The genetic analysis of bottle gourd [ Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) Standl .] resistance to powdery mildew was evaluated with a highly resistant breeding line J083 and a highly susceptible breeding line J73 and their F1 ,F2 populations .The results showed that the resistance to powdery mildew in J083 was controlled by a single recessive gene . From 100 amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) primer pair combinations ,a pair of stable polymorphic AFLP markers (E -ATG/M-CTC) , 105 bp in size was obtained . The AFLP fragment was then converted to a sequence-characterized amplified region (SCAR) marker ,named as GPDS ATG/CTC75 .This SCAR marker could be used effectively for molecular marker ‐assisted selection (MAS) inbreeding programs to developbottlegourdcultivars resistance to powdery mildew .

Ribosomal protein genes of Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus from six different geographical regions were amplified ,and the restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) of PCR products were analyzed . Then , the sequences of ribosomal protein genes were aligned with software DNAman and NCBI Blast , and the phylogenetic tree was constructed . The results showed that the ribosomal protein genes of six isolates had different RFLP fingerprints and showed some polymorphism , and the differences existed in the nucleotide sequences and amino acid sequences of ribosomal protein genes of different isolates , while the homology between each other was very high . Their homology level was from 99% to 100% with other Ca.L.asiaticus in GenBank , 85% with Ca.L.africanus,and 77% to 80% with Ca.L.americanus , respectively . Phylogenetic analysis suggested that all Ca.L.asiaticus were clustered into one group , and then clustered in a larger group as Candidatus Liberibacter with Ca.L.africanus and Ca.L.americanus.

In order to clarify the molecular mechanism of tobacco brown-spot disease pathogenic fungi Alternaria longipes resistance to dicarboximide fungicides( DCFs) ,GeneFishing technology was conducted to analyse gene differential expression among A . longipes strains with different DCFs-resistant level ,and thebiologicalfunctions of thecloned AlCyP1 genewereanalyzed by genedisruption .The results revealed that significant expression difference of a cyclophilin gene---AlCyP1 existed in different DCFs-resistant level strains .Using DNA walking method ,theDNA sequence of AlCyP1 gene was cloned .Two translation initiation codons existed within the open reading frame of AlCyP1 gene ,which coded two different length polypeptide products . The long and short polypeptide products contained 222 and 188 amino acids ,respectively ,in which the short one was initiated at codon 35 of the long polypeptide product . In addition ,the sequence homology analysis of amino acids showed AlCyP1 sharing high homology( 50.0%~61.3% ) withcyclophilins of other fungi .Finally ,biologicalfunctions of the AlCyP1 gene were analyzed by gene disruption ,and the results showed that AlCyP1 gene involved in A . longipes osmotic stress adaptation process dependent of its expression level change .

OMP (outmembrane protein) ,LPS (lipopolysaccharides) , ECP (extracellular product) were extracted from Vibrio harveyi strain GYC 1108-1 , which was originally isolated from diseased great yellow croaker ( Pseudosciaenacrocea ) .Thechallenge tests showed that OMPand LPS hadlow lethal to P . crocea ,and the protease in ECP was lethal to thefish with an LD ₅₀ valueof 3.5 μ g .g ^－１ body mass .The protease was therefore confirmed to be a major exotoxin of V . harveyi for P . crocea . The maximal activities of the protease wereat pH8.0 and 28 ℃ .It was heat labileand hada molecular mass of about55ku estimated by SDS-PAGE . The purified protease from ECP was inhibited by iodoacetic acid ,indicating that theenzyme was acysteine protease .In addition ,it was also completely inhibited by SDS and HgCl _２ , but partially inhibited by ZnCl _２ and PMSF (an inhibitor of serine protease) and not inhibited by CaCl _２ , CuCl _２ and MgCl _２ . However , activation of the enzyme activity was obtained with EDTA ,EGTA (inhibitors of metalloprotease) ,DTT ,L ‐ cysteine and 2-mercaptoethanol .It was found that this protease could degrade several substrates ,including casein,gelatin ,lecithin , starch , Tween-80 ,urea andcould not hemolyze bloodcells of fish .Moreover ,the protease hadimmunogenicity to fish .The band of 55 ku protease was presented on Western blotting pattern against fish anti-bacteria antiserum .Thus ,the protease from ECP could be considered as protective antigen .

