JOURNAL OF ZHEJIANG UNIVERSITY (HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES)

浙江大学学报(人文社会科学版)


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	JOURNAL OF ZHEJIANG UNIVERSITY 2022 Vol.52 Number 4
	2022, Vol.52 Num.4
	Online: 2022-04-10

	Artcile

Artcile

	5	Bao Dawei

		The Objective Structure and Ideology of Consumption ^Hot!
		This paper contends that consumerism is an expressly ideological symptom of modern civil society. The associated historical phenomenon is that the material foundation of the society is the production and exchange of goods as the carriers of symbolic value, in which the commodity of the consuming object is accumulated and possessed by the consuming subject. The abstractness lies in that the public good preset by its symbolic value is not from the living state of the subject, but is constantly shaped and reproduced by external forces. The criticism of false consumer demands and aesthetic preferences has always been an important theme of political philosophy, used not only to criticize the injustice of the privilege of the old aristocracy under the hierarchical system, but also to criticize the social fashions of materialism shaped by the bourgeoisie. Under the analyzed framework of historical materialism, the general objective structure of consumption behavior and the subject-object relationship can be completely revealed through the perspective of the characteristics of capitalist society and its survival experience, thus reducing the understanding of consumerism from consuming behavior to material production.In general consumption behavior, the subject is not the possessor of goods and currency, but the subject of labor involved in the production of material goods. Differing material possession relations produce a relation between use value and subject that is finally represented as the relation of will between different subjects of labor. Of course, in real consumptive behavior, this general and direct commodity exchange relationship has multi-level intermediary experiences, while currency is a universal intermediary used to measure the use value of commodities, and has become the actual object for labor subjects to produce and meet demands.Historical materialism and political economy reveal the objective relationship between subject and object in consumption behavior and the social relationship between subjects. Sensibility is the intuitive ability of the subject to understand and connect with the object of labor as well as the object of consumption. Capitalist consumption behavior creates an equal relation between the possessor of currency and the possessor of goods leading to an apparent equivalent relation between different labor products, simultaneously embedding the general objective relation of consumption behavior into the subject’s free consciousness. The natural constituents of labour products become the objects of externalization of subjectivity and are remolded and consumed continuously, creating and accumulation of individualism and liberalism through the circulation process. These are ideological phenomena, where the subject reconstructs the relationship between self and object through consumption, and finally points to the relationship between the society and the state as an external structure of subjectivity.On the premise of different class categories among consumers, the objective relationship between subjects becomes materialized as a “simple interest relationship”. However, under the historical conditions of capitalist surplus production, excessive consumption and extravagance have evolved into “reasonable behaviors” driving the production and distribution of personal and public goods. Excessive consumption therefore becomes a behavioral presentation of the alienation between subject and object (commodity). This is a state in which rationality and natural attributes are out of control of the subject’s demand, obscuring the subject’s objectivity in judging usefulness and use value. The coexistence of excess with scarcity of goods is the basic character in the critique of consumption in capitalist society. This in turn, is the extension of dominance/subordinance relations in the field of production. Consumption demand and its value hypothesis are constantly reproduced under the logic of capital, and the criticism of this crisis process which ultimately leads to the consumption of nature and man is an important theme of contemporary political philosophy.
		2022 Vol. 52 (4): 5-16 [Abstract] ( 273 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 852KB] ( 313 )

	17	Fu Wenjun

		Theoretical Research on Marx’s Social Revolutionary Thought and Its Contemporary Significance ^Hot!
		Karl Marx was a great revolutionary theorist, whose spirit of struggle has been integrated into his life. In Marx’s view, social revolution is the supreme act of politics. Social revolution is the workers’ revolution against the capitalist mode of production and workers’ politics. Moreover, social revolution is the revolution of the proletariat to become the ruling class, and the proletariat can use its political dominance and the deterrence of power to achieve their political goals. Social revolution enables people to acquire corresponding rights. At the same time, Marx rationally analyzed the actual conditions of social revolution in the context of the industrial revolution, which is the realistic basis of social revolution. Capitalist logic drives the process of social revolution. Marx’s social revolutionary thought emphasized real action against capitalist social relations, based on the strategy of “continuous revolution” and “joint revolution”.Marx’s social revolutionary thought is constantly enriched in practice, being a logical evolutionary process of spiralling upward. Since Marx entered society, he had been considering how to defend the interests of the masses. His revolution started from “material interests”. Marx read widely in economics and analyzed economic realities of his time. His theory of alienation in labour explained the methods and ways of sublate private property. After the establishment of scientific historical materialism, Marx concentrated on the contradiction between productive forces and the forms of communication. He pointed out that the contradiction between productive forces and the forms of communication in capitalist society prompts people to carry out revolutionary actions to “change existing things”. In Marx’s contribution to the criticism of political economy, he critically analyzed the relationship between labor and capital, and through this formed the strategy of revolution eliminating private property and expropriating the expropriators.Marx’s social revolutionary thought is a total revolution in dialectical form. It advocated revolutionary ideas and actions, political and social revolutions, economic revolutions and human liberation, class revolutions and national liberation. Moreover, it included the idea of the people’s revolution incorporating historical principles. The people’s revolution was based on the reality of the time and responds to the problems of those times.Even now Marx’s social revolution can be used as the methodological guide for social criticism and social construction. On the one hand, in the process of building socialism with Chinese characteristics for this era, we should learn Marx’s social revolutionary thought and be guided by it. We can also learn his revolutionary spirit to eliminate the misunderstanding of dispelling and rejecting revolution. On the other hand, we must focus on the party and the people to carry out “self-revolution” domestically and internationally to gradually carry out social revolution .
		2022 Vol. 52 (4): 17-31 [Abstract] ( 293 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 795KB] ( 236 )

