Lipid is one of the four major biochemical molecules, and it plays important roles in many life processes. Lipid peroxidation (LPO) is commonly used to measure the effect of environmental pollutants or contamination factors on biochemistry processes. In this review, we summarized different kinds of pollutants or contamination factors that have been reported to induce LPO, including metals or metalloids, nanophase materials with different chemical properties, organic pollutants such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and pesticides, as well as environmental physical and chemical stress factors such as ozone, heat wave and radiation. Lipid peroxidation can occur in cells of different evolutionary classes of species, including bacteria, fungi, plants and animals. Most pollutants or contamination factors induce LPO through producing reactive oxidative species or inhibiting anti-oxidation systems. Therefore, this reaction is one of the important indicators of oxidative stresses caused by environmental pollutants. The LPO indexes are influenced by exposure time and doses, organism differences, and the balance between oxidation and anti-oxidation systems. In the future, we should be able to better understand the roles of lipids in the biochemical reaction to environmental pollution by using multi-omics technology and new measurements about lipid composition and membrane function.

In order to study the responses of Satsuma mandarin ‘Yura’ plants to different drought treatments and the relative expression levels of flowering related gene FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT) and meristem related gene APETALA1 (AP1), two-year-old Satsuma mandarin plants were treated with various degrees of limited water, including well watering (CK), light drought (LD), moderate drought (MD) and severe drought (SD), whose soil moisture were 15%-20%, 12%-15%, 8%-10%, and 4%-6%, respectively, and kept for 20, 30, and 40 d, respectively. After treatments, the plant physiology, flowering physiology and relative expression levels of flowering related genes FT and AP1 were tracked. The results indicated that the treatment of MD for 30 d affected the plant growth slightly and the physiological and morphological differentiations of flower buds were earlier than those of other treatment groups. The relative expression level of FT reached peak under the treatment of MD for 30 d, and the relative expression levels of AP1 in stems and leaves were higher at 30 d after MD treatment. In general, moderate drought for 30 d is the suitable inducement condition of flower bud’s morphological differentiation in Satsuma mandarin, and will not cause serious damage to trees. Also the effect of early flowering has also been further verified at the gene transcription level.

Pectobacterium carotovorum is one of the top ten plant bacterial pathogens in the world. In order to facilitate the observation of the pathogen infection process at the early stage and in vivo quantification of bacterial growth without the tissue extraction, we generated a P. carotovorum strain expressing the luxCDABE operon, which encodes a luciferase and enzymes that produce its substrate, thus bacteria that express this operon emit light spontaneously. The luxCDABE operon was cloned into the vector pBBR1MCS2, and the resulting pBBR1MCS2-luxCDABE plasmid was transformed into P. carotovorum subsp. carotovorum LMG2404, namely LMG2404-LUX. Compared with LMG2404, LMG2404-LUX had no significant differences in growth rate, biofilm formation and motility. Luminescent signal intensities of LMG2404-LUX were linearly correlated with the bacterial concentrations and not significantly reduced after successive subculturing for ten times. In addition, those signals were stable at the temperature and pH suitable for bacterial growth. When inoculating plants, LMG2404-LUX and LMG2404 had similar pathogenicity, and the signal intensity of LMG2404-LUX was positively correlated with its infection and proliferation. Collectively, P. carotovorum tagged with luxCDABE could greatly facilitate rapid bacterial quantification and in vivo observation of bacterial infection in host tissues, which provides a new tool for the research on P. carotovorum.

The main chemical compositions of Oolong tea infusions brewed in three different clay materials (red clay, purple clay and Duan clay) made boccaro teapots were investigated and compared. Aroma components in the tea infusion were determined using headspace liquid-phase microextraction (HS-LPME) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and their differences were compared through visual pattern recognition based on principal component analysis (PCA). The sensory evaluation was used to score the aroma, tea taste and infusion color. The results showed that the flavoring compound contents and water extraction of infusion brewed in the boccaro teapots were higher than those in the control group (beaker). The contents of water extraction were red clay pot＞purple clay pot＞Duan clay pot＞control group. Fresh and sweet substances such as amino acids and soluble sugar’s contents were relatively higher in the red clay pot. Substances which taste heavy, strong and bitter, such as tea polyphenols and caffeine’s contents were higher in the purple clay pot. There were more kinds of aroma components in boccaro teapots, including nerolidol, indole, linalool and its oxide, β-ionone and some other components with pleasant flower flavors. The proportions of different aroma components were significantly different from each other. The results of PCA showed that the comprehensive scores from high to low were red clay pot＞purple clay pot＞Duan clay pot＞control group. The red clay pot group was the best in enriching the aroma components with flower and fresh flavors. The results of sensory evaluation showed that the boccaro teapots could affect the Oolong tea in aroma, taste and infusion color. The comprehensive scores of sensory evaluation were red clay pot＞purple clay pot＞Duan clay pot.

