Please wait a minute...
浙江大学学报(工学版)
浙江大学学报(工学版)  2022, Vol. 56 Issue (10): 1900-1911    DOI: 10.3785/j.issn.1008-973X.2022.10.002
自动化技术、信息工程     
基于NFT的实物上链资产化方法
孙亮1,2(),李晓风2,赵赫2,*(),余斌4,周桐3,4,李皙茹2
1. 安徽大学 物质科学与信息技术研究院，安徽 合肥 230601
2. 中国科学院 合肥物质科学研究院，安徽 合肥 230031
3. 中国科学院 合肥技术创新工程院，安徽 合肥 230088
4. 安徽中科晶格技术有限公司，安徽 合肥 230088
NFT-based method for assetization of physical assets on blockchain
Liang SUN1,2(),Xiao-feng LI2,He ZHAO2,*(),Bin YU4,Tong ZHOU3,4,Xi-ru LI2
1. Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China
2. Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Science, Hefei 230031, China
3. CAS(Hefei) Institute of Technology Innovation, Chinese Academy of Science, Hefei 230088, China
4. Anhui ZhongKeJingGe Technology Limited Company, Hefei 230088, China
 全文: PDF(1419 KB)   HTML
摘要：

针对现阶段非同质化通证（NFT）的应用对象仅限于诸如数字收藏品、加密艺术品和游戏道具等数字资产，难以适用于广泛存在的实物资产的问题，提出基于NFT的实物上链资产化方法. 该方法借助NFT可对数字资产确权的属性，结合智能合约与自动保管箱，实现链下实物资产与链上虚拟资产的强绑定. 该方法中，数字资产在链上（虚拟世界）铸造/流通之前，实体资产必须在链下（物理世界）锁定；实体资产在链下流通之前，数字资产需要在链上销毁. 该方式避免了虚拟世界和物理世界之间的跨域双花攻击，为实物资产提供了安全可信的价值转移和链上确权方式，为将来实物资产在元宇宙中的流通与交易提供可行的技术路径.
关键词： 区块链;  非同质化通证（NFT）;  自动保管箱;  智能合约;  价值转移;  元宇宙    
Abstract:

An NFT-based method for assetization of physical assets on blockchain was proposed aiming at the problem that the application of non-fungible token (NFT) was currently limited to virtual digital assets, such as digital collectibles, cryptographic artworks and game props, which was hard to cover widely existing physical assets. Smart contracts and automatic safe deposit boxes were combined to achieve strong bindings between off-chain physical assets and on-chain virtual assets based on the ability of NFT to confirm the rights of digital assets. A digital asset must be minted or circulated on blockchain (in virtual world) after its physical entity is locked off blockchain (in physical world). The corresponding NFT must be destroyed on blockchain before a physical asset is circulated off blockchain. The method avoids cross-domain double-spending attacks between the virtual world and the physical world, and offers a secure and trustworthy approach to transfer value and confirm ownership of physical assets on blockchain, which provides a feasible technical way for future circulation and trading of physical assets in the metaverse.
Key words: blockchain    non-fungible token (NFT)    automatic safe deposit box    smart contract    value transfer    metaverse
收稿日期: 2022-03-14 出版日期: 2022-10-25
CLC:  TP 311  
基金资助: 国家重点研发计划资助项目（2021YFB2700800）
通讯作者: 赵赫     E-mail: q19201139@stu.ahu.edu.cn;zhaoh@hfcas.ac.cn
作者简介: 孙亮（1996—），男，硕士生，从事区块链技术的研究. orcid.org/0000-0002-7034-914X. E-mail： q19201139@stu.ahu.edu.cn
服务　　
把本文推荐给朋友
加入引用管理器
E-mail Alert
作者相关文章　　
孙亮
李晓风
赵赫
余斌
周桐
李皙茹

引用本文:

孙亮,李晓风,赵赫,余斌,周桐,李皙茹. 基于NFT的实物上链资产化方法[J]. 浙江大学学报(工学版), 2022, 56(10): 1900-1911.

Liang SUN,Xiao-feng LI,He ZHAO,Bin YU,Tong ZHOU,Xi-ru LI. NFT-based method for assetization of physical assets on blockchain. Journal of ZheJiang University (Engineering Science), 2022, 56(10): 1900-1911.