	32	Deng Huihui, Zhou Mengwen, Cheng Yujiao

		Digital Economy and Urban Agglomeration Coordinated Development: A Research Based on Night-Time Light Data ^Hot!
		Profound changes have taken place in China’s regional economic layout and spatial structure. As a major form of the new-type urbanization, the development pattern of urban agglomeration is in the ascendant. Urban agglomeration has become an important carrier and platform in leading China’s economic transformation and upgrading. To enhance the economic and population carrying capacity of the central cities and urban agglomeration, and to promote their roles as radiators and power-houses are the key to regional coordinated development during the 14th Five-Year Plan period. In recent years, with the boom in digital economy, the central and local governments have paid more and more attention to the development of digital economy. Whether the development of digital economy can strengthen the leading role of urban agglomeration and central cities and promote the coordinated development of regional economy is of great significance for the establishment of a “dual circulation” development pattern. Meanwhile, it is also an academic and practical topic that deserves in-depth research. Taking cities at prefecture level and above among China’s three largest urban agglomerations, the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei agglomeration (BTHA), the Yangtze River Delta agglomeration (YRDA), and the Pearl River Delta agglomeration (PRDA) as research samples, this paper empirically tests the impact of digital economy on the coordinated development of urban agglomeration by using Spatial Dubin Model (SDM) and Panel Instrumental Variable Model.The innovation and marginal contributions of this paper are reflected in the following two aspects. First, perspective innovation. The paper evaluates the spatial impact of digital economy on the urban agglomeration based on empirical experience, clearly gives answers to whether digital economy can integrate multiple forces of factors, production and consumption, remove segmentation between cities caused by administrative division, and promote the effective expansion of urban agglomeration boundaries. In doing so, it not only expands the perspective of digital economy impact assessment but also provides useful ideas for effectively giving play to the leading role of urban agglomeration so as to compensate for the lack of spatial perspective in the current research of digital economy, which reflects the research depth to a certain extent. Second, method innovation. This paper employs the latest NPP-VIIRS global night-time light data to identify urban economic activities, and take the amount of annual news information in closely related entries of “digital economy” obtained by keyword retrieval and crawling on the Baidu search engine as a measure of the development of digital economy in cities. In this way, it not only expands the sample size but also effectively avoids the potential endogenous problems in the empirical research, which helps eliminate interference of some other factors. Therefore, this new method is helpful to test the causal effect of digital economy and urban agglomeration coordinated development.The main conclusions of this paper are as follows. Firstly, in the era of digital economy, the pace of regional economic development driven by urban agglomeration is accelerating. The most prominent feature is that the economic effects brought about by urban agglomeration begin to spread to non-urban agglomeration areas. Further observation of the geographical radius of urban agglomeration digital economy spillover shows that there is a dense area of digital economy spatial spillover within 200 km, and the spillover effect gradually decreases from about 300 km. Overall, the average distance of spatial spillover of digital economy is about 250 km.Secondly, there are two ways for the digital economy to promote the coordinated development of urban agglomeration. First, by means of the patent cooperation data at the micro level, it is revealed that digital economy can promote trans-city and trans-regional cooperation and innovation of innovative subjects, and an urban collaborative innovation network is forming, which enables closer connections between cities. Secondly, by improving urban spatial concentration, digital economy has made cities more attractive to gather surrounding population and industries, and the urban population agglomeration has increased within the adjacent space.Thirdly, in an era of digital economy, the central city plays a more important role. Specifically, the digital economy of central cities has a strong spatial spillover effect on the peripheral cities. Besides, central cities will have larger effects as the radiators and power-houses of their peripheral cities as digital economy connects different regions like a network, breaks geographical barriers and provides externalities shared by these regions. These findings provide direct evidences for further giving play to the role of digital economy as an impetus and strengthening the leading role of central cities and urban agglomeration in high-quality economic development.
		2022 Vol. 52 (4): 32-49 [Abstract] ( 260 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 948KB] ( 284 )