Using Tarocco blood oranges as experimental materials, the changes of anthocyanin, soluble sugar and organic acid contents and the expression characteristics involved in related metabolic genes during room temperature storage were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. The results showed as follows: During room temperature storage, the anthocyanin content of blood oranges was increased by 222%. The mRNA levels of 4CL, CHI and ANS were significantly positive correlation with the anthocyanin content. The total sugar, sucrose, fructose and glucose contents of the fruits were significantly promoted by 12.0%, 7.7%, 19.7% and 12.7%, respectively. The mRNA level of SS1 was significantly positive correlation with the sucrose content, and the mRNA level of AI was extremely significant and negative correlation with the sucrose content. The accumulation of citric acid fluctuated significantly, and the mRNA level of IDH was extremely significant and negative correlation with the citric acid content. The 4CL, CHI, ANS, SS1, AI and IDH genes played important roles in the metabolism of anthocyanin, sugar and acid. Correlation analysis indicated that the anthocyanin content in blood oranges was significantly positive correlation with the contents of total sugar, sucrose, fructose, and glucose during room temperature storage, which had the highest correlation with the sucrose content. The above results show that the anthocyanin and soluble sugar contents of Tarocco blood oranges are promoted by short-term room temperature storage, and the changes of soluble sugar accumulation may regulate the anthocyanin synthesis.

In this research, we surveyed the habitat factors in different regions in the core area of Changxing Chinese Alligator (Alligator sinensis) Nature Reserve of Zhejiang Provinceand their effects on the egg laying of the female alligators during the breeding season. The results revealed that the female alligators preferred to build nests on the regions covered with dense bamboo groves or tall trees. Few nests were found on the regions dominated by weeds and with few tall dominant trees. Investigation on the habitat factors in different regions showed that the dry mass of litter per unit surface area, the height of dominant species and the surface slope were the three major factors that affected the female alligators to choose the site for nesting. The above results could provide references for the habitat optimal transformation, and for the novel habitat selection. Our results could also facilitate the development of conservation programs for Chinese alligator.

In order to explore the nutrient content, return rate and stoichiometric characteristics of plant leaf-litter-soil in alpine forest, the typical forests of Sejila Mountain in Southeast Tibet were analyzed. The results showed that for the same forest type, the contents of organic carbon (C), total nitrogen (N), total phosphorus (P) and total potassium (K) in 0-10 cm soil layer were the highest, while those in ＞20-30 cm soil layer were the lowest. The contents of total N, total P and total K in the samples were new leaf＞old leaf＞litter＞soil, while the content of organic C was old leaf＞new leaf＞litter＞soil. The stoichiometric ratios of C to N, C to P, and C to K of soil, litter, new and old leaves, respectively, were coniferous forest＞broad-leaved forest. It could be seen that coniferous forest was more conducive to the accumulation of C, and broad-leaved forest was conducive to the accumulation of mineral nutrients of N, P, and K. The stoichiometric ratios of N to P in plant leaves ranged from 2.87-5.27, which were significantly lower than the global average level (16.00). It was indicated that this study area was obviously restricted by N element. The nutrient return rates of N, P, and K were all positive, and generally showed that the broad-leaved forest was higher than the coniferous forest. The results provide data support for scientifically clarifying the plant leaf-litter-soil nutrient cycle of forest ecosystem in Southeast Tibet.

Based on the experimented cadmium (Cd)-contaminated vegetable fields, the effects of slow release fertilizers (coated with sulfur, phosphate and attapulgite) on soil nitrogen loss and Cd contents were studied. The results showed that, compared with the conventional fertilizer treatment, the contents of \mathrm{N}{\mathrm{O}}_{\mathrm{3}}^{－}-N and dissolved nitrogen (DN) were improved by 5.6%-22.2% and 29.6%-50.6% in the soil samples, and the contents of \mathrm{N}{\mathrm{O}}_{\mathrm{3}}^{－}-N and DN in the leaching solution were decreased by 9.4%-17.4% and 22.8%-31.8%, respectively, indicating that slow release fertilizers could relieve nitrogen loss in soil. The soil electrical conductivity, available phosphorus and available potassium contents increased by 33.5%-41.6%, 63.1%-100.0% and 27.3%-42.7%, respectively. The contents of soil total Cd and available Cd were decreased by 13.5%-16.4% and 37.6%-48.0%, respectively, compared with those of the initial soil. The above results suggest that the coated slow release fertilizers can realize the safe utilization of mildly and moderately Cd contaminated vegetable fields. It provides a theoretical basis for the scientific application of slow release fertilizers to reduce non-point source pollution and heavy metal contamination in a vegetable field.

