK≈FB≈CS≈GC?YS. In PC, Cd contents in grain were FB＞GC≈CK＞CS＞YS, and Cd content in grain of CS treatment decreased by 49.99% as compared with the CK. In DP, Cd contents in grain were CK≈GC＞CS≈FB＞YS, and Cd contents in grain of FB and CS treatments decreased by 50.52% and 44.85%, respectively, when compared with the CK. In PC, when compared with the CK treatment, CS treatment decreased the Cd translocation factor from stem to grain (TF₂), but FB treatment increased it. In DP, both FB and CS treatments reduced TF₂, when compared with the CK. There was a positive correlation between Cd content in grain and Cd content on root surface, and FB and CS treatments decreased the Cd contents on root surface in both paddy soils. FB treatment significantly increased the dithion-citrate-bicarbonate (DCB)-Fe content compared with other treatments in both paddy soils. The Cd content in grain had significant (P＜0.05) and highly significant (P＜0.01) negative correlation relationships with DCB-Fe and DCB-Mn in DP, but the relationship was not observed in PC. In summary, flooding measures in different stages influence the Cd content in grain by affecting the Cd translocation from stem to grain and affecting Cd content on root surface. Heading stage is the critical flooding stage in PC. In DP, tillering-jointing and heading stages are the critical flooding stages. The iron plaque has different effects on grain Cd accumulation and translocation in different paddy soils, which resulting in different critical flooding stages in two paddy soils.

Soil fauna is an important component of soil ecosystem, which plays a significant role in the decomposition of biological remains, soil properties and the enhancement of material recycling and energy conversion in soils. This study aimed to find the changes of soil fauna community with different diesel concentration levels, and to investigate the response of soil fauna community to diesel contamination. Five different diesel contamination levels were conducted in the filed which was located in Chengdu, Sichuan Province. Soil macro-fauna were picked up by hand and investigated by dry-wet funnel method. A total of 21 135 individuals of soil fauna, belonging to three phyla, nine classes, 20 orders and 54 groups, were collected. Nematoda and Araneae were the dominant groups, which counting for 54.88% and 14.82%, respectively, of the total. The highest percentage of nematoda was found in the treatment with 240 g/m² diesel in July, which counted for 70.94%, and the lowest was found in the control treatment (CK, 0 g/m² diesel) in August, which counted for 36.15%. Compared with the CK, diesel contamination decreased Shannon-Wiener index, Pielou index and Margalef index, which showed a trend of first increasing and then decreasing with the diesel contamination level increasing in the same month. The monthly dynamic variation ranges of density and group number of soil fauna increased because of diesel contamination, and the soil fauna density decreased with the diesel contamination level increasing in each month. The vertical distribution rule of soil fauna was changed by diesel contamination, and the characteristics of gathering on soil surface were destroyed, even the inverse distribution was found in some plots. Meanwhile, the soil fauna community recovered with the time passing by. Compared with soil fauna groups, soil fauna density was easier affected by the diesel contamination levels.

Taking the wastewater from large-scale pig feedlots as the research object and the original wastewater as the main nutrient source, an endogenous compound microbial inoculant was successfully prepared by the enrichment method, which was named as WKM, and its removal effects on chemical oxygen demand (COD) and ammonia nitrogen in the process of wastewater treatment from pig feedlots were analyzed and monitored. The results showed that the removal rates of COD and ammonia nitrogen in the pig feedlot wastewater (ZW) were 94.8% and 61.8%, respectively, after 3 d by adding the WKM. The high-throughput sequencing results indicated that the main microbial species of WKM belonged to Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria and Bacteroidetes at the phylum level. The main microbial species at the genus levelbelonged to Leucobacter, Castellaniella, Camelimonas, Moheibacter, Nitrosomonas, Cloacibacillus and Pusillimonas, of which the mass ratio was approximately 2∶2∶2∶2∶1.5∶1.5∶1. The results based on the clusters of orthologous groups of proteins (COG) analysis showed the abundances of amino acid transport and metabolism ([E]), energy production and conversion ([C]), carbohydrate transport and metabolism ([G]), inorganic ion transport and metabolism ([P]) and coenzyme transport and metabolism ([H]) were relatively high, which played an essential role in the conversion of organic substances such as proteins and lipids in the pig feedlot wastewater containing high concentrations of ammonia nitrogen and organic pollutants. Furthermore, the endogenous compound microbial inoculant immobilized with wheat bran showed a higher removal efficiency for COD in the pig feedlot wastewater (ZR), compared with the non-addition group (P＜0.01) and WKM group (P＜0.05). Besides, one-way analysis of variance showed that the immobilization ratio of 1∶50 (mass/volume) of wheat bran to compound microbial inoculant had the highest removal efficiency in COD (P＜0.05) among all the treatments, reaching to 89.4% in the pig feedlot wastewater (ZR). To sum up, the endogenous compound microbial inoculant immobilized with wheat bran has potential application prospect and practical value at wastewater treatment from pig feedlots.

