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工程设计学报  2026, Vol. 33 Issue (3): 345-358    DOI: 10.3785/j.issn.1006-754X.2026.06.107
机器人与机构设计     
智能开颅手术机器人:技术体系、临床应用与未来挑战
赵硕1,2(),张润锋1,2,3(),张国彬1,2,耿鹏秀1,2,秦志昌1,2,刘振忠1,2
1.天津理工大学 天津市先进机电系统设计与智能控制重点实验室,天津 300384
2.机电工程国家级实验教学示范中心(天津理工大学),天津 300384
3.天津望圆智能科技股份有限公司,天津 300462
Intelligent craniotomy robots: technical systems, clinical applications, and future challenges
Shuo ZHAO1,2(),Runfeng ZHANG1,2,3(),Guobin ZHANG1,2,Pengxiu GENG1,2,Zhichang QIN1,2,Zhenzhong LIU1,2
1.Tianjin Key Laboratory for Advanced Mechatronic System Design and Intelligent Control, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, China
2.National Demonstration Center for Experimental Mechanical and Electrical Engineering Education (Tianjin University of Technology), Tianjin 300384, China
3.Tianjin Wybotics Inc. , Tianjin 300462, China
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摘要:

开颅手术机器人作为神经外科精准手术的关键装备,其技术体系从定位工具向智能平台演进,已在系统架构、控制算法与机械设计等方面取得显著进展。通过梳理开颅手术机器人的发展历程,从技术能力、产业格局及政策支持等维度分析了国内外现状,对比了典型机器人系统的技术特征与产品特色。重点剖析了机械构型、路径规划、控制优化、精度保障及系统集成等核心技术的实现途径与最新进展。在临床应用方面,开颅手术机器人在立体定向活检、脑出血穿刺等术式中展现出毫米级精度、标准化流程和高安全性的优势,并显示了向微创术式拓展的潜力。然而,在触觉反馈、术中脑组织移位实时补偿等方面仍面临挑战。展望未来,通过深度融合人工智能、推进模块化架构、建立规范培训体系,推动神经外科手术范式向更安全、精准与智能的方向发展。

关键词: 手术机器人开颅术神经外科    
Abstract:

As a key piece of equipment in neurosurgical precision procedures, craniotomy robots have evolved in the technological framework from positioning tools to intelligent platforms, achieving significant progress in system architecture, control algorithm and mechanical design. This article reviewed the developmental history, analyzed the domestic and foreign status from the perspectives of technical capacity, industrial landscape and policy support, and compared the technical features and product characteristics of representative robot systems. It provided an in-depth analysis of the implementation approaches and latest advancements in core technologies, including mechanical configuration, path planning, control optimization, accuracy assurance and system integration. In clinical applications, the craniotomy robots had demonstrated advantages such as millimeter-level precision, standardized workflows and high safety in areas such as stereotactic biopsy, intracerebral hemorrhage puncture, while also showing potential for expansion into minimally invasive procedures. However, challenges remained in areas such as tactile feedback and real-time compensation for intraoperative brain tissue shift. Looking ahead, the neurosurgical paradigms will be driven toward greater safety, precision and intelligence through deeper integration of artificial intelligence, advancement of modular architectures, and the establishment of standardized training systems.

Key words: surgical robot    craniotomy    neurosurgery
收稿日期: 2026-01-19 出版日期: 2026-06-27
CLC:  TH 782  
基金资助: 国家自然科学基金资助项目(52505034);国家自然科学基金资助项目(12302024)
通讯作者: 张润锋     E-mail: zhaoshuo@stud.tju.edu.cn;zhangrunfeng@tju.edu.cn
作者简介: 赵 硕(2002—),男,硕士生,从事手术机器人导航技术研究,E-mail: zhaoshuo@stud.tju.edu.cn
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引用本文:

赵硕,张润锋,张国彬,耿鹏秀,秦志昌,刘振忠. 智能开颅手术机器人:技术体系、临床应用与未来挑战[J]. 工程设计学报, 2026, 33(3): 345-358.

Shuo ZHAO,Runfeng ZHANG,Guobin ZHANG,Pengxiu GENG,Zhichang QIN,Zhenzhong LIU. Intelligent craniotomy robots: technical systems, clinical applications, and future challenges[J]. Chinese Journal of Engineering Design, 2026, 33(3): 345-358.

链接本文:

https://www.zjujournals.com/gcsjxb/CN/10.3785/j.issn.1006-754X.2026.06.107        https://www.zjujournals.com/gcsjxb/CN/Y2026/V33/I3/345

图1  开颅手术机器人核心技术体系概览
图2  开颅手术机器人发展历程
公司产品主要技术特点与临床应用
RenishawNeuroMate支持有框架与无框架模式,长期应用于DBS、癫痫监测等,临床精度较高[27]
Medtech S.A.ROSA集成了骨窗与路径规划软件,以高流畅性和高自动化程度著称,支持3D打印术前模拟[23,28]

IMRIS

(Synchronoss)

NeuroArm专为MRI手术室环境设计,采用电磁兼容材料,可实现术中实时MRI引导,具备触觉反馈能力,支持显微手术级别的精细操作[37]
表1  国外开颅手术机器人代表性产品
图3  国外代表性开颅手术机器人
公司产品主要技术特点与临床应用
华科精准(北京)医疗设备股份有限公司SR系列具备手术力感知、视觉无接触定位、高效实时追踪、混合现实(mixed reality, MR)等功能[12]
北京柏惠维康科技股份有限公司Remebot系列在立体定向活检、脑出血穿刺等手术中应用广泛[23,38]
表2  国内开颅手术机器人代表性产品
图4  国内代表性开颅手术机器人
图5  七自由度机械臂三维模型
图6  安装在头骨上的MARS机器人
图7  光学标记跟踪
图8  开颅手术机器人系统组成
图9  开颅手术机器人末端通用夹具
评价指标传统开颅手术ROSA机器人辅助手术
平均靶点误差(有框架)/mm1.930.81~0.86
平均靶点误差(无框架)/mm2.891.22~1.71
单根电极植入耗时/min19.115.7
单台SEEG手术总耗时不确定平均比传统SEEG手术缩短222 min
脑活检无诊断率/%9(有框架)2.2~4.3
表3  ROSA机器人辅助手术与传统开颅手术临床效果对比
图10  开颅手术机器人发展趋势
  
  
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