The full-length cDNA sequence of a new auxin response factor family gene with an open reading frame (ORF) of 2535 bp in length was cloned , encoding a protein of 844 amino acids that was 94% homologous with SlARF8 , and this new gene located on different chromosomes with SlARF8 based on tomato genome data , so it was named SlA RF8-1 ( GenBank accession number HM560979 ) .Then the temporal and spatial expression patterns of four A RFs genes ( SlARF3 , SlARF4 , SlARF6 and SlARF8-1) were analyzed in tomato stems , leaves , ovaries and fruits at different development stage using semi-quantitative RT-PCR . The results showed that SlA RF8-1 was expressed in all tissues examined , but at a lower level in the ovary after pollination .By contrast , the transcripts of SlA RF3 and SlA RF6 were undetectable in leaf and ovary . These four SlA RFs genes showed similar expressiontomato fruits didn‘t change significantly after the ovaries were treated with exogenous hormones of 2 ,4‐dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2 ,4‐D) and gibberellic acid ( GA₃ ) , which could induce significantly parthenocarpic fruits in tomato .

Xylo-oligosaccharides ( XOS ) from corncob were prepared by microwave digestion and a commercial endoxylanase hydrolysis."One-factor-at-a-time" method was applied to optimize the reaction parameters for improving XOS concentration , and the effect of obtained XOS on in vitro proliferation of probiotics ( Bacillus subtilis and L actobacillus ) was studied . The results showed that the optimal conditions were as follows : microwave digestion pressure of 1.6 Mpa and microwave digestion time of 5 min , endoxylanase concentration of 140 U .g ^-1 and enzymatic reaction time for 6 h . Under optimal conditions , hydrolysis of alkali pretreated corncob powder using microwave digestion and endoxylanase produced 82.5% of XOS in the hydrolyzate , equivalent to 11.02 g.L^-1 XOS . In vitro proliferations of Lactobacillus and B .subtilis were activated by 311% and183% with the addition of 0.2% and 0.4% XOS , respectively , however their growths were inhibited with increasing the amount of XOS addition .

The aim was to improve and screen the strains with high free gossypol (FG) degradation rate .With Candida oleophila , K loeckera lindneri , Rhodothece glutinis as the starting strains , the mutants with high free gossypol (FG) degradation rate were bred after the starting strains were treated by ultraviolet (UV) , diethyl sulfate (DES) and UV +DES mutation . And the optimal conditions for mutation were confirmed . The results showed that six available mutant strains were screened through primary screening and secondary screening(GJ-Z-25、GJ-D-25、GJ-Z-２５-D-25、GJ-Z-20-D-20、HJ-D-20、HJ-Z-20-D-20) . The FG degradation rate of mutant strains were90.69%、91.40%、93.78%、89.64%、90.78% and 89.56% respectively , increased by 50.00%、51.20%、55.14%、48.29%、26.33% and 24.63%, compared with the starting strains . The composite mutation (UV irradiation mutagenesis of 25 s , DES treatment of 25 min) of C . oleophila was more effective than alone mutation ; but alone DES mutagenesis of R . glutinis was more effective than the compound mutation , and the best condition for DES mutagenesis treatment was for 20 min . The experiment obtained high concentrations gossypol tolerated strains , enhanced the degradation rate of gossypol significantly and increased nutritional value of cottonseed meal .

The 155 strains were isolated from rot-wood and soil to screen the strains with high ligninolytic enzyme activities . Nine fungi which showed color-zone in the guaiacols medium were obtained . By measuring the enzyme activity of static liquid culture filtrates , two fungal strains (termed 14-7 and 15-1 , respectively) with higher ligninase activity of those were obtained . The activities of lignin peroxidase , manganese peroxidase and laccase from fungal strain 14-7 were up to 0.087、0.060, and 0.144 U.mL^-1, respectively , after 7 d fermentation ,and the ones from strain15-1 were up to 0.070,0.059, and 0.000 U.mL^-1 , respectively .

Seven isolates of infectious bronchitis virus ( IBV) were obtained and identified from clinical infected chicken flocks in Henan Province by using the techniques of chicken embryo inoculation , reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and tracheal organ culture ( TOC) .Spike protein gene of 7 isolates and vaccine strain H120 was amplified by RT-PCR and sequenced . The result showed that the sizes of the whole length for S1 gene of 8 IBV strains were divided into four groups : 1632, 1620,1617 and 1611 bp ,respectively .There were multisite mutations among these sequences in addition to type-specific insertion and deletion . The analysis of deduced amino acid sequences showed that sequential patterns of S protein cleavage sites of 8 IBV strains fell into three categories : HRRRR , RRFRR and RRSRR . Homology and phylogenetic analysis showed that Jin-13 isolate was respiratory-type of IBV ,and YI isolate was ArkDPI-type , and HN/SG isolate had a distant relationship to other domestic nephropathogenic-type isolates else , and HN/HL , XP/ 1/09 , XP/3 and WZL isolates had a close relationship to Shandong nephropathogenic-type isolates but had a distant relationship to HN99 isolate .