链接本文:

https://www.zjujournals.com/eng/CN/10.3785/j.issn.1008-973X.2022.10.002    或    https://www.zjujournals.com/eng/CN/Y2022/V56/I10/1900

图 1  提出方法中资产在物理世界与虚拟世界的跨域流转
图 2  实物上链资产化模型
图 3  自动保管箱模型
初始化信息参数 参数含义
IDbox 保管箱编号id
numbox 保管箱箱体对应的储物格编号
addrbox 保管箱物理地址
addrowner 保管箱所有者地址
proAddrbox 保管箱生产地址
proTimebox 保管箱生产时间
表 1  保管箱存证信息
字 段 说 明
name 实物资产名称
attr 实物资产属性
des 实物资产描述信息
ivfile 实物资产的图片或视频文件
fileIPFS 实物资产的图片或视频文件地址
residentify 实物资产的真实性鉴定结果
sigres 资产鉴定方对鉴定结果的签名
pkidentifier 资产鉴定方公钥
sigwitness 见证者对资产信息的签名
pkwitness 见证者公钥
表 2  实物资产信息
图 4  联盟链与公有链数据锚定示意图
实验环境 参 数
联盟链 以太坊区块链
联盟链共识算法 PoA
公有链 以太坊区块链
公有链共识算法 PoW
分布式文件存储系统 IPFS
合约语言 Solidity
表 3  实物上链资产化方法的实验环境
图 5  数字资产移动端的截图
图 6  保管箱信息存证
图 7  铸造实物资产NFT
图 8  转移实物资产NFT
图 9  销毁实物资产NFT
方法 支持ERC-721协议 支持ERC-1155协议 支持实物
资产铸造 		实物完整性保存
Art Blocks[2] √ × × ×
MakersPlace[33] √ × × ×
CryptoPunks[5] √ × × ×
OpenSea[17] √ √ × ×
POB[34] √ √ √ ×
本文方法 × √ √ √
表 4  本文方法与其他资产化方法的对比
f/% Pfault f/% Pfault
5 9.53×10?7 20 1.29×10?3
10 2.00×10?5 25 5.90×10?3
15 2.01×10?4 30 2.06×10?2
表 5  恶意节点成功篡改数据的概率
保管箱箱型 尺寸/mm 年租金/元
A 60×242×453 400
B 80×242×453 600
C 125×242×453 800
E 195×242×453 1 000
表 6  自动保管箱的租金
分类 合约操作 平均消耗值/Gas 费用/美元
单一公有链 保管箱存证 166 744.5 13.44
单一公有链 资产NFT铸造 373 555 30.12
单一公有链 资产NFT转移 76 308.5 6.15
单一公有链 资产NFT销毁 64 952.25 5.24
联盟链与公有链锚定 联盟链数据锚定 7 473 0.609
表 7  用户操作成本的分析
1 Wikipedia. Non-fungible token [EB/OL]. [2021-08-09]. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonfungible_token.
2 SNOWFRO E. Art blocks [EB/OL]. [2021-08-09]. https://www.artblocks.io/.
3 Dapper Labs. CryptoKitties [EB/OL]. [2021-08-09]. https://www.cryptokitties.co/.
4 Sky Mavis. Axie infinity [EB/OL]. [2021-08-09]. https://axieinfinity.com/.
5 Larva Labs. CryptoPunks [EB/OL]. [2021-08-09]. https://www.larvalabs.com/cryptopunks.
6 Dapper Labs. NBA top shot [EB/OL]. [2021-08-09]. https://nbatopshot.com/.
7 MYSTAKIDIS S Metaverse[J]. Encyclopedia, 2022, 2 (1): 486- 497
doi: 10.3390/encyclopedia2010031
8 秦蕊, 李娟娟, 王晓, 等 NFT: 基于区块链的非同质化通证及其应用[J]. 智能科学与技术学报, 2021, 3 (2): 234- 242
QIN Rui, LI Juan-juan, WANG Xiao, et al NFT: blockchain-based non-fungible token and applications[J]. Chinese Journal of Intelligent Science and Technology, 2021, 3 (2): 234- 242
doi: 10.11959/j.issn.2096-6652.202125
9 REHMAN W, ZAINAB H E, IMRAN J, et al. NFTs: applications and challenges [C]// 22nd International Arab Conference on Information Technology. Muscat: IEEE, 2021: 1-7.
10 BAL M, NER C. NFTracer: a non-fungible token tracking proof-of-concept using hyperledger fabric [EB/OL]. (2019-05-14)[2022-04-18]. https://arxiv.org/pdf/1905.04795.pdf.
11 REGNER F, SCHWEIZER A, URBACH N. NFTs in practice non-fungible tokens as core component of a blockchain-based event ticketing application [C]// 40th International Conference on Information Systems. Munich: Association for Information Systems, 2019: 1-17.
12 张展鹏, 张亮, 彭凌祺, 等 基于区块链非同质化代币的软件订阅模型[J]. 计算机工程, 2022, 48 (1): 24- 32
