JOURNAL OF ZHEJIANG UNIVERSITY (HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES)

浙江大学学报(人文社会科学版)


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	JOURNAL OF ZHEJIANG UNIVERSITY 2026 Vol.56 Number 5
	2026, Vol.56 Num.5
	Online: 2026-06-09

	Article

Article

	5	Zhang Yan, Zhang Rui

		Towards “the Sum Total of Human Knowledge”: Universal Implications of China’s Independent Knowledge System and the “Subjective Revolution” in Knowledge Production ^Hot!
		The world vision of “the sum total of human knowledge” is not only integral to the universal development of China’s independent knowledge system but also bears upon a nation’s and a people’s spirit of knowledge innovation and their grand intellectual vision. Lenin’s proposition of “the sum total of human knowledge” profoundly reveals that the generation, accumulation, and dissemination of a knowledge system must necessarily draw extensively on different specific forms of knowledge belonging to the general category of “humanity”, identify the commensurable universal content therein, and then continuously expand the boundaries of human knowledge through concrete knowledge innovation. In the context of human history, “the sum total of human knowledge” involves the interactions, connections, and syntheses formed by various local knowledge systems around the common concerns of human civilization. This is especially true as human history enters the process of modernization, when local knowledge systems, in the epistemic turn of world history, continuously obtain basic cognition and knowledge production capacity for universality within “the sum total of human knowledge”. Given that local knowledge systems vary in their ability to abstract and extend knowledge from specific contexts, they thereby develop different autonomous capacities to address universal knowledge issues.China’s unique civilizational history and cultural accumulation have created an independent local knowledge system belonging to the Chinese nation. However, in the historical transformation of world modernization, this independent knowledge system, which had not yet reached the universal horizon of human knowledge, could only become a knowledge resource under the Western “other-narration” perspective in the world geopolitical landscape. Through the “two combinations”, the Communist Party of China has shaped a cultural subjectivity rooted in local civilizational history, and has given rise to the fundamental possibility for China’s independent knowledge system to generate a “self-narration” perspective under the spatiotemporal conditions of Chinese modernization. The key is to understand the knowledge value orientation behind the shift of the independent knowledge system from other-narration to self-narration. First, grounding itself in the entire historical narrative of Chinese culture constitutes the value foundation of China’s self-narration knowledge system, determining the cultural basis to which it belongs. Second, serving the concrete practice of Chinese modernization constitutes the value premise of China’s self-narration knowledge system, determining its developmental direction. Third, achieving intellectual independence constitutes the value attribution of China’s self-narration knowledge system, determining the level of accessibility it possesses.If China’s independent knowledge system intends to sublimate Chinese experience into a world-class knowledge theory in knowledge production, it must undergo a process of expanding from “local self-narration” to “global co-narration”, that is, a process of plural-person perspective expansion. This fundamental path lies in opening up universalizable knowledge pathways for China’s independent knowledge system, developed through Chinese modernization, within the sum total of human knowledge. First, by addressing universal issues based on practical life, it forms an academic vision of “China observing the world”, discovering the universal prototype of problems by “returning to the facts themselves”. Second, by providing original concepts through objective explanations of emblematic concepts, it forms a theoretical map of “China explaining the world”. Third, through the narrative coherence of history and culture, it engages in dialogue with common human knowledge issues, forming an intellectual resonance of “China connecting the world”. Fourth, by relying on organized scientific research to seek knowledge solutions for the common destiny of humanity, it forms an innovative consciousness of “China leading the world”. Constructing China’s independent knowledge system is a “subject revolution” process that develops a self-narration perspective to sublate knowledge production under the other-narration perspective, and carries out co-narration by transforming local particular knowledge into universal human knowledge. This is a historic effort made by the Chinese intellectual community, as members of human knowledge production, toward knowledge itself.
		2026 Vol. 56 (5): 5-16 [Abstract] ( 4 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 722KB] ( 10 )

