1. School of Microelectronics, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China 2. School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
A double RSA accumulator based stateless transaction verification scheme was proposed for the UTXO-model blockchain such as Bitcoin in order to release the storage burden in each node brought by the growing state data in blockchain. Fixed-size cryptographic commitments were used to replace the state data, which dramatically reduced the local storage on the basis of ensuring that nodes can independently verify transactions. The complicated delete operation was replaced by two efficient addition operations based on the properties of the RSA accumulator, which greatly reduced the computational overheads of the system at the cost of less communication overheads and ensured the efficiency of the transaction verification. The experimental results show that the scheme has a higher node storage compression ratio than the traditional blockchain, and has a fixed additional communication overhead and higher transaction verification efficiency than other stateless schemes.
Fig.1Data structure of transaction in UTXO-model blockchain
Fig.2Lifecycle of transaction in stateful blockchain
Fig.3Lifecycle of transaction in stateless blockchain
Fig.4Overview of double RSA accumulator based stateless transaction verification scheme
Fig.5Data structure of transaction in stateless UTXO-model blockchain
方案
累加器体制
额外开销(bits/UTXO)
Todd[21]
默克尔树
256log2m
EDRAX[22]
默克尔树
256log2M
Boneh[25]
单RSA
b
MiniChain[26]
RSA+默克尔树
2b+256log2n +256log2h
本文方案
双RSA
3b
Tab.1Communication overheads brought by each UTXO
方案
验证见证
更新承诺
生成见证
更新见证
Todd
O(log2m)
O((ki +ko)log2m)
O(log2m)
O((ki +ko)log2m)
EDRAX
O(log2M)
O((ki +ko) log2M)
O(log2M)
O((ki +ko) log2M)
Boneh
O(1)
O(ki2 +ko)
O(ko)
O(ki +ko)
MiniChain
O(1)+O(log2ko+log2h)
O(ki)+O(log2h)
O(ko)+O(log2ko +log2h)
O(ki)+O(log2h)
本文方案
O(1)
O(ki +ko)
O(ko)
O(ki)
Tab.2Comparison of computing complexity
Fig.6Storage compression ratios of nodes
Fig.7Time cost for entire lifecycle of transaction
Fig.8Time cost for each phase of transaction lifecycle
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