	50	Yang Dong, Hou Chenliang

		Anti-competitive Regulation of “Banning” Behaviors on Social Platforms ^Hot!
		With the continuous advancement of the digitalisation process, the demographic dividend of the Internet has bottomed out. Stock competition, among China’s digital platform companies has intensified, driving constant competitive development of new and more targeted products and services to cater to users’ needs. Social platforms are breaking traditional market territory and transmitting their market power to horizontal, vertical and even multi-dimensional markets. An even more intensive form of competition deployed by the social business platforms has been the use of “banning” methods to restrict traffic in order to give full play to the user traffic advantages of higher stickiness and stronger lock-in effect in its native market, and this has a serious negative impact on the ecological environment. In addition to competitors’ products or services, they form barriers to market access and expansion. In practice, anti-competitive behaviors such as “banning” are becoming more frequent, large-scale, and normalized, inhibiting the vitality of market competition and innovation, infringing on consumers and social public interests, and gradually becoming the crux of hindering the healthy development of the digital economy.The innovation of digital technology brings the risk of Schumpeter’s creative destruction, which keeps the market in a dynamic competition stage. In order to consolidate and strengthen its own market power, the dominant platform has begun to adopt a cross-border competition strategy to broaden and improve its own industrial ecology. With the comprehensive and in-depth advancement of industrial digitization, the platform penetration rate has become increasingly saturated, and the battle to increase user increment has come to an end, and the focus will then be on the competition for user stock traffic. The so-called traffic refers to the user traffic index of a specific platform website or app, which consists of the number of users, the number of visits, the average visit duration, and the total visit duration. Its essence is transaction opportunities and user attention. The irreplaceability and criticality of user traffic to platform development creates a new dimension of competition among platform ecosystems. In this context, social platforms abuse the autonomous power of “banning” by closing API interfaces, coercing users to “choose one”, and restricting, negatively processing, or even completely banning competitors’ information, services, and content sharing links, forming a traffic monopoly pattern.As an emerging organizational method and economic form in the development of the digital economy, platform ecology has transformative differences in its operation mechanism, behavioral model, competition logic and market structure from the traditional industrial economy. The dynamic, zero-price, and cross-market attributes of the platform ecology make it difficult to determine relevant markets, calculate market shares, and analyze competition damage.Therefore, we should jump out of the traditional analysis framework of the Anti-Monopoly Law, combine the competition structure of the digital economy, gain insight into the nature of platform traffic monopoly, and build a diverse and dynamic anti-monopoly regulatory system. The first is to develop regulatory technology to ensure the dynamic compliance of platform behavior, and to introduce a “gatekeeper” system to impose platform opening obligations to weaken the ex post punishment mechanism. The second is to fully consider the elements of competition. damage in the digital economy and reconstruct the antitrust analysis paradigm. The third is to grasp the dynamic balance between market fairness and efficiency, and use structural relief as the bottom line when necessary
		2022 Vol. 52 (4): 50-66 [Abstract] ( 290 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 1510KB] ( 238 )

	67	Jiang Yuexiang, Guo Junfei, Sun Rui

		Toward Building a Hierarchical Medical System for Major Infectious Diseases in China: Based on an Incomplete Information Mechanism Design ^Hot!
		The COVID-19 epidemic continues to pose a big challenge to the allocation of medical resources. During the epidemic, it has been challenging to maximize the utility of medical resources and the efficiency of medical service systems by applying hierarchical and diversion functions. This study works from the perspective of micro-game theory, to build a principal-agent model of the medical system for major infectious diseases. Patients’ degree-of-illness, signal impulse feedback, probability of cure, and medical services transfer are included into the model, which has proved that a hierarchical model is the right choice for the maximum utility of the medical system. The model has also verified the effectiveness, scientific basis, and correctness of the hierarchical medical system.Based on theoretical conditions of complete information, the optimal mechanism of resource allocation in the medical service system is deduced under the benchmark model by using the principal-agent model. It is concluded that a hierarchical model is a scientifically systematic one that will maximize the utility of the medical system in response to the COVID-19 epidemic. In the principal-agent model, the patients’ signal impulse feedback is regarded as the critical setting of the hierarchical medical system. Although the model proposed works under the condition of complete information, and is thus not a reflection of the actual situation, it provides an optimal mechanism and results for maximizing the utility of the medical service system under the theoretical condition of complete information. It can usefully set the optimal benchmark for the real environment under conditions of incomplete information.The medical system cannot observe whether the patients’ signal impulse feedback of the hierarchical medical system is true at first. Therefore, in the case of the same information disclosure and decision-making rules, we prove that the results are consistent with the benchmark model when considering the sequential incentive compatibility of the two-stage direct mechanism. Based on the realistic condition of incomplete information, the hierarchical medical system can still ensure that patients with different degrees of illness receive corresponding optimal medical services while avoiding “medical runs” when controlling a certain cure rate and effective medical service incentive compatibility constraints. The transfer payment function in the principal-agent model can be administrative punishment, medical expenses, etc. In reality, the hierarchical medical system of the COVID-19 epidemic has a certain administrative compulsion. Due to the fact that administrative implementation may lead to the waste of political resources and abuse of administrative power, this paper introduces the medical service transfer dimension of the hierarchical medical system to ensure the sensible incentive compatibility of the mechanism under the assumption of incomplete information. Even in the case of non-administrative intervention, the hierarchical medical system is still the optimal choice for the medical system, which is the “invisible hand” of the market, promoting the maximum utility of medical resources allocation.Implementing a hierarchical medical system to prevent and control COVID-19 has effectively alleviated the pressure of “medical runs” and the spread of infection. The implementation highlights the significance of promoting the construction of the hierarchical medical system in the current medical reform. The implementation also proposes an effective mechanism design for preventing and controlling major infectious diseases. Based on this model, we put forward policy-related suggestions on the construction of a hierarchical medical system for major infectious diseases, the improvement of the administrative work transition, and the refinement of an incentive and restraint mechanism of the transfer payment such as medical services. These suggestions help to ensure the long-term operation of the hierarchical medical system for the prevention and control of major infectious diseases.
		2022 Vol. 52 (4): 67-81 [Abstract] ( 241 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 796KB] ( 232 )