A strain of exopolysaccharide -producing lactic acid bacteria was isolated from intestines of blackporgy, Sparus macrocephalus ,and was identified as Leuconostoc lactis by conventional biochemical characteristics, 16S rDNA genes equence analysis.Physiological -biochemical tests for the isolate showed that it had good tolerance to acid, bilesalt and protease,but couldn^,t live above 70 ℃ .The culture supernatant of the isolate could inhibit the growth of Vibrio parahaemolyticus , Vibrio harveyi and Vibrio alginolyticus , and the inhibition zone diameters were 1.12‐1.22cm and had not significant difference( P ＞0.05) at different culture time of 24 , 32 ,40, 48 , 56 h. The concentrations of exopolysaccharidesin the culture medium were 167.24-184.45 mg.L ^－１ with no significant difference ( P＞ 0.05) at the culture time of 24 ,32, 40 , 48 , 56h. The erythrocyte and leukocyte counts, hemoglobin concentration and lymphocyte ratio of black porgies increased significantly ( P＜ 0.05) after being fed orally exopolysaccharides from the isolate culture for 20d.The results above indicate the isolate, Leuconostoc lactis can be a candidate probiotic strain in marine aquaculture.

In order to study the thermo-tolerance of two Salvia splendens Ker -Gawl cultivars , i .e . Shenzhouhong ,a nationally -bred variety , and Emperor , an imported variety , some morphological and physiological traits were measured under high temperature stress , including relative content of chlorophyll (SPAD value) ,Fv/Fm (maximum quantum yield of photosystem Ⅱ photochemistry) ,CAT(catalase) ,POD (peroxidase) and SOD (superoxide dismutase) activities ,MDA (malondialdehyde) and prolinecontents . High temperature stresses were conducted in the field with natural high temperature and in the intelligent climate incubator at 40℃ .The results showed that cultivar 'Shenzhouhong' had longer florescence ,and its rown diameter , inflorescence duration length were less affected by thermo-stress than cultivar 'Emperor' under naturally high temperature .In the intelligent climate incubator at 40 ℃ ,there was no significant difference in SPAD values between two cultivars . While thermo-stress resulted in significant reduction of Fv/Fm and SOD activity ,and significant increase of CAT and POD activities ,MDA and proline contents for two cultivars . Moreover ,the changed extent of these physico-chemical traits of the two cultivars differed greatly under high temperature stress . The results above suggest that cultivar 'Shenzhouhong' shows much greater ability than cultivar 'Emperor' in developing light protection and active oxygen scavenging system in response to thermo -stress .

The endangered levels and the classes of conservation priority on Salvia Linn.in Sichuan of southwestern China were evaluated, based on field investigation from year of 2006 to 2009 ,specimen examination and literature using Delphi and analytic hierarchy process (AHP) methods. The degree of endangerment was evaluated quantificationally. As a result, there were 14 endangered taxa, 9 vulnerable taxa, 11 near threatened taxa and 17 secure taxa, and the plant taxa of the first rank protection were 4 ,that of the second rank protection were31, and the non-protection taxa were 16 on Salvia in Sichuan of southwestern China.

The seeds of two -row barley ( Hordeum vulgare L .) cultivar ZJU3 were treated by chemical mutagen ethyl methane sulfonate (EMS) to develop a mutant library . In M2 generation , biological and agronomiccharacters were examined ,and the identified mutants were validated in M3 generation . Totally 97 phenotypemutants , involved in seedling habits , maturity , leaf morphology , plant height , spike shape and spikelet fertility were obtained from 3000treated plants , with mutated frequency of 7.46% The results indicate thefeasibility of developing barley mutant population using EMS treatment and the discussion is done on forward genetics approachof genefunction study using mutant population for barley geneticimprovement .

Identification of rapeseed varieties by using hyperspectral imaging technique combined with artificial neural network (ANN) was proposed . Hyperspectral images of several rapeseed varieties in range 400-1000nm were acquired ,and then the principal component analysis (PCA) was performed to select three optimal band images .The texture parameters were extracted from the optimal band images based on gray level histogram and gray level co ‐ occurrence matrix (GLCM) statistical methods . The ANN modelwas usedfor theidentificationof rapeseedvarieties .Detection resultsof ANN modelshowed that the discriminating rates of rapeseed varieties in the training and prediction sets were 93.75% and 91.67%, respectively . It is indicated that the hyperspectral imaging technology has a good classification and identification effects on rapeseed varieties .

Using multi-polarization (HH/HV/VH/VV) airborne syntheti caperture radar (SAR) data, polarimetric responses of rice and typical features and their differences were analyzed, then rice identification method based on its characteristics of polarimetric response was established.The results showed that backscattering coefficients of rice in different polarizations were of great difference, and the difference between horizontal polarization (HH) and vertical polarization (VV) of rice was significantly higher than other surface features. Based on the characteristic, rice information was extracted using the ratio of horizontal and vertical polarizations [‹ HH ›／‹ VV ›] ,and good results were achieved. Rice identification accuracy was over 90.0%. The image enhanced rice information was classified. Classification result showed that rice of different growth stages can be distinguished to some extent.

