Oil crop breeding programs generally aim to improve yield, quality, and stress resistance. Major oil crops include soybean, rape, sunflower and peanut according to their current production worldwide. This paper reviewed the molecular tools and technological innovation in oil crop breeding, including advanced technologies such as genome selection, genome editing, and molecular design breeding. Challenges exist in current genetic studies and breeding practices, and future perspectives of technological progress and application are also discussed for achieving high yield, high quality, and efficient breeding of oil crops.

This paper summarized the current status of soybean and oil crop production in Zhejiang Province and China in recent years, and focused on analyzing the characteristics of soybean and oil crop production and the problems and challenges faced by the industrial development in Zhejiang Province. Combining the actual situation of “nongrain” cultivated land remediation in Zhejiang Province, this paper proposed to fully utilize the winter fallow fields, deeply exploit the planting potential, expand the sown area of soybean and oil crops, and increase their production capacity, so as to realize the sustainable development of soybean and oil crop industries in Zhejiang Province by extending the multiple uses of oil crops, promoting new planting modes, and improving mechanization levels.

Anthracnose is a major disease caused by Colletotrichum Cordathat significantly reduces yield and quality of soybeans. This disease is prevalent in various regions, including the main production areas of fresh soybeans in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River in China, South Asia, Southeast Asia, and South America. Based on the harm, classification and incidence cycle of soybean anthracnose, we reviewed the pathogenic identification, incidence prediction in the field, green prevention and control and other related research progress, aiming to provide a theoretical basis for field surveillance and comprehensive control of soybean anthracnose.

The conventional approach to gathering field phenotypic data for oil crops is characterized by its time-consuming and labor-intensive nature, resulting in low work efficiency. Conversely, low-altitude unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) remote sensing offers numerous advantages, including rapidity, convenience, low cost, and ease of manipulation. This technology enhances the precision of morphological parameters and physiological and biochemical indicators of oil crops measured by remote sensing in small- and medium-scale areas, thereby enabling the initial attainment of field growth information for oil crops. Furthermore, it facilitates the swift acquisition, processing, and analysis of such data. This study provided a comprehensive overview of the advancements made in domestic and foreign low-altitude UAV remote sensing for oil crops, including rape, soybean, peanut, sunflower, and oil palm, and it introduced the prevailing UAV flight platforms, airborne sensors, and operating procedures, and it focused on combing the application of UAV remote sensing in morphological analysis, detection of physiological and biochemical indicators, yield estimation, and monitoring of adversity stress in recent years. Furthermore, it identified the limitations and future prospects of low-altitude UAV remote sensing in the domain of oil crop monitoring, aiming to provide a theoretical basis for the subsequent development and accurate implementation of smart agriculture.

Myo-inositol oxygenase (MIOX) catalyzes the conversion of myo-inositol to glucuronic acid and plays an important role in response to biotic and abiotic stresses. In this study, the genome-wide identification and expression pattern analysis of the MIOX family gene in Brassica napus L.(BnMIOX) were conducted. The results showed that the BnMIOX family included 12 members distributed across nine chromosomes. According to the characteristics of MIOX gene domain, the phylogenetic tree of B. napus, Arabidopsisthaliana, B. rapa and B. oleracea could be divided into subfamilies Ⅰ, Ⅱ and Ⅲ. No tandem repeat gene pairs were found in the collinearity analysis, and all of them were large segment replication genes, demonstrating that segmental duplication and whole-genome duplication were the main driving forces for the MIOX gene family amplification in B. napus. The transcriptomic data indicated that BnMIOX genes showed different temporal and spatial expression patterns in different tissues and different growth and development processes. Expression profiles under different stresses demonstrated that the expression of BnMIOX1 gene was obviously induced under drought and salt stresses, while BnMIOX1, BnMIOX2, and BnMIOX9 genes had significant responses to drought, salt, abscisic acid (ABA), and cold stresses. The results of the protein interaction network analysis further showed that the BnMIOX interacted with proteins including GLCAK, PIS1, VTC2, VTC4, and PDF2.1, implying that BnMIOX genes play key roles in improving the resistance of B. napus. This study provides an important basis for further investigation of the function of BnMIOX genes.