	82	Kan Daoyuan, Liang Jingyu

		Anti-intellectualism in Europe and America as a Reflection of Changes in Social Stratum Structure ^Hot!
		The recent rise in anti-intellectualism in European and American countries, as a prominent social ideological trend, is highly related to changes in social stratum structure in the West. Over the past 40 years, the evolution of economic and industrial structures has been caused by the Western pursuit of Neoliberalism. Global economics has prompted the transfer of labor-intensive enterprises in European and American countries to other parts of the world, resulting in varying degrees of an industrial “hollowing-out” effect. Meanwhile, the problem of structural unemployment has become increasingly prominent. Moreover, since the 2008 financial crisis, the equities of social policies in European and American countries have declined, the policy protections for the middle and lower classes have been continuously weakened, and thus the inequality has been intensified. The imbalances of social policies have led to the differentiation, solidification and polarization of social strata, transforming some countries from a relatively stable “olive-shaped” stratum structure to a split “double-diamond diagram”, which provides a necessary stratum foundation and social climate for the breeding of anti-intellectualism.The evolution of social stratum structure and the tension of social relations have shaped sensitive and fragile social psychology and the obvious tendency of extreme thinking. The anti-elitism, anti-system and anti-science sentiments of the middle and lower classes are growing, and the social psychology of xenophobia looms growingly large. This psychological feature and anti-intellectualism have formed the “internal consistency” and “high isomorphism” in psychological structure, in other words, they are highly skeptical of science and authority, tend to attribute their problems to the external factors, and lack the patience and courage to objectively and rationally analyze and solve the problems, which “transports” a steady stream of negative psychological energy for the germination of anti-intellectualism.Besides, in recent years, education in European and American countries has not effectively bridged the widening stratification gap. Through the supply and distribution of educational resources, it has realized the intelligence training and intellectual shaping of different classes. Insufficient educational resources and poor educational quality obtained by the middle and lower classes have solidified the pattern of stratum differentiation to a certain extent, resulting in the downward trend of intellectual level, making people become “natural” supporters of anti-intellectualism and more likely to be incited and misled by elites and politicians.Anti-intellectualism is not “spontaneous” in social culture, nor is it an “accidental” phenomenon in European and American society. The ruling mode and institutional system of bourgeoisie “creates” anti-intellectualism, the “spiritual companion” of a western governance and institutional crisis. Under the current bourgeois system and ruling mode in European and American countries, there will always be room for its continued spread and expansion. With the intensification of social stratum differentiation and the evolution and intensification of social contradictions in the West, this spiritual alienation may be manifested in a more violent form of social movement.
		2022 Vol. 52 (4): 82-93 [Abstract] ( 521 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 911KB] ( 509 )

	94	Luo Shijian, Wang Yao, Zhang Deyin

		A Research on the Evolution of Endogenous Growth and Exogenous Co-innovation in Cultural Industry Digitization ^Hot!
		The digital transformation of the cultural industry as part of the world digital economy has become a focus of industrial and academic research. Driven by several factors including Chinese cultural exports, new cultural infrastructure, and the digital economy, the government in China has conducted in-depth studies on the digitalization of its cultural industry, and prioritized strategic plans for the development of cultural industries. So far, the digitization of China’s cultural industry has experienced three important phases of development. First, a focus on the structure, cluster, and system reform of the cultural industry. Second, the protection of intangible cultural heritages and the digital collections of cultural heritages. Third, and currently is a focus on the impact of artificial intelligence, virtual reality, and other technologies. This entails cultural big-data platforms, digital public culture services, manufacturing of cultural smart devices, development of digital governance policies in the cultural industry, and numerous other aspects. Despite this strong government support, there are still many problems in the digital development of the cultural industry in China, such as imbalances in supply, insufficient online consumption capacity, lack of access to digital resources, lack of top-level data links, late start of digital public cultural services, and insufficient technological support for digital cultural smart devices. As a part of redressing these problems, this paper analyzed current trends and developments in digitization of the Chinese culture industries, in order to provide opinions on the situation from the perspectives of endogenous growth and exogenous synergy. The author has analyzed 700 relevant articles from Chinese CNKI databases and government documents from official platforms and public cultural service institutions such as government websites, the Intangible Cultural Heritage Network, and public cultural service agencies.Endogenous growth has been limited in this study to specifically endogenous factors in culture, importantly based on endogenous values of the cultural industry. This includes studies in the ecological and market subsystems of the inner circulation of digitalization in the Chinese industry, where China should lead the reform of the supply in the market, how to strengthen the digital governance and supervision of the management, how to stimulate the manufacture of cultural smart devices, provide supports and guidance for creators of cultural activities, and how to boost the creation of traditional culture through artificial intelligence and other technology. These five important aspects can increase the creation, manufacture, sale, distribution, and dissemination of endogenous culture, and stimulate internal factors in China’s cultural industry.Exogenous synergy of the digitalization of the cultural industry falls under the study of the exogenous factors in culture. In the ecological subsystem of the outer circulation of digitalization of the cultural industry, we should establish collaborative relationships within industry with a platform thinking-pattern, emphasize the development of multiple integrated industries, develop cultural big data platform, that provides a powerful and colorful cultural data source for multi-industry integration. We should also promote the industrial standardized acquisition of cultural resources and the storage management of cultural style resources, build a cultural industry network and a digital public cultural service platform, and support cultural consumption to drive the marketing innovation on multiple platforms.With the purpose of building a country with strong cultural power, there are many measures we could take to establish an endogenous and exogenous dual-circulation mechanism that contributes to knowledge sharing, joint cooperation and governance, as well as joint efforts in creation, and achieve a win-win situation with common prosperity, thereby boosting the digital development of the cultural industry in China. We should build an integrated ecosystem of the digitalization of the cultural industry and promote innovations in services, systems, and content of the cultural industry.
		2022 Vol. 52 (4): 94-104 [Abstract] ( 207 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 2639KB] ( 248 )

