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工程设计学报  2023, Vol. 30 Issue (3): 380-389    DOI: 10.3785/j.issn.1006-754X.2023.00.019
机械强度设计     
起重机生命周期载荷谱预测及基于疲劳寿命的结构优化设计
戚其松(),李成刚,董青,陈钰浩,徐航
太原科技大学 机械工程学院,山西 太原 030024
Prediction of load spectrum for crane life cycle and structural optimal design based on fatigue life
Qisong QI(),Chenggang LI,Qing DONG,Yuhao CHEN,Hang XU
School of Mechanical Engineering, Taiyuan University of Science and Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
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摘要:

起重机在服役期间长期承受具有不同特征的交变载荷的作用,其结构因疲劳而导致承载能力下降。为了研究在实际工作过程中载荷及应力变化对起重机结构疲劳寿命的影响,首先,利用神经网络对起重机在服役期间的载荷谱进行分析,准确预测其载荷特征,并结合预测的载荷谱及其结构承载特性分析起重机在服役期间的应力—时间历程;其次,利用Miner线性损伤累积理论和线弹性断裂力学法,预测起重机结构关键部位的疲劳寿命;最后,以起重机结构关键部位的疲劳寿命及结构承载能力为约束,建立考虑起重机服役期间载荷特征的优化设计模型,采用智能优化算法在全局范围内搜索最优设计变量组合,获取满足疲劳寿命和承载能力设计要求的起重机结构最佳设计参数。研究结果表明了结构疲劳寿命计算与智能优化算法相结合的方法在起重机结构优化设计中的可行性,为起重机结构的轻量化设计提供了全新的思路。

关键词: 起重机生命周期疲劳寿命优化设计    
Abstract:

Crane has been subjected to alternating loads with different characteristics for a long time during service, resulting in a decrease in load-bearing capacity due to structure fatigue. In order to study the impact of load and stress changes on the fatigue life of crane structure during actual work, firstly, a neural network was used to analyze the load spectrum of crane during service and accurately predict the load characteristics, and the stress-time history of the crane during service was analyzed by combining the accurately predicted load spectrum and structural bearing characteristics; secondly, Miner's linear damage accumulation theory and linear elastic fracture mechanics method were used to predict the fatigue life of the key parts of the crane structure; finally, with the fatigue life and structural bearing capacity of the key parts of the crane structure as constraints, an optimization design model considering the load characteristics of the crane during service was established. Intelligent optimization algorithm was used to search for the optimum design variable combination globally to obtain the optimum design parameters of the crane structure that met the design requirements of fatigue life and bearing capacity. The research results showed the feasibility of the method combining the calculation of structural fatigue life with intelligent optimization algorithm in the optimization design of crane structure, providing a new approach for the lightweight design of crane structure.

Key words: crane    life cycle    fatigue life    optimal design
收稿日期: 2022-06-14 出版日期: 2023-07-06
CLC:  TH 215  
基金资助: 国家自然科学基金青年科学基金资助项目(52105269);山西省研究生优秀创新项目(2021Y692)
作者简介: 戚其松(1987—),男,山东威海人,副教授,硕士生导师,博士,从事起重机现代设计理论和方法、智能优化算法、可靠性设计方法和机械装备绿色设计理论等研究,E-mail: qiqisong@tyust.edu.cn,https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6263-0310
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引用本文:

戚其松,李成刚,董青,陈钰浩,徐航. 起重机生命周期载荷谱预测及基于疲劳寿命的结构优化设计[J]. 工程设计学报, 2023, 30(3): 380-389.

Qisong QI,Chenggang LI,Qing DONG,Yuhao CHEN,Hang XU. Prediction of load spectrum for crane life cycle and structural optimal design based on fatigue life[J]. Chinese Journal of Engineering Design, 2023, 30(3): 380-389.

链接本文:

https://www.zjujournals.com/gcsjxb/CN/10.3785/j.issn.1006-754X.2023.00.019        https://www.zjujournals.com/gcsjxb/CN/Y2023/V30/I3/380