ZHANG Zhan-peng, ZHANG Liang, PENG Ling-qi, et al Software subscription model based on non-fungible tokens in blockchain[J]. Computer Engineering, 2022, 48 (1): 24- 32
doi: 10.19678/j.issn.1000-3428.0062500
13 吴咏蓓 NFT在图书出版领域的应用探索[J]. 出版与印刷, 2021, 32 (5): 42- 48
WU Yong-bei Exploration on the application of NFT in the book publishing field[J]. Publishing and Printing, 2021, 32 (5): 42- 48
doi: 10.19619/j.issn.1007-1938.2021.00.074
14 施语菾, 张楚瑶 NFT与人工智能技术融合发展前景探析[J]. 电子元器件与信息技术, 2021, 5 (11): 95- 98
SHI Yu-tian, ZHANG Chu-yao NFT and artificial intelligence technology integration development prospect analysis[J]. Electronic Component and Information Technology, 2021, 5 (11): 95- 98
15 SHARMA R. Decentralized finance (DeFi) definition [EB/OL]. (2022-02-14)[2022-05-03]. https://www.investopedia.com/decentralized-finance-defi-5113835.
16 HyperDAO. The HyperDAO whitepaper has been released [EB/OL]. (2019-07-12)[2022-04-18]. https://hdao.medium.com/the-hyperdao-white-paper-has-been-released-9e1bbd317102.
17 ATALLAH A, FINZER D. OpenSea [EB/OL]. [2021-12-30]. https://opensea.io/.
18 谭海波, 周桐, 赵赫, 等 基于区块链的档案数据保护与共享方法[J]. 软件学报, 2019, 30 (9): 2620- 2635
TAN Hai-bo, ZHOU Tong, ZHAO He, et al Archival data protection and sharing method based on blockchain[J]. Journal of Software, 2019, 30 (9): 2620- 2635
19 陈纯 联盟区块链关键技术与区块链的监管挑战[J]. 电力设备管理, 2019, 4 (11): 20- 21
CHEN Chun Key technology in alliance chain and challenges in monitoring blockchain[J]. Electric Power Equipment Management, 2019, 4 (11): 20- 21
20 ZHOU T, LI X F, ZHAO H DLattice: a permissionless blockchain based on DPoS-BA-DAG consensus for data tokenization[J]. IEEE Access, 2019, (7): 39273- 39287
21 YU B, LI X F, ZHAO H Virtual block group: a scalable blockchain model with partial node storage and distributed Hash table[J]. The Computer Journa-l, 2020, 63 (10): 1524- 1536
22 李芳, 李卓然, 赵赫 区块链跨链技术进展研究[J]. 软件学报, 2019, 30 (6): 1649- 1660
LI Fang, LI Zhuo-ran, ZHAO He Reserach on the progress in cross-chain technology of blockchains[J]. Journal of Software, 2019, 30 (6): 1649- 1660
23 赵赫, 李晓风, 占礼葵, 等 基于区块链技术的采样机器人数据保护方法[J]. 华中科技大学学报: 自然科学版, 2015, 43 (Supple.1): 216- 219
ZHAO He, LI Xiao-feng, ZHAN Li-kui, et al Data integrity protection method for microorganism sampling robots based on blockchain technology[J]. Journal of Huazhong University of Science and Technology: Natural Science Edition, 2015, 43 (Supple.1): 216- 219
24 盛念祖, 李芳, 李晓风, 等 基于区块链智能合约的物联网数据资产化方法[J]. 浙江大学学报: 工学版, 2018, 52 (11): 2150- 2158
SHENG Nian-zu, LI Fang, LI Xiao-feng, et al Data capitalization method based on blockchain smart contract for Internet of Things[J]. Journal of Zhejiang University: Engineering Science, 2018, 52 (11): 2150- 2158
25 周桐. 基于区块链技术的可信数据通证化方法的研究与应用 [D]. 合肥: 中国科学技术大学, 2019.
ZHOU Tong. Research and application of tokenization method of trusted data based on blockchain technology [D]. Hefei: University of Science and Technology of China, 2019.
26 安徽中科智链信息科技有限公司. 用于全自动保管箱的自校准系统: 201820925460.9[P]. 2018-06-15.