	105	Hu Kexian

		The Expounding of the Newly Excavated Epitaph of Kang Ayi Kül Tarkan Written by Yan Zhenqing ^Hot!
		In the first half of 2021, the Art and Archaeology Museum of Zhejiang University put on a display called “Immortal Inscriptions: Calligraphy, Duplicates, and Derivative Civilization”, in which the newly excavated epitaph of Kang Ayi Kül Tarkan, a Sogdian and a Türk noble, was exhibited. Kang Ayi Kül Tarkan was an important character in the An-Shi Rebellion, related to the two biggest political insurrections in Tang Dynasty.The epitaph is relevant to decisive outcomes related to race, nation, and politics in the Tang Dynasty, as Kang Ayi Kül Tarkan was seen as a loyal foreign courtier. This paper focuses on three aspects reflected in the epitaph.Firstly, that Kang Ayi Kül Tarkan was born as Türk noble, becoming the prime minister of the Türk Mochuo Khaganate. He became an official in the Tang Dynasty after the Türk Khaganate ended because of internal warfare. Therefore, the epitaph reflects the history of inner unrest in Türk.Secondly, special circumstances exist in Kang Ayi Kül Tarkan’s name and the origin of his family. Kang Ayi Kül Tarkan took the Türk diplomatic title Tarkan as part of his name, revealing full emotional identification with Türk, as well as the connections between Türk and Sogdiana, while the origin of Kang’s family is an issue of the Kang’s family in Western Regions, the twelve clans in Türk, Liucheng, and the Northern barbarian tribes.Thirdly, Kang Ayi Kül Tarkan was a significant figure around An-Shi Rebellion. After paying allegiance to Tang, Kang was so brave that he was praised by An Lushan, accepted as an An’s subordinate with the permission of Tang Xuanzong. When An-Shi Rebellion erupted, Kang with his four sons ran the risk of being murdered, making a switch to Suzong, consequently received commendations. Accordingly, it is a typical instance that An Lushan’s subordinate came over to the Tang court.Moreover, Kang with his sons escorted Daizong to Shanzhou, reflecting the special choice of a loyal foreign official. It helps to develop the study of the historical case that Daizong returned to Changan successfully after fleeing to Shanzhou.Finally, Yan Zhenqing, a temporary minister of the Tang prosecution and punishment department, wrote the epitaph as a consequence of being saved by Kang Ayi Kül Tarkan’s son Kang Moyebo in the Pingyuan Battle. Yan Zhenqing was also a distinguished writer in the Prosperous and Mid Tang Dynasty, endowing tremendous literary value to the epitaph. Furthermore, Kang’s tablet was also written by Yan, his epitaph being a supplement to the historical materials of the An-Shi Rebellion.
		2022 Vol. 52 (4): 105-116 [Abstract] ( 440 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 905KB] ( 301 )

	117	Yu Zixia, He Yunfei

		The Colonization Tendency of Preparatory Education for Chinese Students at the East Asian Higher Preparatory School ^Hot!
		The East Asian Higher Preparatory School was an educational institution in Japan which specialized in receiving Chinese students and teaching them Japanese language. It occupied an important position in the history of educational exchanges between China and Japan in modern times and was called “the stronghold of Chinese education in Japan” by the well-known Japanese scholar Sanetou Keishuu. During its more than 30 years of existence, the school solved the Japanese language problem for many Chinese students, and famous figures such as Zhou Enlai, Qiu Jin and Xiao Hong received some schooling here. After the restoration of diplomatic relations between China and Japan, Zhou Enlai’s wife Deng Yingchao visited Japan and expressed the gratitude to Matsumoto Kamejiro’s surviving family for his teachings to Zhou Enlai during her visit to Japan, and this in turn triggered a wave of Japanese research on Matsumoto Kamejiro in Japan. By comparison, research by Chinese scholars on Kamejiro and the school he founded appear to be very limited in number and range. There are a few articles that have briefly discussed Kamejiro and the school in the context of the Sino-Japan Association, and other researches have overlooked it altogether, confusing domestic scholars who study the educational exchanges between China and Japan when they first faced Matsumoto and the East Asian Higher Preparatory School. This paper begins to redress this, starting from the education of students studying in Japan, and exploring the influence of militarism on normal preparatory education of Chinese students at the East Asian Higher Preparatory School as a turn to colonization education. This is intended to clarify the development of an important characteristic of Sino-Japanese relations in modern times and to make up for the lack of domestic research on the institution.The original intention of the East Asian Higher Preparatory School was to cultivate nation-building talents for China. However, with the Japanese invasion of China,and the change of the school from private to public, the Japanese Ministry of Foreign Affairs took control of the school’s funding,and explicitly changed the school’s constitution to become an instrument of the colonial and wartime enterprise.This mission then gradually infiltrated personnel recruitment, curriculum settings, and other operational aspects. In this way the school became an important base for Japanese political and military authority to cultivate pioneers of colonialism by “using Chinese to subdue Chinese”. For example, Akuma Shinyi and others were assigned to monitor “abnormal behavior” in students, a higher education department was set up to cultivate “outstanding talents of East Asian culture”, and extracurricular activities such as summer groups and hiking clubs were organized to counter students’ anti-Japanese sentiment. These measures propagated ideas of the superiority of Japanese national culture and targeted training activities of colonial education, putting the Chinese students into an atmosphere of all-round “thriving Asian colonial education”, so as to eliminate their patriotic consciousness. After the July 7 Incident, the East Asian Higher Preparatory School could be described as carrying-out various forms of “brainwashing” of students. With some exceptions, it is clear that this schooling had the opposite effect, and that the vast majority of students resisted this colonial schooling at the East Asian Higher Preparatory School. Most returned to China to resistance activities driven by their own national sense, perhaps even paradoxically reinforced by the expectations of the Japanese political authority.
		2022 Vol. 52 (4): 117-129 [Abstract] ( 256 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 1036KB] ( 176 )