Epicuticular wax in the rape is one of the protective barriers in stress environments. We previously reported one glossy mutant DL22B077-1 in Brassica napus L. controlled by a pair of dominant genes. In order to further understand its genetic mechanism, the glossy genes in the F₂ population were mapped by whole genome resequencing technology and bulk segregated analysis (BSA) in this study. A total of 1 0661.75 Mb of clean bases were obtained, with an average Q₃₀ of 92.99%, an average mapping ratio of 97.73%, an average sequencing depth of 24×, and an average coverage ratio of 82.06%, which indicated that the sequencing quality was high. In addition, the correlations between the glossy characters and markers of single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) and insertion-deletion (In-Del) in genomic domains were analyzed. In the SNP marker, seven associated regions and 1 509 genes on five chromosomes were obtained. In the In-Del marker, 15 associated regions and 2 633 genes on 11 chromosomes were obtained. The final association results were the intersection of two kinds of markers, which was the 1.79 Mb associated region from 8.60 Mb to 10.39 Mb on chromosome C8, and there were a total of 130 candidate genes in this region. A total of 119 genes in the 130 candidate genes were annotated, which participated in the construction of cellular components and were involved in molecular functions and biological processes. In B. napus, DL22B077-1 was the first glossy mutant whose glossy genes were located on chromosome C8, so it was a novel glossy mutant. The above results lay a theoretical foundation for breeding rape varieties with high and stable yields and improving resistance cultivation techniques.

In order to make full use of the advantages of genic male sterility (GMS), the commercial rapeseed ‘Q1012’ of Brassica napus L. was used as the source to select the double-low and high-quality recessive GMS line LY31AB of B. napus by the pedigree breeding method. LY31AB fertility, resistance, combining ability and other characteristics were analyzed and its heterosis was utilized. The results indicated that the sterility of LY31AB was genetically stable, which was controlled by two pairs of recessive overlapping genes, and showed good resistance to sclerotiniadisease and lodging resistance in the field. LY31AB had high combining ability, wide recovery sources and strong heterosis, and most of its combinations showed obvious heterosis. Four new double-low and high-quality rape varieties, Leyou 8, Deleyou 1632, Wanjiayou 520 and Leyou 7, which were bred using LY31AB and registered, also showed good resistance tosclerotiniadisease and lodging resistance, and were widely in promotion and application. To sum up, LY31AB is a sterile line with clear pedigree, stable genetic characters, good quality, good fertility, good resistance, high combining ability, wide recovery sources and good heterosis utilization value, and has broad application prospects.

To evaluate the effect of CaO₂ on alleviating waterlogging stress of winter rape at seedling stage, a pot experiment was conducted with Fengyou 958 (FY958) as experimental material. There were six application amounts of CaO₂ (0, 0.7, 1.2, 1.7, 2.2, and 2.7 g/kg) treatments in this study, and the effects of different application amounts of CaO₂ on the survival rates, activities of antioxidant enzymes in leaves and fermentative enzymes in roots, and root activity of rape seedlings under waterlogging condition were studied. The results showed that waterlogging stress seriously affected the growth of rape, resulting in a significant decrease in the survival rate, fresh mass and leaf SPAD value of rape seedlings. The application of CaO₂ can significantly alleviate the effect of waterlogging stress on rape. Compared with plants without CaO₂ treatment under waterlogging condition, the fresh mass and leaf SPAD values of rape seedlings treated with CaO₂ significantly increased by 85.4%-108.0% and 24.3%-43.0%, respectively. The activities of antioxidant enzymes in leaves and fermentative enzymes in roots were both significantly reduced. The root activity was significantly increased by 66.7%-316.7%. Moreover, with the increase of the application amounts of CaO₂, the effect of alleviating waterlogging stress became more obvious. In summary, waterlogging stress inhibited the normal growth of rape seedlings. The appropriate application amounts of CaO₂ (1.7-2.7 g/kg) could reduce the anaerobic respiration of roots, alleviate the effect of peroxidation stress on rape, and increase the root activity and chlorophyll contents (SPAD values) of leaves, so as to improve carbohydrate synthesis in leaves, and thus restore rape seedling growth and ensure later rape yields. This study verified the feasibility of CaO₂ in alleviating waterlogging stress of winter rape at seedling stage.