	17	Chen Wenbo

		Bronze and Stone as Art: Connoisseurship Dimension of Northern Song Bronze and Stone Culture and Its Inner Fabric ^Hot!
		In the early 20th Century, Wang Guowei observed that Northern Song literati’s interest in bronze and stone antiquities encompassed two intertwined orientations: research and connoisseurship. However, recent academic inquiry has predominantly focused on the “fascination with research”, with relatively scant attention paid to the equally far-reaching “fascination with connoisseurship”. This study demonstrates that, contrasted with the academic pursuit of “verifying classics and supplementing histories”, Northern Song literati’s interest in bronze and stone antiquities was more commonly manifested as artistic appreciation, specifically through appreciative handling of bronze and stone artifacts, inscriptions and their rubbings during leisurely retreats and lyrical excursions—alongside profound recognition and experiential understanding of their ornamental and recreational properties. Descriptions of bronze and stone antiquities connoisseurship experience in Northern Song poetry and prose indicate that literati of the time perceived the artistic allure of these objects as stemming primarily from two sources: the aesthetic properties of the artifacts themselves and the aesthetic properties of their inscribed calligraphy. As a category of bronze and stone antiquities, bricks and tiles played a nearly identical role to ancient bronzes in the cultural lives of Northern Song literati. Among these, Tongque terrace tiles and their derivatives, particularly inkstones, were the most representative and highly prized varieties. Therefore, Northern Song literati’s attitudes towards these objects significantly reflect their understanding and perception of the relationship between the sense of historicity and aesthetic beauty embodied in bronze and stone antiquities. In essence, the aesthetic properties of ancient antiquities exhibit supervenience, being dependent upon, or even determined by their contextual properties—the rich historical memories they carried. Within the cultural atmosphere and intellectual context of “returning to the Three Dynasties”, visual elements signifying “archaic intentionality”—such as forms, patterns, weathering marks, and patina of antiquities—held immense appeal for Northern Song literati, whose ideological foundation and class identity were rooted in Confucianism. These elements profoundly stimulated their diverse imaginations of the historical contexts to which the artifacts belonged, allowing them to derive pleasure from the spiritual communion with ancient sages. The artistic value of inscription calligraphy formed another focal point of Northern Song bronze and stone antiquities connoisseurship. In Jigulu Bawei, Ouyang Xiu articulated a groundbreaking aesthetic perspective on calligraphy: by accommodating diverse stylistic orientations, he positioned masterworks and anonymous epigraphic traces within a unified evaluative framework, subjecting both to equal critical scrutiny. This concept profoundly influenced Northern Song calligraphic theory, prompting literati to consciously appreciate the artistic charm inherent in anonymous epigraphic writings. Simultaneously, the widespread availability of rubbings allowed a vast array of epigraphic inscriptions—varying in nature, appearance, and authorship—to share the same visual medium with canonical calligraphic works, revealing their distinctive calligraphic value. Consequently, these inscriptions became invaluable resources for Northern Song literati in reconstructing calligraphic genealogies and developing personal calligraphy styles. This study explores the connoisseurship dimension of Northern Song antiquarian culture from multiple perspectives, revealing the dynamic interplay among artistic sensibility, historical consciousness, and cultural identity during the 11th Century. It elucidates the historical significance of “fascination with connoisseurship”, while providing a fresh conceptual lens through which to examine: the evolution and diffusion of antiquarian vogue from the Southern Song onward; the emergence of Stele School Calligraphy in the Qing Dynasty; and the trajectories of traditional Chinese artistic concepts.
		2026 Vol. 56 (5): 17-30 [Abstract] ( 6 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 1388KB] ( 6 )