The study focuses on the effects of fermented feed with tea residue, soybean meal and bran as substrates on growth performance, nutrient metabolic rates and serum indexes of broiler chickens. Using single factor test design, 240 one-day-of-age Ross 308 broiler chickens with similar body mass and good health were randomly divided into five groups [control group T_l, fed the basic diet; experimental group T₂, fed the basic diet＋methylene salicylic acid bacitracin (40 mg/kg); experimental groups T₃, T₄, T₅, fed the fermented feed to replace 2%, 4% and 6% soybean meal in the basic diet, respectively] with six replicates per treatment and eight chickens per replicate. The test period was 42 d. The results showed that: 1) Compared with the control group T_l, the average daily gain from 1 to 21 days of age, 21 day-of-age and 42 day-of-age body masses of broiler chickens in the T₄ group significantly increased (P＜0.05), and the feed-to-gain ratio was significantly reduced from 1 to 21 days of age (P＜0.05). 2) The apparent metabolic rates of crude protein of broiler chickens in T₄ and T₅ groups were significantly higher than those in T₁ and T₂ groups (P＜0.05). 3) Compared with the control group T_l, the serum albumin levels of the T₂ and T₅ groups significantly increased (P＜0.05), and the serum antioxidant indexes (total superoxide dismutase, catalase activities, and malondialdehyde content) of the T₅ group were significantly different (P＜0.05). In summary, the addition of fermented feed with tea residue, soybean meal and bran as substrates in the diets can improve broiler chickens’ growth performance, slaughter performance, apparent metabolic rates of crude protein and serum index levels, reflecting growth-promoting effects similar to antibiotics.

In order to explore the regulation of nucleobindin-2 (NUCB2)/Nesfatin-1 in the growth and development of Chinese sucker (Myxocyprinus asiaticu), the full-length cDNA sequence of NUCB2 was cloned by rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE) technology, and the expression and distribution of Nesfatin-1 in the diencephalon and hepatopancreas were observed by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and immunofluorescence technique, respectively. The results showed that the full-length cDNA of NUCB2 was 2 090 bp, including a 99 bp 5′ untranslated region (UTR), a 1 449 bp open reading frame (ORF) and a 542 bp 3′ untranslated region. The NUCB2 gene encoded 482 amino acids, consisted of a signal peptide region of 23 amino acids and a NUCB2 peptide region of 459 amino acids. Two propeptide cleavage sites were in NUCB2 peptide region, lysine (Lys) 106-arginine (Arg) 107 and Lys179-Arg180, then three functional peptides of Nesfatin-1, Nesfatin-2, and Nesfatin-3 were divided according to the two cleavage sites. Phylogenetic tree analysis showed that the sequence of M30, the domain region of Nesfatin-1, was highly conserved in fish. In the same age, the expression level of Nesfatin-1 mRNA in the hepatopancreas was highly significantly higher than that in the diencephalon (P＜0.01); however, in the same tissue, such as diencephalon and hepatopancreas, no significant differences were found between three and six-year-old M. asiaticus (P＞0.05). The strong positive immunofluorescence signal was detected in the pancreatic cells instead of hepatocytes in the hepatopancreas. In the diencephalon, positive immunofluorescence signals were only detected in the lateral tuberal nucleus, anterior periventricular nucleus and preoptic nucleus magnocelluar part. In conclusion, the expression of Nesfatin-1 in the diencephalon is significantly lower than that in the hepatopancreas during two typical growth stages of Chinese sucker, indicating that the central and peripheral regulation of Nesfatin-1 on the growth and development of Chinese sucker has obvious difference.