Shading directly affects the growth and development of crops, which includes decreases in light intensity and changes in light quality. An indoor pot experiment was conducted with soybeans and peanuts under three light environments, including normal light (N) treatment [light intensity of 433.83 μmol/(m²·s), ratio of red to far-red light (R/Fr) of 4.26], low light (L) treatment [light intensity of 154.73 μmol/(m²·s), R/Fr of 4.25], and shading (S) treatment [light intensity of 159.43 μmol/(m²·s), R/Fr of 0.45), to study the response of soybean and peanut plant morphology, biomass, and photosynthetic fluorescence characteristics to shading. The results showed that the stem diameter and photosynthetic pigment content increased obviously in soybeans under the S treatment as compared with the L treatment, while the plant heights of soybeans and peanuts significantly decreased, and the net photosynthetic rates of the two crops increased by 60.70% and 19.72%, respectively (P＜0.05). Compared with the N treatment, the plant height of soybeans increased significantly, and the stem diameter, total biomass, leaf area, specific leaf mass, photosynthetic pigment content, net photosynthetic rate and yield of soybeans decreased significantly under the L treatment; peanuts also showed a significant decrease in leaf area, net photosynthetic rate and yield, and a decreasing trend in total biomass and photosynthetic pigment content. In conclusion, the two crops have different adaptabilities to light intensity and light quality in terms of morphology and photosynthetic fluorescence characteristics.

In order to investigate the suitability of different soybean varieties at seedling stage under a photovoltaic environment, the suitability evaluation of 31 soybean varieties (mainly promoted varieties in Zhejiang Province) was conducted under photovoltaic panels in a solar greenhouse (taking no photovoltaic panels as a control), and the effects of photovoltaic shading on soybean seedling growth were analyzed. The adaptability of soybean varieties to photovoltaic environments was comprehensively evaluated by shade tolerance evaluation model and cluster analysis. After 30 days of transplantation, 20 morphological, physiological and biomass indexes of soybeans were measured, and the shade tolerance coefficient of each trait was calculated. Through principal component analysis, membership function method and cluster analysis, the multiple traits of soybeans were transformed into six new comprehensive and independent indexes with weights of 0.251, 0.229, 0.170, 0.138, 0.126, and 0.115. According to the comprehensive evaluation value (D value), 31 soybean varieties were divided into three types: 9 materials were highly suitable, and 12 materials were moderately suitable, and 10 materials were poorly suitable. The highly suitable varieties included Bayueba, Dongshanbaimadou, Lanxidaqingdou, Jiafenglüpidou, Shaxindou, Tefandou 1, Zhexian 9, Zhexian 12, and Zhechun 14. The study provides a theoretical reference and suitable varieties for ensuring soybean growth and yield under an agriculture-light complementary system.

To enrich low-phenylalanine formula food for special medical purposes, this study used perilla defatted seed meal as the raw material to optimize the double enzymatic hydrolysis process through single factor and response surface analysis, while exploring the conditions for the adsorption of free phenylalanine by activated carbon. The results showed that the optimum conditions for the preparation of low-phenylalanine peptide by double enzymatic hydrolysis of perilla protein were as follows: the neutral complex protease (pH 7.0) and aminopeptidase (pH 8.0) were used to hydrolyze perilla seed meal at 55 ℃ for 5.0 h and 5.5 h, respectively. Then, the free phenylalanine was adsorbed by 200 mesh activated carbon. Finally, the product was detected by high performance liquid chromatography, and the phenylalanine release rate in perilla protein was 96.54%, and the phenylalanine removal rate was 97.64%, and the phenylalanine content in the product was 1.10 mg/g, which could meet the national standard of National Standard for Food Safety-General Rules for Formula Food for Special Medical Purposes (GB 29922—2013). Therefore, this study provides an effective method for the preparation of low-phenylalanine formula food for special medical purposes, which is of great practical significance to promote it.

Fructose (FRU), dextran (DEX), and maltodextrin (MD) with different molecular weights were used as inducers to modify perilla seed meal protein (PSMP) using a wet heating method, in order to explore their effects on the structural and functional properties of PSMP glycosylated products. The detection results of grafting degree and browning degree showed that all three kinds of sugars underwent glycosylation reactions with PSMP. Compared with PSMP, the solubility of the three PSMP glycosylated products was improved under medium and alkaline conditions, with the solubility of P-DEX showing an increase of about 9% at pH 7.0. Meanwhile, the emulsifying, foaming, thermal properties, and oil-holding capacity of the three PSMP glycosylated products were significantly improved, with P-DEX showing the best performance. The detection results of Fourier transform infrared spectrum (FTIR) and endogenous fluorescence spectra confirmed that both the secondary and tertiary structures of PSMP glycosylated products were altered. The internal conformational unfolding of the modified products was observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), indicating that the structural changes were the main reason for the functional properties of the proteins. In summary, the glycosylation of PSMP significantly improved both its structural and functional properties. This study offers new ideas and methods for the applications of PSMP, as well as some theoretical and practical support for research into the structural relationships of glycosylated proteins.