	130	Zhang Muchu, Tian Zhengping

		Representation of America and the National Awareness: Chang Chi-Yun's Records of Observations in the United States ^Hot!
		Chang Chi-Yun was not only a prominent Chinese intellectual in geographical and historical research, but also an active educator, administrator and participant in the ideas shaping higher education institutions in China, dedicating the best years of his life to Zhejiang University. From his work in historical education and research, to his formative visits to the United States and his final years as an academic and politician in Chinese Taiwan, all his life he continued to explore the role of academic development in shaping nation-state ethics.Scholarship surrounding Chang Chi-Yun rightly discusses his achievements in the context of his academic career, focusing on three broadly historical phases: （1） his early academic work in geography and history and its relationships to his personal academic network and later political positions; （2） his work as one of a group of core authors in the “post-Xueheng period” expounding on the identity and construction of nation-state ethics; and (3) his representation of the Nanjing Higher Normal School and the history of Chinese nationalities and historiography. However, there is notably little discussion of his two years in the United States in the 1940s, and this paper will show, that this was not only a critical moment in his career, but also a critical node in which Chinese society, educational and national thought underwent a great transition.In February 1943, the Cultural Exchange Office of the U.S. Department of State, through the U.S. Embassy, invited six experts and professors from several famous Chinese universities to visit and lecture in the United States, and Chang Chi-Yun, representing Zhejiang University, was one of them.The travelogue will first show the diversity and richness of his activities in the United States, giving lectures and making speeches, introducing the situation in wartime China to the American people, actively seeking the support and sympathy of international public opinion, but also how these experiences were synthesized into an idealised representation of America from which his thinking on the future of the new Chinese nation-state was built. Like all visiting scholars at that time, he never lost focus on this mission to apply these learnings to shape the fate of his own country. His writing on these study visits was compiled and published by the Commercial Press in 1946 under the name of “Records of Observations in the United States”. Wartime Chinese intellectuals almost universally had a strong sense of urgency and mission in these times of national peril, to take China’s problems to the United States to investigate and study in order to seek a good remedy for saving the country, and often concluded to mix the reality of the United States they see, hear, and visit, with Daoist ideals of a mythical, beautiful country, filtered and reorganized through the experience, perception and understanding of the “contact zone” of limited time and space, and hope to recreate a vision of an ongoing Chinese civilization.Chang Chi-Yun’s mission was especially clear. As a geographer, he combined academic visits with spiritual explorations through the American landscape and its originating philosophers and founding fathers, such as Washington and Ralph Waldo Emerson. Through the analysis of the problems of Western industry and science, observations on the personality and social common will of young Americans, and the talents and culture in the American university model, he clearly made a profound sensory depiction of his experience of studying in the United States, trying to combine academic research with the basic fate of the country and the nation, and answering questions from reality, thus giving birth to the possibility of combining self-academic research with the experience of academic visits in the United States.The image of the United States produced in his writings, the civic structure, and the reproduction of industrialization, profoundly contain endless propositions connecting self-perception, place and landscape, national and collective imagination, educational models and cultural conflicts. We can clearly see that the image of the United States he shows to the readers, combining the fields of industry, water conservancy, aviation, national character, generalist education, while all deeply observed in all dimensions, are nonetheless idealised as a dreamy mythical country, to be practically praised and even envied for its powerful industrial economy and cultural status. What this paper concludes is that this view constitutes an almost blind obedience to the US model and a lack of appropriate calibrations for China’s specific situations. It does not critically analyze the political, economic, cultural, and national defense construction of the United States from a deeper level, but only from a perceptual evaluation after comparing the incompetence of the Chinese National Government with the organic operations of American society. It is thus difficult for his writings to provide feasible and authoritative opinions on China’s national construction project. Of course it is impossible to reproduce the complete true image of the United States, it is an imaginary object that has been extracted and filtered by the author, an “other” being that is “idealized”, “selected”, and “reconstructed”. This highlights the ongoing dilemma of intellectual learning from overseas study visits and the importance of transcending the background of the times.
		2022 Vol. 52 (4): 130-143 [Abstract] ( 187 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 886KB] ( 160 )