In order to investigate the adaptability of Alosa sapidissima to high temperature stress, they were placed under three water temperature gradients (24 ℃, 28 ℃, 30 ℃) for 96 h, and the changes of antioxidant enzyme as well as non-specific immune enzyme activities in their liver and serum were studied at different time (0, 3, 6, 12, 24, 48, 96 h) under different water temperatures. The results showed that in the liver, the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) in the 28 ℃ and 30 ℃ groups increased over time, and the malondialdehyde (MDA) content increased and then decreased with time, while there were no significant changes in the 24 ℃ group; the activities of SOD and CAT at 48 and 96 h were significantly higher than those in the 24 ℃ group (P＜0.05), and the GSH-Px activity and MDA content in the 30 ℃ group at 96 h were significantly higher than those in the other two groups (P＜0.05). In the serum, SOD activity and MDA content in the 30 ℃ group showed changes that increased first, then decreased, and then increased with time. The SOD activity and MDA content in the 30 ℃ group at 96 h were significantly higher than those in the 24 ℃ and 28 ℃ groups (P＜0.05). The 24 ℃ and 28 ℃ groups remained basically stable. The CAT and GSH-Px activities in the 28 ℃ group at 48 h showed an increasing trend with time, and were significantly greater than the other two groups (P＜0.05), while the CAT and GSH-Px activities in the 30 ℃ group showed a decreasing trend with time, and at 24-96 h, it was significantly smaller than the other two groups (P＜0.05), and the 24 ℃ group remained basically stable. Under the high temperature stress, the alkaline phosphatase (AKP) and acid phosphatase (ACP) activities of liver in the 28 ℃ and 30 ℃ groups decreased with time (P＜0.05), while it was basically remained stable in the 24 ℃ group; the AKP and ACP activities at 48 and 96 h were significantly smaller than those in the 24 ℃ group (P＜0.05). The activities of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) in the 30 ℃ group increased with time, and the AST activity at 96 h and the ALT activity at 48 h were significantly higher than those in the 24 ℃ group (P＜0.05); the AST activity in the 28 ℃ group increased with time, and was significantly higher at 96 h than that in the 24 ℃ group (P＜0.05), while the ALT activity increased first and then decreased with time. The above results show that high temperature stress has a significant impact on the antioxidant and non-specific immune enzyme activities of A. sapidissima, causing certain damage to its liver. Therefore, in the process of practical production and industrial aquaculture, it is necessary to avoid high temperature stress response from A. sapidissima, and recommend that the breeding temperature is controlled below 28 ℃.

This study focuses on the effects of tea polyphenols (TPPs) on anti-inflammation and promoting wound healing in vivo and its mechanisms. ICR mice were selected as animal materials to make the wound. The wounded mice were treated with 0.3%, 0.5%, 0.8% and 1.0% TPPs, respectively. The treatment with artificial cell healing membrane was used as the positive control, and the blank control was set up. The effects of different concentrations of TPPs on the immune system and granulation tissue of wounded mice were measured after 9 d. The results showed that 0.5% TPPs could accelerate the wounded mice healing and the healing speed of this treatment was faster than the positive control. Meanwhile, 0.3% and 0.5% TPPs treatment groups could reduce the concentrations of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α)and interleukin-2 (IL-2) in the late stage of wound healing to prevent excessive inflammatory reaction. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in wound tissues was decreased significantly by the TPPs treatment as compared with the blank control group, which showed that TPPs may help to eliminate excessive free radicals in wound, and then to prevent its damage to the body. Hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining sections of granulation tissue at the wound showed that TPPs treatment could promote the formation of capillaries in the wound. The function of TPPs in promoting wound healing was related to its concentration. At lower concentrations (below 0.5%), with the increase of concentration of TPPs, the ability of promoting wound healing increased; at higher concentrations (above 0.8%), TPPs showed the physiological characteristics of inhibiting wound healing. To some extent, the experimental results elucidate the partial mechanisms of promoting wound healing and anti-inflammation by TPPs and find that the suitable concentration range of TPPs for promoting wound healing is 0.3%-0.8%.

A study on florfenicol (FF) and florfenicol amine (FFA) residue depletion raws was conducted in eggs. After the chickens were administered successively florfenicol (FF) powder of 15 mg/kg (prevention group) and 30 mg/kg (treatment group) of body mass in the form of premix for 5 d, the eggs of each group were collected at administration period and 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 10, 12, 15, 18 d at withdrawal period. Then FF and FFA residues of egg, egg yolk and egg white were detected using high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS). The results showed that the limits of detection (LOD) of FF and FFA in egg, egg yolk and egg white were 2 μg/kg, and the limits of quantitation (LOQ) were 5 μg/kg. The average recoveries were in the range of 78.9%-105.0% when the egg samples were added with FF in the range of 1.0-5.0 μg/kg, and the intraday precision and the interday precision was 2.22%-4.22% and 4.22%-6.54%, respectively. The peak values of FF residues (520.70, 797.12 μg/kg) of egg white in prevention group and treatment group, respectively, were higher than those of egg yolk (285.96, 442.40 μg/kg), while the peak values of FFA residue (218.40, 646.14 μg/kg) of egg yolk in prevention group and treatment group, respectively, were higher than those of egg white (87.36, 36.89 μg/kg). The elimination rates of FF and FFA in egg white were faster than those in egg yolk. FF and FFA residues and their total residues were positively correlated with the dosage. FF and FFA mainly existed in the egg yolk, and FF mainly existed in the egg white. The FF residual time of egg yolk in different dosage groups was 18 d.