科学构建土壤重金属高背景区生态风险评价方法的探讨

doi:10.3785/j.issn.1008-9209.2021.03.011

浙江大学学报（农业与生命科学版）

2022, Vol. 48

Issue (1): 57-67 DOI: 10.3785/j.issn.1008-9209.2021.03.011

资源利用与环境保护

科学构建土壤重金属高背景区生态风险评价方法的探讨

张富贵^1,^2,^3,⁴(

),成晓梦^1,^2,³,马宏宏^1,^2,³,孙彬彬^1,^2,³,彭敏^1,^2,³

^1.中国地质调查局土地质量地球化学调查评价研究中心，河北廊坊 065000
^2.中国地质科学院地球物理地球化学勘查研究所，河北廊坊 065000
^3.中国地质调查局地球表层碳-汞地球化学循环重点实验室，河北廊坊 065000
^4.成都理工大学地球科学学院，成都 610059

Discuss on scientific construction of ecological risk assessment methods in the high background areas of soil heavy metals

Fugui ZHANG^1,^2,^3,⁴(

),Xiaomeng CHENG^1,^2,³,Honghong MA^1,^2,³,Binbin SUN^1,^2,³,Min PENG^1,^2,³

^1.Research Center of Geochemical Survey and Assessment on Land Quality, China Geological Survey, Langfang 065000, Hebei, China
^2.Institute of Geophysical and Geochemical Exploration, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Langfang 065000, Hebei, China
^3.Key Laboratory of Geochemical Cycling of Carbon and Mercury in the Earth’s Critical Zone, China Geological Survey, Langfang 065000, Hebei, China
^4.College of Earth Sciences, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, China

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摘要：

为了科学地识别和评价重金属含量高背景区中土壤重金属污染情况和生态风险，在贵州省赫章县河镇乡采集玉米及其对应的根系土样品309组，并采集20件玉米根茎叶不同部位样品，测定其砷（As）、镉（Cd）、铬（Cr）、铜（Cu）、汞（Hg）、镍（Ni）、铅（Pb）和锌（Zn）8种重金属含量，根系土样品还分析了各重金属的形态（Cr未测）。研究发现：土壤重金属含量较高，表层土壤中8种重金属含量平均值远超过全国表层土壤背景值，Cd元素含量超出全国表层土壤背景值近7倍，土壤以酸性土为主，从重金属全量来看，研究区生态风险很高；土壤重金属As、Cu、Hg、Ni、Pb和Zn多以强有机结合态和残渣态形式存在，生物有效性较低，Cd的有效态组分较高。基于土壤重金属形态的生态风险统计结果显示，研究区生态风险主要是由Cd引起的，需要加强这部分土地的监管。在土壤-玉米系统中，生物富集系数和转运系数均较低，重金属难以在玉米中富集，玉米籽实中重金属含量不超标，农作物重金属等级评价为安全级。本结果为进一步研究重金属元素在岩-土-气-生介质间迁移转化规律，融合地质学、土壤学和生物学分析建立统一标准，科学评价生态环境风险和健康风险奠定了理论基础。

关键词： 土壤重金属; 生态风险评价; 形态; 土壤污染; 高背景区

Abstract:

In order to scientifically identify and evaluate the soil heavy metal pollution and ecological risk in the background area with high heavy metal contents, 309 sets of maize and rhizosphere soil samples were collected in Hezhen Town of Hezhang County of Guizhou Province, and 20 maize samples from different parts of roots, stems and leaves were collected. The contents of heavy metals (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, and Zn) were analyzed in topsoil and maize samples. Also, speciations of heavy metals in the rhizosphere soil samples were analyzed (Cr was not measured). The results showed that the contents of heavy metals in the soils were relatively high, and the averages were remarkably higher than the national soil background value (NBV), and the content of Cd element was nearly seven times higher than the NBV. The soil was mainly acidic, and the ecological risk was high based on the total amount of heavy metals. Speciation analysis indicated that heavy metals (As, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, and Zn) mainly existed in the forms of strong organic binding state and residual state, with low bioavailability, and the bioavailability of Cd was high. The ecological risk was mainly caused by Cd based on speciation of heavy metals. In the soil-corn system, the bioconcentration factors and translocation factors were both low, so heavy metals were difficult to be enriched in the corn. The contents of heavy metals in corn seeds did not exceed the standard, and the crops were safe. The above results provide a theoretical basis for further studying the migration and transformation law of heavy metals in rock-soil-gas-biota media, integrating geology, pedology and biology to establish a unified standard, and scientifically evaluating the ecological environment risk and health risk.

Key words: soil heavy metal ecological risk assessment speciation soil contamination high background area

收稿日期: 2021-03-01 出版日期: 2022-03-04

CLC:

X 53

基金资助: 自然资源部中国地质调查局地质调查项目(DD20190522)

通讯作者: 张富贵 E-mail: zfugui@mail.cgs.gov.cn

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引用本文:

张富贵,成晓梦,马宏宏,孙彬彬,彭敏. 科学构建土壤重金属高背景区生态风险评价方法的探讨[J]. 浙江大学学报（农业与生命科学版）, 2022, 48(1): 57-67.

Fugui ZHANG,Xiaomeng CHENG,Honghong MA,Binbin SUN,Min PENG. Discuss on scientific construction of ecological risk assessment methods in the high background areas of soil heavy metals. Journal of Zhejiang University (Agriculture and Life Sciences), 2022, 48(1): 57-67.

链接本文:

https://www.zjujournals.com/agr/CN/10.3785/j.issn.1008-9209.2021.03.011 或 https://www.zjujournals.com/agr/CN/Y2022/V48/I1/57

图1 研究区采样点和地质简图

表1 地累积指数分级标准

表2 研究区表层土壤重金属含量统计

图2 土壤重金属赋存形态分布特征

表3 土壤重金属各组分赋存形态比例 (%)

表4 研究区玉米不同部位重金属元素含量统计

表5 表层土壤重金属元素地累积指数等级分布情况

图3 土壤重金属形态生态风险评价等级划分标准[30]

表6 表层土壤重金属元素有效态等级分布情况

图4 研究区土壤重金属形态综合生态风险空间分布

表7 研究区重金属生物富集系数和转运系数统计

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