Experimental study on lead and cadmium composite contaminated sand solidified and repaired by enzyme induced carbonate precipitation

doi:10.3785/j.issn.1008-973X.2025.02.011

Journal of ZheJiang University (Engineering Science)

2025, Vol. 59

Issue (2): 332-341 DOI: 10.3785/j.issn.1008-973X.2025.02.011

Experimental study on lead and cadmium composite contaminated sand solidified and repaired by enzyme induced carbonate precipitation

Yiyao JIANG1(

),Yanbo CHEN1,2,*(

),Yi BIAN1,Wenjie XU1,2,Liangtong ZHAN1,2,Han KE1,2,Qingyang WANG1

1. Institute of Geotechnical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
2. Center for Hypergravity Experimental and lnterdisciplinary, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China

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Abstract

The enzyme induced carbonate precipitation (EICP) technology was used to remediate the lead and cadmium composite contaminated sand. The influence of different urease types and mass concentrations on the solidification of lead and cadmium ions was analyzed through liquid reaction kinetics experiment. Then different concentrations of calcium chloride were used to solidify lead and cadmium composite contaminated sand. The leaching mass concentration of lead and cadmium ions and the unconfined compressive strength of the sand were measured. The remediation mechanisms of lead and cadmium composite contaminated sand treated by EICP was revealed combined with the microscopic testing. The results of liquid reaction kinetics experiments show that the crude sword beans urease contains rich amino acids and proteins, which can react with lead and cadmium ions and prevent urease deactivate. Increasing the urease mass concentration can enhance the urease activity and the immobilization rate of lead and cadmium ions. The results of soil remediation test indicate that EICP with crude sword bean ureases can form the heavy metal carbonate precipitation in the contaminated soil and induce calcium carbonate precipitation at the contact between sand particles. The leaching mass concentration of lead and cadmium decreases from the initial 12.652 mg/L and 42.530 mg/L to 0.022 mg/L and 0.117 mg/L respectively, and the unconfined compressive strength of treated sand can be up to 727 kPa after four treatments.

Key words： enzyme induced carbonate precipitation (EICP) crude sword bean urease carbonate precipitation lead and cadmium composite contaminated sand remediation mechanism

Received: 03 January 2024 Published: 11 February 2025

CLC:

TX 53

Fund: 浙江省“尖兵”“领雁”研发攻关计划资助项目(2022C03095)；国家自然科学基金委员会基础科学中心资助项目(51988101)；国家自然科学基金青年科学基金资助项目(52208373).

Corresponding Authors: Yanbo CHEN E-mail: 22112188@zju.edu.cn;chenyanbo@zju.edu.cn

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Cite this article:

Yiyao JIANG,Yanbo CHEN,Yi BIAN,Wenjie XU,Liangtong ZHAN,Han KE,Qingyang WANG. Experimental study on lead and cadmium composite contaminated sand solidified and repaired by enzyme induced carbonate precipitation. Journal of ZheJiang University (Engineering Science), 2025, 59(2): 332-341.

URL:

https://www.zjujournals.com/eng/10.3785/j.issn.1008-973X.2025.02.011 OR https://www.zjujournals.com/eng/Y2025/V59/I2/332

脲酶诱导矿化对铅、镉复合污染砂土固化修复的试验研究

运用脲酶诱导矿化(EICP)技术，对铅、镉复合污染砂土开展固化修复试验研究. 通过液体反应动力学试验研究脲酶种类和质量浓度对Pb²⁺、Cd²⁺固化的影响，采用不同浓度的氯化钙对铅、镉复合污染砂土进行固化试验，通过测定铅、镉浸出质量浓度和无侧限抗压强度，结合微观测试，揭示EICP修复重金属的机制. 液体试验结果发现，剑豆粗提纯脲酶溶液含有丰富的氨基酸和蛋白质，可以与Pb²⁺、Cd²⁺发生络合并防止脲酶失活；增大脲酶质量浓度可以提高脲酶活性和金属固定率. 土体固化修复试验结果表明，利用该技术，能够在污染土中生成重金属碳酸盐沉淀，在土颗粒接触位置处生成碳酸钙. 在4遍处理后，铅、镉浸出质量浓度由初始的12.652、42.530 mg/L分别降低至0.022、0.117 mg/L，无侧限抗压强度可达727 kPa.

关键词： 脲酶诱导矿化(EICP), 剑豆粗提纯脲酶, 碳酸盐沉淀, 铅、镉复合污染砂土, 修复机制

Tab.1 Basic physical property of ISO standard sand

Fig.1 Particle grading curve of ISO standard sand

Fig.2 Urease activity of purified urease and crude sword bean ureases under condition of different urease mass concentration

Fig.3 Ammonia ion generation rate during mineralization process induced by purified urease and crude sword bean urease in environment of lead and cadmium ion solution

Fig.4 Metal immobilization rate of purified urease and crude sword beans urease in environment of lead and cadmium ion solution

Fig.5 Amino acid composition of crude sword beans urease

Fig.6 XRD pattern of precipitated product during mineralization process induced by purified urease and crude sword bean urease

Fig.7 FTIR spectra pattern of precipitated product during mineralization process induced by purified urease and crude sword bean urease

Fig.8 Ammonia ion generation rate and metal immobilization rate of crude sword bean urease under condition of different urease mass concentrations during mineralization process

Fig.9 Variation of heavy metal leaching mass concentration with treatment cycles under different calcium chloride concentration

Fig.10 XRD pattern of treated sand samples with different calcium chloride concentration after 2nd treatment

Fig.11 SEM and EDS photograph of treated sand with 0.25 mol/L of calcium chloride under different treatment pass

Fig.12 SEM and EDS photographs of treated sand with 0.5 mol/L of calcium chloride under different treatment pass

Fig.13 Unconfined compressive strength of solidified sand specimen　　　　


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