	31	Wang Zhengyuan

		The Ideal Figure of Late Shang Nobleman: Insights into the Elite Mortuary Practices at Yinxu ^Hot!
		During the Late Shang Period, texts or images depicting noblemen in detail have rarely been unearthed. At the same time, Late Shang tomb builders did not replicate domestic architecture or life (or afterlife) scenes within elite burials, as was common since the Warring States Period. Thus, former studies on Late Shang nobility mainly focus on interpreting elite practices recorded in divination texts through modern categories of social interaction, and remain “etic” while failing to reveal the figure of the Late Shang nobleman in a holistic and culturally intrinsic manner. This paper analyzes the spatial distribution of grave goods in elite burials, reveals the meticulous arrangements across multiple concentric burial divisions from the inner coffin to the tomb passages, and interprets the various ritual themes represented in each division. In this way, the paper offers an “emic” approach by studying the idealized figures of noblemen expressed in the mortuary practices by the ancients.The jade artifacts within the coffin can be categorized into three spheres: burial jades, ornamental jades, and ritual jades. Burial jades, placed within or on the surface of the body, served to enhance the vitality of the mortal soul. Ornamental jades worn by the deceased symbolized their dignity and decency during ceremonial occasions. Ritual jades, placed outside the shrouds, represented the authority and virtues of the deceased, which were essential for sanctifying sacrificial offerings in rituals.The grave goods between the inner and outer coffins include bronze and ceramic vessels in the inner sphere, and bronze weapons and musical instruments in the outer sphere. The spatial distribution of these items reveals deliberate spatial planning strategies. Food vessels were grouped separately from wine and water vessels, each placed deliberately according to their specific types and ritual functions. The former were classified into storage vessels, cooking vessels, and containers, centered around the large ding tripods. The latter were classified into brewing vessels, storage vessels, wine warmers, drinking vessels, and cleansing vessels. The inclusion of jade artifacts within the wine and water vessel groups, along with the pairing of bronze Gu with food containers, suggests that the ritual scenes depicted included sacrificial offerings of wine and meat intended to summon the spirits of deceased ancestors.The large quantity of bronze weapons in elite burials reflects the extensive military power held by the tomb owners during their lifetime. The most valuable weapons are typically placed upright near the head, symbolizing the owner holding a commanding weapon in their right hand to issue orders. Musical instruments, placed alongside the weapons, hint at a ritual and functional correlation between them. Archaeological and contemporary textual evidences suggest that the bronze weapons represented not only themes of warfare, but also music and dance re-enacting warfare together with musical instruments. Chariots were placed farthest from the body of the deceased, often found on second-tier platforms or tomb passages, symbolizing the theme of travel.Thus, the grave goods in Yinxu elite burials represented a series of ritual themes: from physical vitality, to dignity and decency, to ritual morality, to sacrificial and feasting scenes, to warfare and the ceremonial display of which, and finally to traveling by chariot. This suggests that an ideal Late Shang nobleman was one around whom ritual networks of various scales, passaging from sacrificial rites to warfare, were organized in an integrated manner. The symbolic ideology of Yinxu elite burials, which can be encapsulated as “make abundant use of semblances of the person’s life to send him off in death”, served as the ideological foundation for mortuary hierarchy systems in ancient China, through which we may establish a more nuanced mortuary archaeological approach beyond the processual and post-processual paradigms.
		2026 Vol. 56 (5): 31-46 [Abstract] ( 3 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 8349KB] ( 6 )

