麦（油）-稻轮作下秸秆还田与氮肥运筹对土壤氮素供应及直播稻产量的影响

doi:10.3785/j.issn.1008-9209.2021.03.083

浙江大学学报（农业与生命科学版）

2022, Vol. 48

Issue (1): 45-56 DOI: 10.3785/j.issn.1008-9209.2021.03.083

资源利用与环境保护

麦（油）-稻轮作下秸秆还田与氮肥运筹对土壤氮素供应及直播稻产量的影响

彭志芸^1,²(

),吕旭¹,伍杂日曲¹,舒川海¹,谌洁¹,向开宏¹,杨志远¹,马均¹(

)

^1.四川农业大学水稻研究所/作物生理生态及栽培四川省重点实验室，成都 611130
^2.宜宾市农业科学院，四川宜宾 644000

Effects of straw returning and nitrogen fertilizer management on soil nitrogen supply and yield of direct seeding rice under wheat (rape)-rice rotation

Zhiyun PENG^1,²(

),Xu Lü¹,Riqu WUZA¹,Chuanhai SHU¹,Jie SHEN¹,Kaihong XIANG¹,Zhiyuan YANG¹,Jun MA¹(

)

^1.Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University/Crop Ecophysiology and Cultivation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 611130, China
^2.Yibin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Yibin 644000, Sichuan, China

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摘要：

为探明麦（油）-稻轮作模式下秸秆还田和氮肥运筹对土壤氮素供应和直播稻产量的影响，于2018年和2019年在四川农业大学崇州试验基地开展2年定位试验。试验采用两因素裂区设计，主区为麦（油）秸秆全量翻埋还田（M₁）和秸秆不还田（对照，M₀），副区在施氮量150 kg/hm²的基础上设氮肥前移（N₁）、均衡施氮（N₂）、氮肥后移（N₃）3种氮肥运筹，以不施氮肥为对照（N₀），测定土壤铵态氮、硝态氮、全氮含量以及稻株氮素积累量及产量。结果表明：2018年麦（油）-稻轮作模式下秸秆还田较不还田成熟期稻株氮素积累量提高7.13%（8.50%），产量增加0.94%（1.43%），2019年增至15.17%（17.12%）、6.60%（7.42%）。2018年拔节期，麦（油）茬田中直播稻氮素积累量整体呈N₁＞N₂＞N₃趋势，齐穗期和成熟期稻株的氮素积累量及产量在秸秆不还田处理下表现为N₃＞N₂＞N₁，秸秆还田后则是N₂＞N₃＞N₁。相较秸秆不还田，秸秆还田后麦（油）茬直播稻成熟期田间0～10、＞10～20 cm土层的氨态氮含量有增有减，硝态氮含量则整体降低了44.22%（30.99%）、8.05%（20.09%）。土壤全氮含量在直播稻各生育期变化较小，N₁处理下各生育期土壤硝态氮、铵态氮和全氮含量均保持在较高水平。综上所述，连续的秸秆还田有利于提高土壤全氮含量，麦（油）-稻轮作模式下均是均衡施氮配合能有效促进稻株氮素吸收，显著提高水稻产量，以油-稻轮作模式下增产效果更佳。

关键词： 秸秆还田; 氮肥运筹; 麦（油）-稻轮作; 土壤氮素; 产量

Abstract:

The positioning test was carried out in the Chongzhou Experimental Base of Sichuan Agricultural University in 2018—2019, aiming at exploring the effects of straw returning and nitrogen (N) fertilizer management on soil N supply and yield of direct seeding rice under the wheat (rape)-rice rotation. The two-factor split-zone design was adopted. The main area was wheat/rape straw being turned over to field (M₁) and straw being not returned to field (control, M₀). In the sub-area, on the basis of 150 kg/hm² of N application, there were three kinds of N fertilizer operation, including N fertilizer moving forward (N₁), balanced N application (N₂) and N fertilizer moving backward (N₃), with no N fertilizer application as a control (N₀). Then, the contents of soil ammonium-N, nitrate-N and total N, N accumulation and yield of direct seeding rice were determined. The results showed that the N accumulation of rice plant increased by 7.13% (8.50%) and the yield increased by 0.94% (1.43%) in 2018, and which increased to 15.17% (17.12%) and 6.60% (7.42%) in 2019 under the wheat (rape)-rice rotation at the maturing stage compared with those without straw returning. At the jointing stage in 2018, N accumulation amounts of direct seeding rice in the wheat (rape) stubble field were N₁＞N₂＞N₃ treatments as a whole. At the full heading stage and maturing stage, N accumulation amounts and yields of rice plants were N₃＞N₂＞N₁ treatments under the no straw returning, as well as N₂＞N₃＞N₁ treatments under the straw returning. Compared with the no straw returning, the ammonium-N contents in 0-10 and ＞10-20 cm soil layers at the rice maturing stage under the wheat (rape)-rice rotation increased or decreased after straw returning. While the nitrate-N contents decreased by 44.22% (30.99%) and 8.05% (20.09%) overall. Soil total N contents had little change in each growth stage of direct seeding rice, and the contents of nitrate-N, ammonium-N and total N in the soils under the N₁ treatment remained at a high level in each growth stage. In conclusion, continuous straw returning is beneficial to increase soil total N content; under the wheat (rape)-rice rotation, the balanced N application could effectively promote the N uptake by rice plants and significantly increase the rice yield, and the effect of increasing yield is better under the rape-rice rotation.

Key words: straw returning nitrogen fertilizer management wheat (rape)-rice rotation soil nitrogen yield

收稿日期: 2021-03-08 出版日期: 2022-03-04

CLC:

S 511.3

基金资助: 国家重点研发计划(2017YFD0301706);四川省育种攻关专项(2016NYZ0051);四川省教育厅重点项目(18ZA0390)

通讯作者: 马均 E-mail: 1403775459@qq.com;majunp2002@163.com

作者简介: 彭志芸（https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8248-873X），E-mail：1403775459@qq.com

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引用本文:

彭志芸,吕旭,伍杂日曲,舒川海,谌洁,向开宏,杨志远,马均. 麦（油）-稻轮作下秸秆还田与氮肥运筹对土壤氮素供应及直播稻产量的影响[J]. 浙江大学学报（农业与生命科学版）, 2022, 48(1): 45-56.

Zhiyun PENG,Xu Lü,Riqu WUZA,Chuanhai SHU,Jie SHEN,Kaihong XIANG,Zhiyuan YANG,Jun MA. Effects of straw returning and nitrogen fertilizer management on soil nitrogen supply and yield of direct seeding rice under wheat (rape)-rice rotation. Journal of Zhejiang University (Agriculture and Life Sciences), 2022, 48(1): 45-56.

链接本文:

https://www.zjujournals.com/agr/CN/10.3785/j.issn.1008-9209.2021.03.083 或 https://www.zjujournals.com/agr/CN/Y2022/V48/I1/45

表1 试验田耕层土壤（0～20 cm）肥力状况

图1 2018—2019年试验区水稻生育期平均气温和降雨量

表2 不同氮肥运筹模式下水稻各生育时期的施氮量 (kg/hm2)