图1  通用桥式起重机示意图
符号参数数值单位
S跨度25.5m
Q起重量20t
K大车基距4 880mm
b小车轮距2 360
B小车轨道距离2 700
Pm满载小车轮压58.9kN
Pk空载小车轮压7.2
vq额定起升速度8.2m/min
vd大车运行速度60
sd小车轮极限位置480mm
表1  起重机设计参数
符号参数数值单位跨中截面图跨端截面图
X1上翼缘板厚16mm
X2下翼缘板厚16
X3主腹板厚10
X4副腹板厚8
X5腹板间距500
X6腹板高度1 300
X7上翼缘板宽630
X8下翼缘板宽610
X9翼缘板最大外伸50
X10跨端腹板高度500
Az跨中截面面积43 240mm2
Ad跨端截面面积29 840
Iz跨中截面惯性矩1.19×1010mm4
Id跨端截面惯性矩1.53×109
表2  起重机主梁截面参数及其示意
工况力学模型计算项计算公式单位
工况1跨中弯矩Mz_1=18qS2+Fm2S-bN?mm
跨中剪力Fz_1=-?FmbSN
跨端剪力Fd_1=qS2+Fm1-?bS
跨中扭矩Tn_1=2FmlozN?mm
工况2跨中弯矩Mz_2=18qS2+12Fm2sd+bN?mm
跨中剪力Fz_2=-?Fm2sd+bSN
跨端剪力Fd_2=qS2+Fm2-?2sd+bS
跨端扭矩Tn_2=2FmlodN?mm
工况3跨中弯矩Mz_3=18qS2+12Fk2sd+bN?mm
跨中剪力Fz_3=-?Fk2sd+bSN
跨端剪力Fd_3=qS2+Fk2-?2sd+bS
跨中扭矩Tn_3=2FklozN?mm
工况4跨中弯矩Mz_4=18qS2+Fksd+b2N?mm
跨中剪力Fz_4=-?Fk2sd+bSN
跨端剪力Fd_4=qS2+Fk2sd+bS
跨端扭矩Tn_4=qS2+Fk2sd+bSN?mm
表3  起重机结构在不同工况下的力学模型和内力计算公式
截面应力类别符号计算公式最大应力工况最小应力工况
计算点①计算点②计算点①
跨中截面弯曲正应力σs式(4)69.4068.3718.38
弯曲切应力τz式(5)2.052.09-0.026
扭转切应力τn式(6)3.163.410.27
局部压应力σm式(7)057.510
合成应力σhz式(8)80.3264.2818.39
跨端截面弯曲切应力τd式(5)20.995.36
扭转切应力τn式(6)5.790.52
合成应力τhdτhd=τd+τn26.785.88
表4  起重机结构应力计算公式及计算结果 ( MPa)
优化项参数数值
优化1优化2优化3优化5优化5单位
设计变量X1666106mm
X2666106
X366666
X466666
X5520520520450540
X61 5001 5001 5001 3501 490
其他变量X7644574664
X8624554644
X9505050
X10500450500
结构承载能力指标跨中最大正应力124.30114.38123.45MPa
跨端最大正应力44.4548.2844.40
跨中最大变形25.3725.4125.34mm
目标函数f (X)25 60827 48025 728mm2
表5  起重机主梁结构优化结果
图2  起重机主梁结构优化迭代曲线
编号i起升载荷Qit/t循环数ti/次编号i起升载荷Qit/t循环数ti/次编号i起升载荷Qit/t循环数ti/次
119.2921015.2811910.253
217.4851115.0522010.043
317.0981214.886218.842
416.8681312.857228.657
516.6771412.650238.431
616.4571512.253247.642
715.8631611.671256.850
815.6921711.464266.635
915.4631810.658276.443
表6  起重机载荷谱特征参数
图3  起重机载荷谱预测模型
图4  起重机预测循环次数与实际循环次数的对比
图5  起重机结构应力—时间历程(部分)
图6  起重机结构优化流程
图7  起重机主梁跨中截面面积的优化迭代曲线
图8  起重机结构疲劳寿命变化曲线
参数数值单位
优化1优化2优化3优化4优化5优化6优化7
X1168810121214mm
X2168810121214
X36666666
X46666666
X5400550550550440440420
X61 1901 4701 4701 3101 3101 3101 240
Az30 72828 26428 26429 00029 01629 01629 832mm2
Nf56.7050.0250.0250.0750.3150.3152.99a
σmax104.45106.94106.94107.52107.35107.35106.14MPa
fmax25.4521.7321.7324.2824.2124.2125.06mm
表7  基于疲劳寿命的起重机结构优化结果
性能指标数值单位较原设计的变化率/%
原设计

基于结构静态承载

能力的优化

基于疲劳寿命的

优化

基于结构静态承载能力的优化基于疲劳寿命的优化
截面面积43 24025 60828 264mm2-40.78-34.63
最大正应力80.32124.30106.94MPa54.7633.14
最大变形16.4125.3721.73mm54.6032.42
疲劳寿命150.0929.8650.02a-80.11-66.67
表8  优化设计前后起重机结构性能指标的对比
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