	47	Hu Wenhai

		An Inquiry into Kyojitsu in the Hokku “Hana” from the Kasen “Ukiyo ni Hana”: With a Concurrent Discussion on the Kanshibun-style Innovation in the Bashō School’s Haikai During the Tenna Period ^Hot!
		As a seasonal word in Haikai poetry, “Hana(花)” , through the refinement of classical Chinese and Japanese literature, has gradually transcended its literal botanical meaning to embody both an expressive device and a conceptual motif. From the Renga era onward, debates have persisted over the placement and frequency of “Hana” within linked-verse poetry. By the time of the Bashō school of Haikai, these conventions were further challenged, especially within Kasen poetry. The placement and number of “Hana” verses broke away from tradition, emphasizing their spatial relationship with another key seasonal word “Tsuki”, thereby shaping the structure of the entire Renku (full linked-verse poetry). While significant research has explored the structure of “Hana no jōza” in Hyakuin (hundred-linked Renku), studies addressing the positional and numerical shifts of “Hana” in Kasen poetry, as well as its deeper semantic layers, remain scarce. Clarifying the placement and frequency of “Hana” within Syoumon Kasen is thus fundamental to understanding the Haikai principles it embodies.This article argues that “Hana” in Syoumon Kasen differs from concrete flower names such as “botan (peonies)” or “shakuyaku (Chinese peonies)” and does not simply symbolize “sakura” as it often does in traditional Japanese poetry. Instead, it encompasses both the aesthetic enjoyment of flowers and the splendor of spring scenes. The formation of this dual meaning is closely related to Bashō’s statement in the postscript to Minashiguri, where he asserts “there is no distinction between the real and the imaginary”. The word “Hana” in the Hokku (opening verse) of “Ukiyo ni hana”is a representative example. This single word “Hana” embodies Bashō’s principle of using virtual scenery to express true emotion. It also serves as a vehicle for his aspiration during the Tenna Period (1681-1684) to inherit the poetic spirit of Chinese poets Li Bai and Du Fu, the Zen essence of Hanshan, the refined elegance of Waka, and the candid expression of romantic sentiment found in Bai Juyi’s poetry all aimed at achieving a fusion of Kyojitsu. Analyzing the inner meaning and expressive function of “Hana” is thus a vital step toward understanding the core poetics of the Bashō school’s Haikai.The Kyojitsu method exemplified by “Hana” is both a continuation of classical Chinese and Japanese literature and a natural outcome of the development of Kanshibun-style (Chinese poetry style) Haikai during the Tenna Period. The “Kyojitsu” concept that Bashō articulated during this time specifically emphasizes the significance of “Kyo”, expanding its functional role in poetic language and expression.Previous scholarship has commonly regarded the Genroku Period (1688-1703) as the time when the concept of Kyojitsu in the Bashō school emerged, viewing the early and the later Bashō schools as ideologically divergent, particularly in contrast to the later interpretations by Shikō. However, this study, through careful textual analysis, re-examined the origins of Bashō’s “Kyojitsu” concept and reaffirmed the consistency between Bashō and Shikō, showing that both derive from the same conceptual root. This research thus revises the established understanding of the Bashō school’s Haikai principles, clarifies the influence of Kanshibun on Bashō’s poetic innovation, and corrects longstanding misconceptions in literary history regarding the overlooked or misunderstood notion of “Kyo” in Bashō’s Kyojitsu theory, ultimately revealing its true meaning and value.
		2026 Vol. 56 (5): 47-59 [Abstract] ( 4 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 1050KB] ( 8 )

	60	Zhao Lexin, Fang Hongsheng

		Greening for Quality Enhancement: Green Tax Reform, Innovation Incentives, and Corporate Total Factor Productivity ^Hot!
		Improving the green tax system is a key step in developing new quality productive forces according to local conditions. Implementing rigid constraints on water resources and comprehensively advancing the water resource fee-to-tax reform are inherent requirements and important practices in this process. This paper takes the water resource tax reform as a starting point to systematically examine the theoretical mechanism and policy effects of how the green tax system influences enterprises’ total factor productivity (TFP). The aim is to provide micro-level evidence for the role of the green tax system in promoting the development of new quality productive forces.Based on the data from China’s listed companies (2010-2023) and Difference-in-Difference-in-Differences (DDD) model, this paper derives the following findings: First, the water resource tax reform significantly enhances enterprises’ TFP. Second, the underlying mechanisms of the reform’s effect operate at both direct and fundamental levels. The direct mechanism lies in significantly promoting corporate innovation, which encompasses both green innovation and other types of innovation. Moreover, green innovation is primarily manifested as source control-oriented innovation. The fundamental mechanism involves establishing a well?defined incentive structure that combines rewards and penalties: on one hand, by strengthening legal constraints, standardizing tax collection and management, and enhancing social supervision, the reform pressures enterprises to adapt to the new regulatory environment through innovation; on the other hand, by implementing differentiated tax rates and offering tax incentives under specific circumstances, the reform effectively stimulates enterprises’ intrinsic motivation to carry out water saving technological upgrades and innovation. Third, the water resource tax reform demonstrates a notable supply chain transmission effect. Reform shocks originating from both upstream and downstream industries effectively enhance the TFP of focal firms. Fourth, the positive impact of the reform on firms’ TFP is contingent on the quality of the regional business environment. The reform effect is more pronounced in regions with a better business environment, whereas in areas where the business environment is less developed, the effect remains relatively limited or even insignificant.This paper’s incremental contributions are primarily reflected in the following three aspects: First, the study reveals the supply chain transmission effect of environmental regulation, expanding the scope of the Porter Hypothesis. It demonstrates that the impact of the water resource tax reform is not confined to individual firms but triggers systemic responses at the industrial chain level through input-output linkages. The discovery of this chain-reaction enhancement effect extends the research perspective from micro-level enterprises to the industrial ecosystem, serving as a meaningful supplement to the literature on the economic consequences of environmental regulation. Second, this study emphasizes, from the perspective of institutional complementarity, the importance of optimizing the business environment for fully realizing the effects of environmental regulation. Third, by constructing a dual-effect framework that integrates regulatory pressure and tax incentives, this study provides a new theoretical perspective for understanding the impact of environmental regulation on corporate productivity, clarifying the complementarity between constraint mechanisms and incentive policies.
		2026 Vol. 56 (5): 60-83 [Abstract] ( 4 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 982KB] ( 6 )