	144	Fu Changling

		Epistemological Study of Textual Interpretation Pattern and Meaning Generation ^Hot!
		Questions of interpretation of the meaning of texts have for some time been a major area of focus in literary theory. Overinterpretation, against-interpretation and imposed-interpretation constitute three patterns of interpretation, attempting the integration of text, meaning and truth. It has great significance for the development of contemporary Chinese literary theory to study patterns of textual interpretation.First of all, knowledge genealogy in hermeneutics involves interpretative methodology and interpretative ontology, which are related to the correspondence theory of truth, and that of existential theory respectively. Focusing on mechanisms like the generation process of textual meaning, intertextuality, subject reception and aesthetic empathy, interpretative methodology achieves a breakthrough for the pattern of “interpretation of scripture” in traditional theological hermeneutics. Methods such as the study of textual form from the perspective of scientism, receptive aesthetics with open meaning, deconstruction with intersubjectivity and intertextuality, etc., enrich the patterns of textual interpretation and thus construct a hermeneutic landscape of multi-level integration of author subject, reader subject, text and social history. The theory of “overinterpretation” proposed by Umberto Eco emphasizes that the interpretation of the meaning of a text should rely on the text itself to achieve a dynamic balance between the author, the text and the reader, so as to interpret literary works objectively and accurately. The dynamic balance between “textual intention” and the “standard reader” represents the mechanism of meaning production with text as the core, and reflects the truth view of correspondence theory of textual meaning. Simultaneously, focusing more attention on the meaning of artistic text and the consciousness of subject’s existence, interpretative ontology emphasizes that the understanding of text itself can achieve the subject’s existential goal of “poetic inhabitation”. By adopting philosophical theories such as phenomenology and the existential subject, Heidegger and Gadamer highlighted the truth attribute of textual meaning and poetic discourse with the subject’s “being”. On the basis of the noumenon of art form and by adopting the strategy of “meaningful form”, Susan Sontag’s theory of “against-interpretation” realizes the “intersubjective” connection between the textual subject and the interpretative one, and thus reconstructs the “mass production” strategy with the text as the core through new aesthetic perception. Secondly, on the basis of western hermeneutic methodology and ontology, positive reflection and continuous construction on the generation of textual meaning has also been carried out in contemporary Chinese hermeneutics. “The theory of imposed interpretation” not only involves the evaluation of western literary theory and the construction of contemporary Chinese literary theory, but also involves the construction of literary criticism methods and the key fields of generation of literary meaning, so that it integrates hermeneutic methodology and hermeneutic ontology. Chinese scholars represented by Professor Zhang Jiang have made sufficient and in-depth thinking on the limit, boundary and meaning of interpretation, and put forward a series of innovative concepts such as ontological interpretation, core interpretation, and great cycle of interpretation, which have promoted the further development of contemporary interpretation theory. Ontological interpretation and core interpretation require probing into the original meaning of textual language, image and structure on the basis of close reading, realizing the self-clarity of “textual intention” to the greatest extent, and constructing a kind of “holistic” interpretation pattern based on the social and historical environment of the “second boundary”, which enriches the interpretative methodology. By integrating the elements of tradition, times and society into the grand context of interpretation, the great cycle of interpretation and public interpretation realize the opening of textual meaning to the subject, enhance the subject’s ability of spiritual practice, and thus form a kind of ontological hermeneutics.In a word, when the construction process of a contemporary Chinese hermeneutics is reviewed, it can be found that the issue of imposed interpretation has always existed in the discourse system of contemporary Chinese literary theory, and it has gone through three stages: the imposition of Soviet model, the imposition of western literary theory, and the construction of discourse system of contemporary literary theory. By having had a detailed discussion on the relationship between elements like misapplication of irrelevant theories, subjective presupposition, legitimacy of criticism, ethics of criticism, and generation of textual meaning, this paper explains how Chinese scholars have constructed a kind of hermeneutic discourse system with Chinese characteristics. As a great breakthrough of hermeneutic theory, Chinese contemporary “imposed interpretation theory” not only realizes the integration of methodology and ontology, but also further expands the knowledge space of literary theory. Therefore it provides powerful and rich theoretical resources for literary research and the development of literary theory.
		2022 Vol. 52 (4): 144-154 [Abstract] ( 348 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 625KB] ( 254 )