Anhui ZhongKeZhiLian Information Technology Co. For full-automatic safe self-calibration system: 201820925460.9[P]. 2018-06-15.
27 百度百科. 保管箱 [EB/OL]. (2021-04-09)[2021-08-11]. https://baike. baidu. com/item/保管箱/2508842.
Baidu baike. Safe deposit box [EB/OL]. (2021-04-09)[2021-08-11]. https://baike.baidu.com/item/保管箱/2508842.
28 BHALLA A. A quick guide to fungible vs non-fungible tokens [EB/OL]. [2021-12-20]. https://www.blockchain-council.org/blockchain/a-quick-guide-to-fungible-vs-non-fungible-tokens/.
29 BUTERIN V, VOGELSTELLER F. Token standard [EB/OL]. (2015-11-19)[2021-10-09]. https://github.com/ethereum/EIPs/blob/master/EIPS/eip-20.md.
30 ENTRIKEN W, SHIRELY D, EVANS J, et al. Non-fungible token standard [EB/OL]. (2018-01-24)[2021-10-09]. https://github.com/ethereum/EIPs/blob/master/EIPS/eip-721.md.
31 RADOMSKI W, COOKE A, CASTONGUAY P, et al. Multi token standard [EB/OL]. (2018-06-17)[2021-10-09]. https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-1155.
32 JESSICA S, JOHNNY M. What is IPFS? [EB/OL]. [2021-09-20]. https://docs.ipfs.io/concepts/what-is-ipfs/#decentralization.
33 CHU D, NELAPATI Y, ITO R. MakersPlace [EB/OL]. [2021-12-30]. https://makersplace.com/.
34 REILLY N. Original Banksy artwork burned by crypto-currency group and sold as NFT for $382, 000 [EB/OL]. (2021-03-09)[2022-04-23]. https://www.nme.com/news/original-banksy-artwork-burned-by-cryptocurrency-group-and-sold-as-nft-for-382000-2896940.
35 WILKINSON S, BOSHEVSKI T, BRANDOFF J, et al. Storj: a peer-to-peer cloud storage network [EB/OL]. (2014-12-15)[2021-11-10]. https://storj.io/storj2014.pdf.
36 余斌. 区块链存储和传输的扩展方法研究与应用 [D]. 合肥: 中国科学技术大学, 2021.
YU Bin. Research and application of scalability method of blockchain storage and transmission [D]. Hefei: University of Science and Technology of China, 2021.
37 LIU L, ZHOU S C, HUANG H W, et al From technology to society: an overview of blockchain-based DAO[J]. IEEE Open Journal of the Computer Society, 2021, (2): 204- 215
38 WOOD G. Ethereum: a secure decentralised generalized transaction ledger (Berlin Version) [EB/OL]. [2021-12-20]. https://ethereum.github.io/yellowpaper/paper.pdf.
39 EthGasStation. Eth gas station [EB/OL]. [2022-05-02]. https://ethgasstation.info/.
40 欧阳恒一, 熊焰, 黄文超 一种代币智能合约的形式化建模与验证方法[J]. 计算机工程, 2020, 46 (10): 41- 45
OUYANG Heng-yi, XIONG Yan, HUANG Wen-chao A formal modeling and verification method for token smart contract[J]. Computer Engineering, 2020, 46 (10): 41- 45
doi: 10.19678/j.issn.1000-3428.0056812
[1] 刘雪娇,王慧敏,夏莹杰,赵思苇. 具有隐私保护的车联网空间众包任务分配方法[J]. 浙江大学学报(工学版), 2022, 56(7): 1267-1275.
[2] 何苗,柏粉花,于卓,沈韬. 区块链中可公开验证密钥共享技术[J]. 浙江大学学报(工学版), 2022, 56(2): 306-312.
[3] 董思含,信俊昌,郝琨,姚钟铭,陈金义. 多区块链环境下的连接查询优化算法[J]. 浙江大学学报(工学版), 2022, 56(2): 313-321.
[4] 梁秀波,吴俊涵,赵昱,尹可挺. 区块链数据安全管理和隐私保护技术研究综述[J]. 浙江大学学报(工学版), 2022, 56(1): 1-15.
[5] 刘雪娇,殷一丹,陈蔚,夏莹杰,许佳丽,韩立东. 基于区块链的车联网数据安全共享方案[J]. 浙江大学学报(工学版), 2021, 55(5): 957-965.
[6] 盛念祖, 李芳, 李晓风, 赵赫, 周桐. 基于区块链智能合约的物联网数据资产化方法[J]. 浙江大学学报(工学版), 2018, 52(11): 2150-2158.