Joint shear tests were carried out to study the shear force performance and deformation characteristics of the F-type socket joint in rectangular pipe jacking tunnel under the conditions of foundation settlement, construction disturbance and upper load change. The supporting function of soils under different geological conditions on the rectangular pipe jacking was simulated by setting equivalent foundation springs at the bottom of the pipe. Results showed that during the shear deformation of joint, the greater the stiffness of steel ring and foundation is, the greater the shear force of the joint is, and the smaller the change of dislocation is. The strength of the steel ring weld seriously restricts the bearing capacity of the joint, and the damage of weld reduced the shearing capacity of the joint by 29.5%—51.5%. The steel ring at the joint is prone to the warping deformation or seam weld cracking under the shearing action. The concrete in contact with the steel ring at the joint is easy to be crushed, and the concrete at the root of the joint is subject to crack.