	155	Song Haocheng

		Lu Xun and Natsume Soseki in the Perspective of Comparative Literature ^Hot!
		The literary connection between the Shaoxing-born Chinese writer and social critic Lu Xun and the Japanese novelist Natsume Soseki has been well established in Chinese and Japanese scholarship in comparative literature. The connection itself is evident not only through Lu Xun’s translations of Soseki’s works, but also through multiple writings by his contemporaries, later scholars, and Lu Xun himself. His younger brother and early comparativist Zhou Zuoren also frequently acknowledged Lu Xun’s admiration of Soseki’s novels, and indeed the Zhou brothers’ commentaries on the relationship between Lu Xun and Soseki led scholars of later generations to continue deeper exploration and interpretation, constituting the foundation and accumulation of this thesis. However, existing scholarship on the relationship is often a comparative interpretation of single works, or a comparison of the inheritance and influence of the two writers. Such research is important for constructing the literary connection between Lu Xun and Soseki, but there is still much room for further comparative interpretations of their texts.This article intends to extend the literary discussion of Lu Xun and Soseki’s work in terms of their conformity and innovation across various genres—novels, prose and prose poetry, and demonstrate in these, a visionary and transitive discourse system.The paper compares three texts by each author within three interpretive frameworks:1. Spatial narrative or space construction in Lu Xun’s Call to Arms and Soseki’s I Am a Cat. Space is an important element in the construction of the two texts and assumes the corresponding narrative functions such as viewpoint and aggregation. It affects the direction of characters and events, participates in the construction of the text’s main theme.2. The space of “surplus words”. Another aspect of narrative spatiality is the leisurely excess of quotidian expression, characterized by Soseki as “Yu Yu”. This is demonstrated in Lu Xun’s Zhaohua Xishi and Soseki’s Eijitsu Syohin. Soseki describes the trivialities of daily life in a calm tone, overflowing with the plunge into and submersion into life itself. When Lu Xun wrote Zhaohua Xishi, he tried to use the warm characters in his memory to illuminate the lonely heart in a similarly realistic context, so as to obtain the effect of tranquility in the turbulence. Lu Xun and Soseki launch differing social themes from a similar spatial threshold of leisureliness.3. The space of internal monologue and projection of the psyche. Wild Grass and Dreams of Ten Nights are both expressions of the monologue of life, showing the prose poems composed by the authors as explorations and meditations of the soul, projecting an inner psychic space. In these works, the twists and turns of psychological reality are intertwined with surreal images and dreams, and a text space unique to each of Lu Xun and Soseki is constructed with their personalized meditations.These comparisons demonstrate Lu Xun’s tacit understanding of Soseki’s concepts and techniques. It is intended that this textual analysis of the discourse systems of these two writers can contribute both to the literary discussion of Lu Xun and Soseki, and to the growing field of Chinese/Japanese comparative literature.
		2022 Vol. 52 (4): 155-162 [Abstract] ( 325 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 658KB] ( 237 )

	163	Wang Youliang

		Construction of Hierarchical Relationships among Elements, Space and Interacting Process of Network Society ^Hot!
		The construction of orderly networks of social relations is one of the focuses of current network communication research. The current research analyses and sorts results from methods of observation, description, summarization and comparative analysis to put forward the following: network society is a digital framework comprising hierarchical relationships of elements, space and interacting process; multi-level opinion leaders realize the hierarchical relationship construction of network society through “key guiding” roles such as core element configuration, individual or group spatial communication, and multiple process transformation. The element level is composed of key nodes such as communicators, audiences, media, content and technology, reflecting the stratification and personalization of individual communicators, the diversification and branding of group communicators, the precision and pre-domestication of intelligent communicators, the stratification of audiences, the mobility, intelligence and integration of media, and technical complexity, specialization, and iteration. The spatial hierarchy of network society is constituted through personal space, group space and the intelligent person scene. Personal space promotes the development of secret and cohesive individual culture, group space deepens mutual trust and cooperation, and improves the efficiency of public opinion dissemination. The intelligent person scene promotes an organic fusion between the Internet of People and the Internet of Things. Information sharing, relationship creation, and digital reconstruction form the interacting process level relationship of the network society. The process interacting of information sharing strengthens the cultural identity of the network community. The interacting process of relationship creation is conducive to the global expansion of network social relations. Digital reconstruction promotes the development of aggregated network social relations. The innovation points include the following three aspects: First, key nodes such as communicators, audiences, media, technology and content determine the development trend of the network society. Second, personal private relationships on the Internet are important factors in accelerating the organic integration and innovative transformation between algorithm technology and social culture. Personal private relationships are typically constructed through connecting profiles, conversations, short videos and live streaming on membership/group platforms such as WeChat, Weibo, QQ etc. Opinion leaders in group cyberspace have the “boldness” to lead other members to develop a sense of social and psychological security, and to promote the formation of a stable and differentiated community psychological structure and a close and natural group culture in group cyberspace. These formations constitute the “intelligent human scene”, which closely knits a social relationship network that closely connects intelligent human people, their human brains, intelligent algorithms, with the Internet of Humans and the Internet of Things. Third is that groups and group opinion leaders exert institutional and cultural influence on members of the group through norms and values shared by the community, as well as personal views and sources of information, so that members strengthen their sense of identity, content acquisition, and point of view convergence. Artificial intelligence algorithm technologies again promote the organic integration of digital reengineering thinking and user consumption thinking, and empowers ordinary users to recreate their own robots. The digital reconstruction interacting process has the characteristics of all elements, high openness, integration, algorithmization and simulation. These hierarchical networks are increasingly dependent on a digital reconstruction interacting process, in which various levels of digital reconstruction products and scenarios become an important source of people’s consumption.
		2022 Vol. 52 (4): 163-173 [Abstract] ( 230 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 731KB] ( 293 )

	174

		^Hot!

		2022 Vol. 52 (4): 174-176 [Abstract] ( 110 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 440KB] ( 221 )

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