JOURNAL OF ZHEJIANG UNIVERSITY (HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES)

浙江大学学报(人文社会科学版)


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	JOURNAL OF ZHEJIANG UNIVERSITY 2025 Vol.55 Number 11
	2025, Vol.55 Num.11
	Online: 2026-01-20

	Article

Article

	5	Jin Xiangyi, Ma Zufei

		Green Insurance and Chinese Firm’s Cross-border Mergers and Acquisitions ^Hot!
		With the rapid development of green finance, green insurance is increasingly integrated into the strategic layout of Chinese enterprises’ cross-border mergers and acquisitions (M&A), becoming a crucial component of M&A strategies. Chinese enterprises’ cross-border M&A is hindered by environmental regulations. Green insurance, as an innovative risk management tool, can effectively mitigate these special obstacles through risk protection, loss compensation, and premium adjustment mechanisms, thereby supporting the development of Chinese enterprises’ cross-border M&A. It can provide economic compensation for environmental liability risks that enterprises may encounter during M&A, reducing losses from uncertainties. Additionally, it can guide enterprises to focus on environmental protection and enhance their sustainable development capabilities through differentiated premiums, thus enhancing their competitiveness in the international market and their ability to withstand risks. This article, based on the list of enterprises that subscribed to environmental pollution liability insurance nationwide published by the Ministry of Ecology and Environment (formerly the Ministry of Environmental Protection) in 2014 and 2015, and in conjunction with the Zephyr M&A database and the CSMAR listed company financial database, provides an in-depth analysis of the relationship between green insurance and Chinese enterprises’ cross-border M&A. The research findings indicate that green insurance has a significant promoting effect on Chinese enterprises’ cross-border M&A. The heterogeneity results indicate that green insurance plays a more significant role in promoting cross-border M&A among Chinese enterprises in regions with lower marketization, the central and western regions, capital-intensive enterprises, and small and medium-sized enterprises, while relatively restricted in regions with higher marketization, the eastern regions, non-capital-intensive enterprises, and large enterprises. To further validate the rigor and persuasiveness of the research findings, this study conducted a series of robustness tests, including parallel trend tests, sensitivity analysis, controlling for industry-specific time trends, placebo testing, substituting the dependent variable, adjusting the sample time range, adjusting the sample space range, and endogeneity tests. The core conclusions remain robust after these tests. Mechanism studies show that green insurance promotes cross-border M&A through reducing financing costs, enhancing corporate technological innovation, and improving management efficiency. This study systematically reveals the internal mechanisms and heterogeneity characteristics of how green insurance empowers Chinese enterprises in cross-border M&A. By innovating financial resource allocation models, green insurance not only effectively reduces financing constraints for enterprises going global but also promotes green and low-carbon transformation through market-oriented means, becoming a crucial policy tool for achieving the “dual carbon” targets. Additionally, the research conclusions provide key support for the government to improve its high-standard opening-up policy system and have significant practical value for promoting the green, low-carbon, and sustainable development of the economy.
		2025 Vol. 55 (11): 5-20 [Abstract] ( 5 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 917KB] ( 2 )