The diurnal changes of net photosynthetic rate (Pn) in leaves of tobacco cultivar "JiyanNO.9"were studied by LI -6400 portable photosynthesis system,and the relationship between the Pnandits physio-ecological factors was studied by principal components and path analysis. The results showed that the curve of diurnal variation of Pn was demonstrated single peak in clear day, and the majority of peak presented to 11:00, which was 9.88 μmol.m -2. s -1, and it did not show midday depression; the diurnal changes of stomatal conductance (Gs) , transpiration rates (Tr) , leaf temperature ( TL ) and air temperature ( Ta ) all appeared as single peak curves,and there were positive relationships between Gs, Tr, TL , Ta andPn; TL and Tr were the major ones in diurnal change of physiological factors, and TL ,Ta and Ca were the major ones in diurnal change of ecological factors; the direct impact of physiological factors to Pn was the order of Gs ＞ TL＞ Tr ＞ Ci ,and the direct impact of ecological factors to Pn was the order of TL＞ Ta＞ relative humidity (RH) ＞ Ca＞ photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) .Comprehensive analysis showed that Gs,Tr and TL played very important rolesin the changes of Pn among the physiological factors, and light and temperature affected the changes of Pn among the ecologicalfactors.

To understand the effects of vegetation types on soil particulate organic carbon and black carbon,samplesof soilprofilesundersix typesof forestry vegetations were collected from Wuyanling nature reserve,Taishun County, Zhejiang Province. The contents of total organic carbon, particulate
organic carbon and black carbon in the soils were characterized, and compared with those of local upland soil. Storages of total organic C in 1 m depth soil decreased in the sequence of evergreen broad-leaved forest( 53.95 kg.m ^-2) ＞ evergreen deciduous broad -leavedforest ( 52.87 kg.m ^{- 2}) ＞ shrub ( 39.22 kg.m ^-2 ) ＞ coniferousandbroad-leavedmixedforest( 38.50kg.m ^-2) ＞ coniferousforest( 29.57 kg.m ^-2 ) ＞ bambooland( 21.00 kg.m ^-2) ＞ upland( 15.68 kg.m -2 ) .That of particulate organic C in 1 m depth soils also had same sequence. Storages of black C in 1 m depth soils decreased in the order of evergreen broad -leaved forest ( 5.54 kg.m ^-2) , evergreen deciduous broad -forest (5.54 kg.m ^-2 ) ＞ upland( 4.22 kg.m ^-2 ) ＞ shrub ( 3.68 kg.m ^-2) ＞ coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forest( 3.10kg.m ^-2 ) ＞ coniferous forest ( 2.60 kg.m ^-2 ) ＞ bamboo land ( 2.10 kg.m ^-2 ) .The proportions of soil total organic C as particulate organic C in upland was significantly lower than those in the forestry lands, and those of soil total organic C as black C in upland was significantly higher than those in the forestry lands.The results above suggest that stability of soilorganic C in the upland is greater than that in the forest lands, and particulate organic C is preferentially decomposed, and black C tended to be accumulated as forest land is transformed into upland.

The effects of dietary glutamine (Gln) supplementation on growth performance, nutrient utilization efficiency and digestive organ development in Lingnan yellow broilers were investigated. One hundred and forty -four Lingnan yellow broilers at 14 day age were randomly divided into four groups(six repeats in each group, six broilers in each repeat) and fed diets supplemented with0 (control) , 0.2%,0.4% and0.6% Gln, respectively. The growth performance and nutrient utilization were measured at 14-28 day age, 29-42 day age,and the end of the test. The tissues were sampled after slaughtering at 42 day age and used to analyze digestive organ development of broilers. The results showed that: compared with the control, 0.2% Gln in diet could improve mucosa thickness of duodenum in broilers significantly( P＜0.05) , but had no effects on villus height, crypt depth and thickness of jejunum( P＞0.05) ; 0.4% Gln could significantly increase villus height and thickness of duodenum,villus height of jejunum ( P＜ 0.01) , lower crypt depth of duodenum and jejunum,and increase mucosa thickness of jejunum ( P＜0.05). At 14-28day age, 0.4% Gln could increase average daily feed intake and averagedaily mass gain,lower feed conversion ratio of broilers significantly( P＜0.05) ,promote digestibility of dry matter and crude protein in diets ( P＜0.05) .The addition of 0.4% Gln also improve dutilization of crude fiber in diets at 29-42 day age ( P ＜ 0.05) .Adding 0.6%％ Gln in diet could decrease mass of stomachus muscularis significantly ( P ＜ 0.05 ) ,promote average daily mass gain of 14-28 day -old broilers,and increase average daily feed intake, average daily mass gain and dry matter utilization of diet ( P＜0.05) and down -regulatefeed conservation ratio significantly ( P ＜0.05 ) at 29-42 day age. In conclusion,dietary Gln supplementation, especially 0.4% Gln treatment can improve digestive organ development, nutrient utilization and growth performance in Lingnan yellow broilers.