处理 Treatment		0～10 cm土层铵态氮含量 $N H 4 ＋$ -N content in the 0-10 cm soil layer			＞10～20 cm土层铵态氮含量 $N H 4 ＋$ -N content in the ＞10-20 cm soil layer
处理 Treatment		拔节期 JS	齐穗期 FHS	成熟期 MS	拔节期 JS	齐穗期 FHS	成熟期 MS
P_w-M₀	N₀	6.58b	4.82c	3.98b	5.70a	2.41b	2.19ab
	N₁	9.67a	6.05b	4.91a	5.83a	4.02a	1.52b
	N₂	8.61a	5.28bc	2.80c	4.32b	2.52ab	2.95a
	N₃	9.67a	7.48a	3.69b	6.23a	3.42ab	3.15a
均值 Average		8.63	5.91	3.85	5.52	3.09	2.45
P_w-M₁	N₀	6.11b	6.15a	2.29b	6.13a	4.28a	3.81a
	N₁	8.73a	6.09a	3.78a	3.29c	2.69b	3.07ab
	N₂	7.63ab	5.35a	1.63c	3.67c	3.38ab	2.65ab
	N₃	9.22a	5.42a	2.74b	4.89b	4.43a	2.06b
均值 Average		7.92	5.75	2.61	4.49	3.70	2.90
F值 F value	M	0.37	0.04	54 914.99^**	1.84	1.25	15.61
	N	6.97^**	2.36	34.70^**	10.04^**	0.98	0.90
	M×N	0.07	4.21^*	1.14	4.93^*	2.84	4.59^*
P_o-M₀	N₀	8.79a	5.50a	4.15a	5.82b	4.55b	2.96ab
	N₁	7.87a	5.93a	3.18b	8.11a	6.55a	2.90ab
	N₂	6.82a	6.02a	3.48ab	6.08b	4.69b	2.54b
	N₃	6.92a	6.12a	3.13b	5.44b	4.26b	3.28a
均值 Average		7.60	5.89	3.49	6.36	5.01	2.92
P_o-M₁	N₀	7.20b	8.03a	5.49a	6.50a	4.40b	3.08ab
	N₁	9.92a	6.15b	4.01b	3.44c	5.98a	2.48b
	N₂	9.81ab	6.72ab	2.86c	4.82b	6.47a	3.15a
	N₃	8.09ab	4.78c	3.01c	7.64a	3.29c	2.88ab
均值 Average		8.75	6.42	3.84	5.60	5.04	2.90
F值 F value	M	17.47	428.88^**	0.32	14.13	0.008	0.02
	N	0.66	2.57	11.89^**	1.27	14.41^**	1.02
	M×N	1.90	5.32^*	3.63^*	12.54^**	4.31^*	1.97

表3 麦（油）-稻轮作下秸秆还田与氮肥运筹对稻田各土层铵态氮含量的影响（2018年） (mg/kg)

处理 Treatment		0～10 cm土层硝态氮含量 $N O 3 －$ -N content in the 0-10 cm soil layer			＞10～20 cm土层硝态氮含量 $N O 3 －$ -N content in the ＞10-20 cm soil layer
处理 Treatment		拔节期 JS	齐穗期 FHS	成熟期 MS	拔节期 JS	齐穗期 FHS	成熟期 MS
P_w-M₀	N₀	0.90b	3.72a	3.20bc	1.24b	1.93b	1.68a
	N₁	2.89a	2.48b	3.51b	1.82a	1.31c	1.54a
	N₂	2.44a	4.23a	6.57a	0.76c	1.33c	1.90a
	N₃	1.31b	3.83a	2.28c	0.67c	3.61a	1.85a
均值 Average		1.89	3.56	3.89	1.12	2.04	1.74
P_w-M₁	N₀	3.40a	1.60c	2.52ab	1.03a	2.53a	1.89a
	N₁	1.95b	2.31b	2.83a	0.45b	2.04a	2.04a
	N₂	1.23bc	3.77a	1.85ab	0.37b	2.08a	1.15a
	N₃	1.15c	2.60b	1.47b	0.79ab	1.98a	1.33a
均值 Average		1.93	2.57	2.17	0.66	2.16	1.60
F值 F value	M	0.01	32.99^*	28 419.33^**	37.74^*	0.28	1.19
	N	5.98^**	18.19^**	10.00^**	6.68^**	11.83^**	0.27
	M×N	16.53^**	6.97^**	10.72^**	8.15^**	14.38^**	1.32
P_o-M₀	N₀	2.60a	2.27b	2.96b	0.71a	2.23a	2.22a
	N₁	3.41a	2.07b	3.62b	0.84a	1.50b	2.45a
	N₂	2.61a	2.94a	3.45b	0.70a	2.67a	2.27a
	N₃	3.48a	3.10a	6.48a	0.74a	2.28a	1.99a
均值 Average		3.03	2.60	4.13	0.74	2.17	2.24
P_o-M₁	N₀	2.04a	1.84c	2.13b	1.09b	2.78a	1.34b
	N₁	1.27a	3.57a	5.28a	1.66a	1.38b	2.98a
	N₂	1.32a	3.48ab	2.50b	0.42c	2.07ab	1.74b
	N₃	1.65a	2.71b	1.50b	1.97a	1.38b	1.07b
均值 Average		1.57	2.90	2.85	1.29	1.90	1.79
F值 F value	M	51.62^*	2.45	4 549.93^**	109.27^**	1.79	6.84
	N	0.67	5.28^*	9.77^**	19.36^**	6.70^**	5.31^*
	M×N	1.31	4.62	23.68^**	15.49^**	2.78^**	3.38