For clinical diagnosis , the Cap ripoxv irus from crust materials of goats with clinical sore mouth symptom from a farm in Shanxi Province was isolated .Cytopathic effect (CPE) was observed in the third passage by transfecting the virus into lamb testis ( LT ) cells . Eosinophilic intracytoplasmic inclusions were detected in the cell culture by the hematoxylin-eosin ( HE) staining . The animal showed a pox virus-infected symptom in the recurrent infection test and the result of enzyme-linked immunosorbent
assay (ELISA) showed that the concentration of the virus in the sample was 6.835 IU.L^-1 , indicating the Cap ripoxv irus antigen was existed . It is indicated that the Capripoxvirus is separated and diagnosed successfully , and the results may be used for future research .

To promote molecular-assisted breeding in M iichthys miiuy , a normalized full-length cDNA library was established to develop the EST-cSNP markers using the double-specific nuclease normalization method combined with switching mechanism at 5'end of RNA transcript technique . The results showed that a total of 5053 expressed sequence tags (EST) were obtained , 4609 high quality EST sequences in which were generated . For mining single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) from EST sequences ,707 contig sequences were assembled by Vector NTI 11.0 software . A total of 209 putative and reliable SNPs were detected in all contigs . The appearance frequency of SNPs was 0.743 SNP per 100 bp in the obtained SNP sequences . Among these SNPs , 114 of which were transition , 74 were transversion and the other 21 were indels . The overall ratio of transition to transversion was 1.54. Gene annotation indicated that some SNP-containing genes belonged to immune-related genes that encoded major histocompatibility complex , immunoglobulin , T-cell receptor and other protease , respectively ,showing that the identified SNPs were useful for studying molecular genetics and molecular-assisted breeding in M . miiuy .

In order to reveal the mechanism of Wnt１ and Frizzled (Fzd) ２ in the regulation of ovarian and follicular development , twelve ３‐week old mice were used to investigate the localization of Wnt1 and Fzd2 in the ovary by immunohistochemistry (IHC) and their ligand‐receptor relationship by coimmunoprecipitation (Co-IP) . The results showed that a strong immunostaining of Wnt1 was found in the cytoplasm and on the member of oocytes of health primary and secondary follicles , as well as that in
the granular cells near basal lamina of preantral and antral follicles , however Fzd2 staining was found only in the cytoplasm . There was weakly immunostaining of Wnt1 in granular cells around antrum and cumulus oophorus around zona pellucida . The elongated stromal cells round developing follicles or branched from ovarian cores were immunostained by Wnt1 and Fzd2 . Furthermore , some scattered cells were also immunostained in the interstitial gland , while in the oocytes of follicular atresia , a strong and asymmetrical immunostaining was also found . Co-IP analysis showed that there was a direct interaction between Fzd2 and Wnt1 in the ovarian oocytes . Together , the results over clearly demonstrated the expression and localization of Wnt1 and Fzd2 in a cell-specific manner and their ligand-receptor relation , implying the important roles during ovarian follicular development .

By analyzing the current situation of rape production in Zhejiang Province , the technical specification of rape whole-process mechanized production was put forward . The specification expounded the key technology , the standard and requirements , and the main farm machines from mechanized direct seeding , mechanized management , mechanized harvesting and mechanized drying . The practice of whole process mechanized rape production in Xiuzhou district of Jiaxing City in Zhejiang Province was analyzed . The results showed that the production efficiency and economic efficiency were improved after the adoption of mechanization , and the successful experience would promote the development of rape mechanized production in China .

The effect of different soil particle sizes on the visible/near infrared spectra to detect soil organic matter contents was analyzed . The visible/near infrared spectra of soil samples with the particle sizes of 0.169--2 mm and ＜ 0.169 mm were measured at the range of 325‐1075 nm . Then the principal component analysis-back propagation neural network ( PCA-BPNN ) , least squares‐support vector machine (LS-SVM) and partial least squares ( PLS) models were established to detect the soil organic matter contents . When the soil particle size range was from 0.169 to 2 mm , the correlation coefficients ( r) of prediction of all three models were above 0.84 and root mean square errors of prediction (RMSEP) were below 0.20 . When the soil particle size range was smaller than 0.169 mm , the r values of the models were below 0.71 and RMSEPs were above 0.23 . When either the soil particle size range was from 0.169 to 2 mm or smaller than 0.169 mm , PLS models obtained better results than LS-SVM and PCA-BPNN models . The overall results show that the difference of soil particle size can significantly affect the prediction results of visible/near infrared spectra to detect the soil organic matter contents .