In order to study the changes in muscle proteins of Larimichthys crocea during the seawater slurry ice-assisted preservation period, tandem mass tag (TMT)-based proteomics technology was used to quantitatively analyze the muscle proteins of fresh (stored for 0 d) L. crocea and the samples preserved by seawater slurry ice for different storage times (7 and 23 d). The differential proteins under different storage times were screened out, and they were analyzed by gene ontology (GO), clusters of orthologous groups/clusters of eukaryotic orthologous groups (COG/KOG), and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG). The results showed that the total number of differential proteins identified in the three comparison groups (7 d vs 0 d, 23 d vs 7 d, and 23 d vs 0 d) was 215, 133 and 269, respectively. The number of up-regulated differential proteins was 117, 37 and 113, respectively, and the number of down-regulated differential proteins was 98, 96 and 156, respectively. At the same time, a total of 44 common differential proteins were identified in the three comparison groups. GO analysis showed that the differential proteins were mainly involved in cellular process, biological regulation, cell and intracellular components, binding function, and catalytic activity. COG/KOG analysis showed that the functional activities of differential proteins were mainly concentrated in cytoskeleton, carbohydrate transport and metabolism, signal transduction mechanisms and posttranslational modification, protein turnover, and chaperones. KEGG analysis showed that 38 signaling pathways were involved and the number of differential proteins involved in the two signaling pathways of tight junction and pathogenic Escherichia coli infection was the highest at the late storage (23 d), which might be the main metabolic pathways causing the sharp decline in the freshness of L. crocea. The correlation analysis between 44 common differential proteins with the freshness indexes of L. crocea showed that five freshness indicator proteins were screened out, including fragile X mental retardation syndrome-related protein 2, inositol-1-monophosphatase, Rho GDP-dissociation inhibitor 1, ankyrin-1, and methyltetrahydrofolate synthase domain-containing protein. This study provides a basis for revealing the quality change mechanism, the freshness evaluation, and the preservation process improvement of L. crocea during the storage period with seawater slurry ice.

This study aimed to investigate the changes in the composition and diversity of the rumen bacterial community in mid-lactation Holstein cows. In trial 1, a total of 20 healthy high-yielding Holstein cows at mid-lactation were continuously fed with the same basal diet for eight weeks and the rumen contents were collected on the 7th day at weeks zero, four, and seven. In trial 2, a total of 30 healthy high-yielding Holstein cows at mid-lactation were supplemented with 20 g/d rumen-protected methionine to the basal diet, and the rumen contents were collected on the 7th day at weeks zero and eight. The rumen contents collected at different time points were analyzed for changes in composition and diversity of the bacterial community, as well as differences in functional stability in both trials. The results showed that there were no significant differences in the alpha diversity, beta diversity, and functional stability of rumen bacteria at different time points (P＞0.05) in both trials. In trial 1, six and one differential bacteria, such as Actinobacteriota, Proteobacteria, Cyanobacteria, Chloroflexi, Synergistota, and Fibrobacterota, as well as Lachnospiraceae_NK3A20_group, were found in highly abundant bacteria at phylum and genus levels, respectively. In trial 2, three and one differential bacteria, such as Actinobacteriota, Spirochaetota, and Elusimicrobiota, as well as unclassified_f_Lachnospiraceae, were found in highly abundant bacteria at phylum and genus levels, respectively. It is indicated that the rumen bacterial community composition of Holstein cows at mid-lactation changed to a limited extent over time under the same feeding conditions, with no significant changes in their diversity and functional stability. Similar results were obtained when supplemented with rumen-protected methionine to the basal diet. In conclusion, the results suggested that the rumen microbial community composition and function of Holstein cows at mid-lactation were relatively stable, and there is no need to specifically consider the changes in rumen bacterial community structure and function along with lactation progress in the related experiments developed during the mid-lactation.