	84	Fang Kai, Chen Zhenxi, Li Chenglin, Cheng Mianmian

		Conception, Evolution, and Practices of Synergistic Decarbonization Across Regions ^Hot!
		Given the heterogeneity in regional development across China, it is critical to explore how regional synergies can facilitate the carbon peak and neutrality goals. Research into synergistic decarbonization across regions has emerged as a novel but underexplored field that has received limited scholarly attention. Therefore, this paper starts with tracing the conceptions of synergistic decarbonization across regions, followed by a review of the evolution of synergistic decarbonization across regions, and ends up with practical approaches to improving the synergistic decarbonization across regions. We find that: (1) Synergistic decarbonization across regions serves as a systematic decarbonization process as a result of regional synergies. It spans multiple dimensions (including market, energy, industry, and technology) across national, provincial, and urban agglomeration levels, and is guided by the logic of “targets alignment-pathways coordination-effects balancing”. (2) China’s synergistic decarbonization across regions can be divided into three stages: the pre-carbon market period (1978-2010), the local carbon market period (2011-2020), and the national carbon market period (2021-present). (3) Over time, policy focus has evolved from the dual control of energy consumption with a single dimension to the dual control of carbon emissions with multiple dimensions in targets, from administrative-led to both administrative- and market-led in pathways, and from efficiency-prioritized to the balance of efficiency and equity in effects, with the ultimate goal of establishing a market mechanism based on the fundamental principle of “those who emit are responsible, and those who reduce emissions benefit”. (4) Practical approaches to synergistic decarbonization across regions include: the advance of a phased and orderly strategy for carbon peak and synergistic decarbonization in urban agglomerations; the implementation of national emissions trading system through cap-setting and a multi-regional, cross-sectoral allocation system; the optimization of energy system layouts and the construction of energy storage and power transmission infrastructure; and the promotion of regional synergies in low-carbon industry and collaborative research and development in related technologies. In conclusion, by discussing the conceptual origins, evolution and practical approaches of synergistic decarbonization across regions, our paper offers a theoretical framework and policy insights into achieving the carbon peak and neutrality goals through regional synergies.
		2026 Vol. 56 (5): 84-97 [Abstract] ( 3 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 867KB] ( 6 )

