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工程设计学报  2026, Vol. 33 Issue (3): 446-455    DOI: 10.3785/j.issn.1006-754X.2026.05.231
优化设计     
机器人小型关节摆线针轮减速器设计与试验
陈李扬1(),肖洋轶1(),曾炳中1,胡洪平2
1.华中农业大学 工学院,湖北 武汉 430070
2.深圳市优必选科技股份有限公司,广东 深圳 518000
Design and experiment of small joint cycloidal-pin-annulus reducer for robots
Liyang CHEN1(),Yangyi XIAO1(),Bingzhong ZENG1,Hongping HU2
1.College of Engineering, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
2.UBTECH Robotics Co. Ltd. , Shenzhen 518000, China
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摘要:

面对服务机器人小型关节精密重载的应用需求,设计了一种摆线针轮减速器,并验证了其传动性能。基于工况要求完成了减速器的参数计算、结构设计及其综合性能测试台的研制;通过高扭矩加速失效试验,结合动力学有限元分析、微观形貌观察和元素面分析,系统研究了减速器失效机理;基于失效机理对减速器进行改进,并开展了改进前后性能对比试验。失效分析表明,减速器的主要失效形式包括偏心轴表面和摆线轮内孔的胶合、滚针轴承的胶合和局部点蚀、保持架磨损及以上均伴随的表面氧化,以及铰制孔螺钉松脱、断裂和法兰磨损变形。通过调整铰制孔螺钉安装方向、改进输出端法兰结构及减少针齿等,实现了减速器的轻量化和性能提升。扭矩密度从124.38 N·m/kg提升至130.01 N·m/kg,传动误差约从7 arc·min下降至5 arc·min,额定转矩下最大传动效率从62.87%提升至81.59%,空载运行30 min后壳体最高温度从46 ℃下降至35 ℃。研究结果为机器人关节模组向小体积、高精密化、重承载方向的发展提供了有益参考。

关键词: 失效机器人关节摆线针轮减速器传动性能失效    
Abstract:

In response to the application requirements of small joints with high-precision and heavy-load in service robots, a cycloidal-pin-annulus reducer was designed, and its transmission performance was verified. Based on the requirements of the working conditions, the parameter calculation, structural design and the comprehensive performance testing platform for the reducer were completed. Through high-torque acceleration failure tests, combined with dynamics finite element analysis, microtopography observation and elemental-mapping analysis, the failure mechanism of the reducer was systematically studied. Based on the failure mechanism, the reducer was improved, and the performance comparison tests before and after improvement were carried out. The failure analysis indicated that the main failure modes of the reducer included the adhesion wear on the surface of the eccentric shaft and the inner bore of the cycloidal wheel, the adhesion wear and local pitting of the needle roller bearing, the wear of the cage accompanied by surface oxidation, as well as the loosening and fracture of the reamed hole screw, and the deformation of the flanges. The lightweighting and performance improvement of the reducer were achieved by adjusting the installation direction of the reamed hole screw, improving the structure of the output flange, and reducing the number of gear pin. The torque density increased from 124.38 N·m/kg to 130.01 N·m/kg. The transmission error decreased from approximately 7 arc·min to 5 arc·min. The maximum transmission efficiency under the rated torque increased from 62.87% to 81.59%. After 30 minutes of no-load operation, the highest housing temperature decreased from 46 ℃ to 35 ℃. The research results provide valuable insights for the development of robotic joint modules towards compact, high-precision and heavy-load.

Key words: robot    joint    cycloidal-pin-annulus reducer    transmission performance    failure
收稿日期: 2025-10-29 出版日期: 2026-04-28
CLC:  TH 132  
基金资助: 国家自然科学基金资助项目(51905204);湖北省自然科学基金资助项目(2023AFB871);宁波市公益性研究计划基金资助项目(2023S031)
通讯作者: 肖洋轶     E-mail: chenliyang@webmail.hzau.edu.cn;yyxiao@mail.hzau.edu.cn
作者简介: 陈李扬(2002—),男,硕士生,从事机械传动设计理论研究,E-mail: chenliyang@webmail.hzau.edu.cn
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引用本文:

陈李扬, 肖洋轶, 曾炳中, 胡洪平. 机器人小型关节摆线针轮减速器设计与试验[J]. 工程设计学报, 2026, 33(3): 446-455.

Liyang CHEN, Yangyi XIAO, Bingzhong ZENG, Hongping HU. Design and experiment of small joint cycloidal-pin-annulus reducer for robots[J]. Chinese Journal of Engineering Design, 2026, 33(3): 446-455.

链接本文:

https://www.zjujournals.com/gcsjxb/CN/10.3785/j.issn.1006-754X.2026.05.231        https://www.zjujournals.com/gcsjxb/CN/Y2026/V33/I3/446

技术指标数值
输出扭矩/(N·m)≥100
传动精度/(arc·min)≤10
最大外径/mm80
整体质量/g≤1 000
润滑方式脂润滑
表1  小型摆线针轮减速器主要技术指标
参数数值
rp/mm31
rrp/mm0.75
bc/mm8
a/mm0.22
K10.709 7
K21.298 3
表2  小型摆线针轮减速器主要尺寸参数
图1  小型摆线针轮减速器装配体爆炸图
图2  小型摆线针轮减速器综合性能测试台结构
图3  小型摆线针轮减速器传动误差曲线
图4  小型摆线针轮减速器传动效率曲线
图5  U形台架上减速器温度测试点布置
图6  输入转速为1 500 r/min、空载下减速器壳体温度曲线
图7  小型摆线针轮减速器失效区域表面形貌
图8  减速器动力学有限元分析中边界条件设置
图9  摆线轮等效应力与接触应力云图
图10  针齿外壳等效应力云图
图11  销柱等效应力云图
图12  减速器失效区域表面微观形貌和元素面分析结果
图13  电机旋转方向对铰制孔螺钉紧固影响示意
图14  输出端法兰结构改进
图15  改进后减速器传动误差曲线
图16  改进后减速器传动效率曲线
图17  改进后减速器温度变化曲线
  
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