表4 麦（油）-稻轮作下秸秆还田与氮肥运筹对稻田各土层硝态氮含量的影响（2018年） (mg/kg)

表5 麦（油）-稻轮作下秸秆还田与氮肥运筹对稻田各土层全氮含量的影响（2018年） (g/kg)

表6 麦（油）-稻轮作下秸秆还田与氮肥运筹对稻田各土层全氮含量的影响（2019年） (g/kg)

图2 麦（油）-稻轮作下秸秆还田与氮肥运筹对直播稻氮素积累的影响短栅上不同小写字母表示同一时期相同主处理下不同副处理间在P＜0.05水平差异有统计学意义。

图3 麦（油）-稻轮作下秸秆还田与氮肥管理对直播稻产量的影响短栅上不同小写字母表示同一轮作模式及主处理下不同副处理间在P＜0.05水平差异有统计学意义。

土层 Soil layer/cm	指标 Index	生育期 Growth stage	麦-稻轮作 Wheat-rice rotation		油-稻轮作 Rape-rice rotation
土层 Soil layer/cm	指标 Index	生育期 Growth stage	稻株氮素积累总量 Total N accumulation in plants	产量 Yield	稻株氮素积累总量 Total N accumulation in plants	产量 Yield
0～10	铵态氮含量 $N H 4 ＋$ -N content	拔节期 JS	0.47^*	0.46^*	0.04	0.04
		齐穗期 FHS	0.15	0.02	－0.24	－0.32
		成熟期 MS	－0.33	－0.06	－0.62^**	－0.63^**
	硝态氮含量 $N O 3 －$ -N content	拔节期 JS	－0.37	－0.34	－0.20	－0.13
		齐穗期 FHS	0.47^*	0.33	0.62^**	0.59^**
		成熟期 MS	－0.13	－0.03	0.16	0.20
	无机氮总含量 Total inorganic nitrogen content	拔节期 JS	0.23	0.23	－0.08	－0.04
		齐穗期 FHS	0.44^*	0.23	0.14	0.06
		成熟期 MS	－0.26	－0.05	－0.19	－0.17
＞10～20	铵态氮含量 $N H 4 ＋$ -N content	拔节期 JS	－0.37	－0.28	－0.15	－0.09
		齐穗期 FHS	0.07	－0.09	－0.03	0.00
		成熟期 MS	－0.05	－0.19	0.05	－0.02
	硝态氮含量 $N O 3 －$ -N content	拔节期 JS	－0.55^**	－0.35	0.04	0.02
		齐穗期 FHS	0.13	－0.01	－0.13	－0.25
		成熟期 MS	－0.22	－0.13	－0.18	－0.07
	无机氮总含量 Total inorganic nitrogen content	拔节期 JS	－0.47^*	－0.34	－0.13	－0.08
		齐穗期 FHS	0.13	－0.08	－0.09	－0.12
		成熟期 MS	－0.14	－0.21	－0.14	－0.07

表7 麦（油）-稻轮作下0～20 cm土层无机氮含量与直播稻氮素积累总量及产量的相关性（2018年）

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