A rapid determination of rice leaf blast disease based on visible-near-infrared spectroscopy was proposed . Chemometric analysis was executed on the spectra of the rice leaves with different disease level by using partial least square regression ( PLSR) . Three PLSR models were established based on fullrange spectra ( model １ ) , spectra at feature wavebands ( model ２ ) and spectra at feature wavelengths (model ３) . The determination correct rate of the disease detection level was ９６ .７％ for model １ . By using the obtained regression coefficients of PLSR model , five feature wavebands were selected , which were at ５５２‐５５８ , ６７２‐６８２ , ７１９‐７２６ , ７５６‐７６８ and ９９０‐９９８ nm . The determination correct rate was ９０％ for model ２ . The result showed that there was a good correlation between the disease detection level and the five selected feature wavebands . Five feature wavelengths were further selected based on the feature wavebands . The determination correct rate was ８０％ for model ３ . It is concluded that the visible-nearinfrared spectroscopy gives a good determination result and is a new way to fast determine rice leaf blast disease level .

An experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of azomite supplementation on growth performance , intestinal digestive enzyme activities and serum nonspecific immune of grass carp ( Ctenopharyngodon idella) . Four diets adding respectively ０％ (control group) , ０.２％ , ０.３％ , ０.４％ azomite were fed to grass carp with initial body mass of ( ６４.２０ ± １.６８ ) g for ８ weeks . The results showed that growth performance of grass carp was increased in different degrees by supplemental azomite in diets , in which mass gain rate was increased by １６.６５％ ( P ＝ ０.０８ ) and feed conversion rate ( FCR) was decreased by １２.９０％ ( P ＜ ０.０５ ) by supplementation of ０.２％ azomite in diet , compared with control group . Condition factors ( CF ) of fish fed with diet adding ０.２％ , ０.４％ azomite were significantly higher than control fish ( P ＜ ０.０５ ) . There was no significant difference in the contents of muscle moisture , ash , crude fat and crude protein among treatments ( P＞ ０.０５) . Activities of protease , lipase , amylase in intestine and superoxide dismutase (SOD) , alkaline phosphatase (AKP) in serum of
fish were enhanced in different degrees ( P＞ ０.０５) by addition of ０.２％-０.４％ azomite in diet . Fish fed with diet adding ０.２％ azomite had a significantly higher SOD activity than control fish ( P ＜ ０.０５ ) .Hepatopancreas glutamic‐oxalacetic transaminase ( GOT ) and glutamic‐pyruvic transaminase ( GPT ) activities were not affected by ０.２％ , ０.３％ azomite addition , but significantly decreased by ０.４％ azomite addition . The results above show that the addition of azomite can improve the growth performance and serum nonspecific immune function . The proper dose of azomite in grass carp diet is suggested to be ０.２％ .

Two hundred forty one-day-old AA broilers were randomly divided into ２ groups with ６replicates ,administrating the same antibiotics-free basal diet . After ３ d feeding , broilers of control group and experimental group were respectively dosed with ０.５ mL sterile water or spore ( １.５ × １０^８ CFU.mL ^－１ ) , aiming to examine the internal fate and dissemination of Bacillus subtilis spores in the intestine of AA broiler as well as its effects on changes of intestinal flora and activity of digestive enzymes .Spores were counted and enzyme activities were measured at different sampling time , while the intestinal flora was determined by using polymerase chain reaction‐denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR‐DGGE) method . The results showed that : feeding spores began to germinate in the duodenum ; vegetative cells outnumbered spores in the jejunum whereas most of B . subtilis spores were detected in ceca . Spores in faeces reached its peak value of ７.９ × １０^４ CFU.g ^--１ at ２４ h after dosed , then were gradually decreased .After ７２ h ,no spores could be detected . PCR‐DGGE combined with principal component analysis (PCA)
showed significant changes in the intestinal flora during passage of B . subtilis spores , while Lactobacillus sp . population in experimental group increased , compared with the control group . Amylase , trypsin and total protease activities in duodenum , lipase activity in jejunum and total protease activities in cecum were significantly higher than control group ( P ＜ ０.０５) after １２ h of spores dosing .The results above confirm that spores can survive the gastric barrier well , germinate in the intestine of
AA broiler , and are detected up to ７２ h . In such process , intestinal digestive enzyme activity and microflora are improved .