To investigate the antimicrobial resistance of bacteria from animals in Jinhua City and Taizhou City of Zhejiang Province in May of 2020, a total of 284 anal swab samples were randomly collected from seven livestock and poultry farms in the two cities, respectively. Escherichia coli and Enterococcus were isolated by selective culture media and were identified by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS). The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined by broth microdilution method. The results showed that the antimicrobial resistance rate of E. coli to tetracycline was the highest (87.5%), followed by sulfamethoxazole (81.2%), while the antimicrobial resistance rate to colistin was the lowest (0%) in Jinhua City. In addition, the antimicrobial resistance rate of E. coli to sulfamethoxazole was the highest (97.1%), and the resistance rates to meropenem and colistin were both 0% in Taizhou City. The antimicrobial resistance rate of Enterococcus to sulfamethoxazole was 100% in both cities, followed by tamoxifen (98.6%). No amoxicillin/clavulanate and vancomycin resistant Enterococcus was found in the two cities. In terms of the overall antimicrobial resistance rate, MIC distribution and antimicrobial resistance pattern, the level of antimicrobial resistance in Taizhou was higher than that in Jinhua. In conclusion, through monitoring and comparing the level of antimicrobial resistance in livestock and poultry breeding in two cities, it is found that the levels of antimicrobial resistance of E. coli and Enterococcus from animals are high and different. Therefore, continuous surveillance of antimicrobial resistance dynamics is essential through veterinary antibiotics reduction initiatives by agricultural authorities.

The adaptive immune system can protect the body from various pathogens by producing a variety of antibodies. The antibody repertoire is so vast that the traditional low-throughput sequencing method cannot completely sequence it. In this study, the library of porcine B cell receptor (BCR) heavy chain was amplified from porcine peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) by multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The characteristics of porcine antibody repertoire were analyzed by next-generation sequencing. The results showed that several IGHV, IGHD and IGHJ genes were preferentially used by three-week-old piglets under normal conditions, and IGHV1-4 and IGHV1S2 were the two most frequently used variable (V) genes. The total frequencies of the use of eight IGHV genes accounted for more than 80%. In addition, the length of heavy chain complementarity determining region 3 (HCDR3) was a normal distribution with the average length of 15.8 amino acids. This study successfully constructs a high-throughput sequencing method suitable for porcine antibody repertoire, which provides an effective approach for further understanding the specific composition of it in physiological and pathological states.

A headspace-gas chromatograph (HS-GC) (external standard method) was established for the determination of the volatile fatty acid (VFA) contents in rumen fluid of ruminants. Under the optimized headspace sampling conditions (balance temperature at 85 ℃ and equilibrium time of 30 min), the method was verified and used to detect the VFA. The coefficient of determination of regression equation for each compound was not less than 0.999 7. The limit of detection (LOD) was 0.036-0.329 mmol/L. The recovery rates of three different concentrations of standards were 93.540%-108.130%. The detection results showed that the relative standard deviations (RSDs) of VFA in all samples were less than 2.3%, and the method was stable within three days. The developed method is simple, which has accurate quantity and good repeatability, and suitable for the quantitative analysis of VFA in rumen fluid of ruminants.

Taking the west lakeside oasis of Bosten Lake as the study area, using the measured soil organic carbon content and hyperspectral data, the successive projection algorithm (SPA) was used to filter the characteristic variables from the full-band spectral data, and then the full-band and characteristic bands were used to construct partial least square regression (PLSR) and support vector machine (SVM) models to estimate soil organic carbon content. The results showed that: 1) The soil organic carbon content varied from 0.75 to 48.13 g/kg, with an average value of 13.31 g/kg, showed moderate variability, with a coefficient of variation of 63.19%. 2) The soil organic carbon content and the original spectral reflectance showed a negative correlation, with －0.62＜correlation coefficient (r)＜－0.07. After the bands were preprocessed by Savitzky-Golay-standard normal variate-first derivative (SG-SNV-1st Der), the number of bands that passed the extremely significant test (P＜0.01) were 414, mainly concentrated in 487-575, 725-998 and 1 464-1 514 nm. The correlation between 788, 800 and 1 768 nm was the highest, with the correlation coefficients of more than 0.80. 3) After the spectra were preprocessed by SG-SNV-1st Der, the coefficient of determination (R²) of validation set of PLSR model constructed by SPA was 0.79; root mean square error (RMSE) was 3.58 g/kg; residual prediction deviation (RPD) was 1.99; and ratio of performance to interquartile distance (RPIQ) was 2.23. However, the validation set constructed by SPA combined with SVM was R²=0.81, RMSE=3.16 g/kg, RPD=2.25, RPIQ=2.53. It shows that the model constructed by SPA combined with SVM can better estimate soil organic carbon content in the study area.