The influence of storage conditions on the freshness of silver carps ( Hypophthalmichthys molitrix ) was investigated .Silver carps were stored under 10 ℃ , -1℃ and -20℃ ,respectively ,and sensory changes and quality indicators such as total volatile basic nitrogen (T -VBN) , trimethylamine (TMA) and K value were determined . The sensory evaluation results showed the storage time was confined to 3 days and 9 days under 10 ℃ and -1℃ ,respectively .According to the pattern of sodium dodecyl sulfate ‐ polyacrylamidegelelectrophoresisc (SDS-PAGE) , thedegradationof myosin heavy chain occurred after 3 days ＇storage under 10 ℃ . And the appearance of low molecular weight bands was observed after 9days under -1 ℃ and -20℃ ,but the degradation of proteins under-1 ℃ and -20℃ was indistinctive with time . The values of T-VBN , TMA and K increased significantly with time ,and the rate was improved by high temperature , in accordance with the result of sensory analysis .Therefore ,the formation of TMA and the degradation of proteins and ATP have been shown to provide a clear interpretation on the freshness decrease of silver carps .Moreover , the results show that frozen storage is an effective method to slow down the rate of freshness decrease of silver carps .

A modified spectrophotometric assay was developed for determination of angiotensin I-converting enzyme ( ACE) inhibitory activity of peptides derived from plant protein , which was based on the classical paper chromatography determination of hippuric acid ( HA ) content in the urine . By using the modified method , the maximum absorbance of HA was measured at 459 nm , and the optimum chromogenic reaction conditions were as follows : temperature of 40℃ , time for 30 min , and the DAB concentration of 0.5%. Captopril and cottonseed protein peptides showing antihypertensive activity as inhibitors of ACE were detected by this modified spectrophotometric assay . The result showed that the modified method was proved to be convenient , sensitive , accurate and reproducible , and it could be used for the screening of ACE inhibitory peptides derived from food proteins .

The P removal efficiency with two levels of P in inflow by two lab-scale wetland systems with and without iron plaque on Typhaangustifolia plant roots and the mechanism of P removal in sewage by iron plaque were studied through the Pcontents in theiron plaque,the plant roots and shoots.The results showed that with the lower P level, the mean removal efficiency of P were 85% and 55% with and without iron plaque, respectively, and with the higher P level,the removal efficiency of P were76%and1.7% during the first 12 days of the system application, respectively . The removal efficiency of P in the system with iron plaque was higher than the system without iron plaque.The P content on iron plaque was lower after the experiment, comparing the beginning of the experiment. The decrement of P adsorbed on the iron plaque was 51% , 55% and 23% , 27% in the direction of water flow when the inflow was treated with low and high level of P, respectively. Simultaneously, the amount of P accumulated in the plant roots and shoots was more than that of the beginning stage,in the direction of water flow which increased by 31% , 16% and28%, 25%in the plant roots, respectively, and in plant shoots increased by 65%, 65%and 73% ,73% ,respectively,with low and high level of P inflow .The accumulated amount of P absorbed in the plant roots and shoots wereincreased by iron plaque.The results suggest that the iron plaque on root surface of the wetland plant plays an important role in accelerating P uptake efficiency by the plants and P removal efficiency in the wastewater.

In order to extend the actual application based on back-propagation (BP) neural network to forecast the regional water resource demand,taking Jinhua as an example,the three types of the main factors of water resource demand in Jinhua werefigured out by principal component analysis,which included dynamic changes of economy, improvement of the water resource exploring and serious pollution of water resources. To predict the water resource demand in the region,BP neural network model was applied. Through the network learning and training,the total water resource demand in Jinhua would reach to 21.935 280 × 10⁸ m ³ in 2010.It can provide some reference to build a plan of the regional development which is coordinated with the water resources.