The objective was to determine the lipid classes and conjugated linolenic acid (CLNA) contents in T richosanthes kirilow ii , pomegranate and bitter melon seed oils from China . Three pomegranate cultivars (Sanbaiyu ,Qingpiruanzi and Tianlüzi)and six bitter melon cultivars (Changbai ,Manyouqing ,Bingchengyihao , Kaihua-１ , Kaihua-２ and Qingfeng) were chosen for analysis . The predominant lipid was triacylglycerol in the analyzed samples ranging from ９２.６％ to ９７.０％ . The major fatty acids were oleic acid (２２.６％ , １８ :１) , linoleic acid ( ３２.６％ , １８ :２n-６) and punicic acid (３２.６％ , c９ , t１１ , c１３-１８ :３) in T . kirilow ii seed oil . The total CLNA was ３６.９％ in T . kirilow ii seed oil . Punicic acid was the most predominant fatty acid , ranging from ７３.４％ to ７７.５％ and the total CLNA ranged from ８３.４％ to ８７.９％ in the seed oils of pomegranate cultivars . The total CLNA ranged from ６５.２％ to ７１.９％ , and α-eleostearic acid ( c９ , t１１ , t１３‐１８ :３ ) was predominant one , account from ５６.０％ to ６３.７％ in bitter melon seed oils . T . kirilow ii , pomegranate and bitter melon were rich in CLNA , however , main CLNA in T . kirilow ii and pomegranate was punicic acid , and one in bitter melon was α‐eleostearic acid . Natural resources containing CLNA , especially edible T . kirilow ii seed , could be a potential dietary source of CLA , following CLNA metabolism .

The viability rate of SGC７９０１ gastric cancer cells was used as an index , the anti‐gastric cancer ingredients from the water chestnut shell were reclaimed by semi‐bionic extraction . The effects of extraction time , ratio of water to water chestnut shell , amount of pepsin and trypsin on extraction antigastric cancer activity were investigated , and the uniform designation was employed to determine the optimum extraction conditions . The results showed that when １ g shell powder was added to １０ mL solvent (１ ∶ １０ ratio of powder to pH ≈ ２ solvent) in the absence of pepsin , extracting for ３０ min at ３７℃ , and then being centrifuged to collect precipitate , adding １０ mL pH ≈ ８ solvent and ４％ trypsin , extracting for ３０ min at ３７ ℃ , the extracts had the highest activity against gastric cancer and the cell
viability was the lowest ,i .e . ４５.５２％ .Also , this experiment confirmed that water chestnut shell extracts still had a high activity of inhibiting the growth of gastric cancer cells through semi‐bionic extraction .

In order to broaden the utilization approach of bamboo shoot shells , advanced techniques such as scanning electron microscope (SEM) , Fourier transform infrared ( FT--IR) , X-ray diffraction (XRD) and thermal gravimetric analysis ( TGA) were employed to characterize the natural biofiber . The main results were as follows : １) Fibers of bamboo shoot shells were mainly composed of ３６％ ‐４０％ cellulose and ３５％ ‐４６％ hemicellulose ,while the content of lignin was only １％ ‐８％ ; ２) the fiber of bamboo shoot shells was circular with obvious grooves observed by SEM ; ３) in the infrared spectrum , it had a general characteristic of cellulose absorption peaks ; ４ ) the fiber of bamboo shoot shells belonged to the typical cellulose type I , and the crystallinity was about ４０％ , which was similar with fiber from rice straw , but was much lower than cotton and hemp fibers ; ５) in the TGA curves , the fiber began to decompose at about １９０ ℃ , and the main mass loss temperature was about ３１０ ℃ . The primary study indicate that bamboo shoot shells can be widely used in textile , pulp and paper , composite and various industrial processing , as a good source for natural cellulose fibers .

To obtain the knowledge of impact of sewage irrigation on soil , crops and shallow groundwater , soil column experiment was conducted to assess the transport behaviors of Cu in 7 typical Chinese agricultural soils under sewage irrigation . Soil columns were leached with artificial sewage irrigation water ( Cu 20 mg .L ^-1 ) accounting for 20 L . The Hydrus-1 D was used for fitting the breakthrough curves of Cu . The results manifested that , the studied black soil , yellow fluvo‐aquic soil
and loessial soil had great adsorption capacity for Cu , resulting in that the leachate concentrations of Cu did not exceed the value on the groundwater quality standards Ⅱ; on the other hand , the studied red soil , grey fluvo‐aquic soil , two kinds of paddy soils did not had strong adsorption capacity for Cu ,making Cu could rapidly breakthrough the soils , and presented potential pollution risk for groundwater or environment . The analysis of Hydrus‐１D indicated that , the transportation of Cu in black soil , yellow fluvo-aquic soil and loessial soil under sewage irrigation could be well described by deterministic equilibrium model , while the transportation of Cu in red soil , gray fluvo‐aquic soil and two kinds of paddy soils could be well simulated by two‐site model . It was found that , the adsorption capacity of Cu in soils was the key factor to control the entire process of transportation of Cu .