	98	Hu Yingde, Yi Tiantian, Han Hongyun

	')" href="#">	How to Implement "Combination Punches" of Environmental Policies Effectively? ^Hot!
		In order to synergize the reduction of pollution and carbon emissions, a series of environmental policy tools like “combination punches” have been implemented to stimulate companies for adopting low-carbon innovations in China. Little existing literature, however, has focused on this problem. The incentive effects of “three dimensions and six types” environmental policy tool combination, namely the regulatory dimension (punishment type, inspection type), the incentive dimension (honor type, preferential type), and the assistance dimension (guidance type, publicity type) on company adopting low-carbon innovations are analyzed in this paper from the perspective of configuration, selecting 380 polluting enterprises in Zhejiang Province as research samples and using a combination of NCA and fsQCA methods， grounded in the theoretical perspective of multiple institutional logics.The findings reveal that This study contributes to the literature in several ways: (1) It pioneers the combined application of NCA and fsQCA in this domain, enriching the methodological toolkit and jointly supporting the core argument for the importance of policy synergy through the lenses of necessity and sufficiency. (2) It integrates the multiple, co-opetitive institutional logics of deterrence, inducement, and assistance to construct a comprehensive analytical framework explaining the coupling effects of the environmental policy “combination punch”, offering a novel perspective for understanding the causal complexity behind corporate low-carbon innovation. (3) It exploratively utilizes sub-sample fsQCA analysis to delve into firm heterogeneity (technology level and size) as a boundary condition of configurational effects, clearly addressing the critical policy question of “which policy mix works best for whom”, thereby enhancing the practical guidance value of the research findings. The findings reveal that This study contributes to the literature in several ways: (1) It pioneers the combined application of NCA and fsQCA in this domain, enriching the methodological toolkit and jointly supporting the core argument for the importance of policy synergy through the lenses of necessity and sufficiency. (2) It integrates the multiple, co-opetitive institutional logics of deterrence, inducement, and assistance to construct a comprehensive analytical framework explaining the coupling effects of the environmental policy “combination punch”, offering a novel perspective for understanding the causal complexity behind corporate low-carbon innovation. (3) It exploratively utilizes sub-sample fsQCA analysis to delve into firm heterogeneity (technology level and size) as a boundary condition of configurational effects, clearly addressing the critical policy question of “which policy mix works best for whom”, thereby enhancing the practical guidance value of the research findings.
		2026 Vol. 56 (5): 98-115 [Abstract] ( 4 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 873KB] ( 6 )

	116	Zhang Shidi

		Legislative Approaches to Personal Property Security: Expressions, Elements and Judgements ^Hot!
		The Civil Code of the People’s Republic of China has brought profound changes to the personal property security system through the legislative approach of combining formalism and functionalism. Both legislators and academic circles take this legislative method as the foundation and starting point of the argument, but the interpretation theory does not point out the specific content of the legislative method now. At present, the interpretation theory of personal property security is difficult to obtain unity and self-consistency in the interpretation of a specific security method, and it is trapped in the cycle of interpretation theory. The normative system of personal property security in China can be divided into three types of normative expressions: “formalism”, “functionalism” and “both functionalism and formalism”. Formalism is mainly reflected in the fact that the Civil Code still sets specific provisions according to different types of rights. The norms of functionalism include unified security contracts, unified perfection rules and unified priority rules. The expression of the combination of functionalism and formalism includes the rules of the effectiveness of the security right of movable property against third parties, the separation of the special movable property perfection system from the personal property and other security interests perfection system, and the coexistence of the right of recall and the right of priority. The legislative method of personal property security can be extracted into three elements: security function, limited entry and legal fiction. The security function is born in the provision of Article 388 of the Civil Code “other contracts with guarantee functions”. The security interests, especially the atypical guarantee, the premise of applying the security interest system, is that the contract has the security function of improving the debtor’s credit enhancement. Legal fiction means that because of the same function, atypical guarantee is deemed as a security interest, but it should still be restricted by its basic relationship in the absence of security function. Limited entry aims at limiting the expansion of the scope of application of guarantee norms. Security function is the requirement of functionalism, legal fiction is the way to realize security function, limited access is the limitation of security function, and it is also the manifestation of formalism. There is some space for further adjustment on the issues of functionalism and real right change mode, registration antagonism, formalism and fictional security rights. The parties have other interests with security functions through “other contracts with security functions”, and these rights are security interests. The doctrine of numerus clauses requires that the types of property rights be stipulated by law, and the “other” in Article 388 cannot clarify the types of such contracts. Even if these unnamed personal security rights cannot be registered, they are still real rights. Although they are not against other confrontational real rights, these unnamed chattel security rights can still take precedence over other creditor’s rights. The registration antagonism of the current personal property security is limited to the subsequent security right holder, and the antagonism effect is only to warn the subsequent transaction party that there may be a secured transaction on the secured property. When the atypical guarantee, which is proposed as a security interest, coexists with the general liability guarantee or the property guarantee provided by the third party, when the security right holder is reluctant to exercise the right, resulting in the reduction or damage or loss of the value of the property, its behavior can be regarded as giving up part or all of the property guarantee, and the guarantor and other security interest holders can reduce or waive the liability within the scope of their waiver rights.
		2026 Vol. 56 (5): 116-131 [Abstract] ( 5 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 746KB] ( 7 )

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