	21	Zhuang Rulong, Lu Bangbang

		How Do Green Bonds Affect Green Innovation? An Analysis Based on the Dual Perspectives of Cities and Enterprises ^Hot!
		In recent years, under the guidance of Xi Jinping’s Ecological Civilization Thought, China’s economic and social development has entered a stage of comprehensive green transformation. Among the driving forces for green development, green innovation has increasingly become a vital source of power. Green bonds, as a tool for direct green financing for enterprises, raise critical questions such as whether they can indeed enhance the level of green innovation, the channels through which this occurs, and whether the “true green” effect really exists. This paper, based on an analysis of the characteristics and facts of green bonds, empirically investigates the impact of green bonds on green innovation and its mechanisms using a fixed-effects model, with data from 113 cities that issued green bonds between 2014 and 2021 in China. The research is supplemented by a corporate-level study, aiming at exploring the effects of green bonds on green innovation and its underlying mechanisms. The main findings are as follows: (1) China’s green bond market has developed steadily and orderly, exhibiting a positive growth trend. The volume of green bond issuance in the eastern region leads the country. (2) Green bonds can effectively enhance the level of green innovation. This effect is more significant in the eastern region, non-resource-based cities, and areas with lower economic development pressure. (3) Green bonds help alleviate the overall financing constraints of cities and increase the green capital reserves of enterprises, thereby injecting vitality into urban green innovation. At the same time, green bonds can also enhance public awareness of environmental pollution and strengthen government environmental regulations, thereby deepening corporate awareness of environmental protection through a combination of “soft” and “hard” measures. In addition, green bonds can expand the scale of capital flows, channeling funds towards green research and development projects, thereby further enhancing their incentivizing effect on green innovation. (4) Due to potential issues related to the allocation of funds, green bonds may not effectively incentivize high-pollution industries to engage in green R&D activities. Additionally, the strong inclination towards high-tech development may exacerbate the crowding-out effect on green funds. However, green bonds primarily play a role in generating a “true green” effect.The main contributions of this research can be summarized from the following aspects In conclusion, the findings of this paper contribute to corporate green and low-carbon development, the overall green transformation of the economy and society, and the achievement of the “dual carbon” goals. Moreover, they can provide financial support for the construction of a “Beautiful China”. The main contributions of this research can be summarized from the following aspects In conclusion, the findings of this paper contribute to corporate green and low-carbon development, the overall green transformation of the economy and society, and the achievement of the “dual carbon” goals. Moreover, they can provide financial support for the construction of a “Beautiful China”.
		2025 Vol. 55 (11): 21-42 [Abstract] ( 3 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 968KB] ( 2 )

	43	Jin Jiyong, Lin Kexia

		Philanthrocapitalism in Global Health Governance: A Case Study of Gates Foundation ^Hot!
		Philanthrocapitalism, a fusion of philanthropy and capitalism, has become an increasingly influential force in global health governance. By leveraging private capital and market-driven business principles, philanthrocapitalism seeks to create a win-win scenario between profit generation and the promotion of global health. The emergence of philanthrocapitalism in global health governance is rooted in the globalization of vertical health governance models, the growing influence of neoliberalism in global health, and the weakening of the global health governance financing system. While philanthrocapitalism significantly impacts the models and agenda-setting processes of global health governance, it also presents both challenges and opportunities due to the inherent tension between the altruistic nature of philanthropy and the profit-seeking nature of capitalism.With the increasing engagement of private philanthropic organizations such as the Gates Foundation, the Bloomberg Family Foundation and the Clinton Foundation in global health governance, philanthrocapitalism has become an indispensable force in global health governance. The Gates Foundation, as a quintessential example of philanthrocapitalism, has played such an important role in global health governance that it is almost omnipresent in any discussion on global health. It has been engaged in this domain through two primary mechanisms: first, by shaping the global health agenda using its epistemic and relational power; second, by expanding its decision-making influence through financial support to UN-affiliated organizations, public-private partnerships, non-governmental organizations, and research institutions. The “Gates Approach” is characterized by its expansion of institutional power, promotion of neoliberal policies, and emphasis on biotechnology. However, philanthrocapitalism is not a panacea for global health governance and poses several challenges. The Gates Foundation’s vertical governance model can distort global health priorities, exacerbate market failures, and widen the public health gap between the Global South and North. Additionally, its technology-centric approach may undermine global health equity.This paper employs qualitative and quantitative analysis to investigate the financing preferences of the Gates Foundation in global health governance. It argues that the primary motivation for private philanthrocapitalist foundations to be engaged in global health governance is not solely to promote philanthropy but also to expand capitalist interests. This study contributes to the field of global health governance research in multiple ways. On the one hand, it uses the concept of philanthrocapitalism as an analytical framework to comprehensively examine the role and impact of the Gates Foundation in global health governance, providing valuable insights into the strengths and weaknesses of private philanthrocapitalist organizations in global health governance. On the other hand, it critically analyzes the background, approaches, and motivations of such organizations, offering an objective evaluation of the role of the private sector in global health governance.
		2025 Vol. 55 (11): 43-60 [Abstract] ( 4 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 869KB] ( 3 )

	61	Zang Xiaojia

		“Nothing Would Be as Before”: On Jacques Rancière’s Aesthetics Event ^Hot!
		In an era where traditional aesthetic frameworks is undergoing the dual pressures of globalization and technological innovations, Jacques Rancière’s theory of aesthetics event presents a new paradigm for the contemporary studies of aesthetic and political philosophy inquiries. At a time when pessimism pervades the humanities, Rancière’s reflections on the interplay between art and daily life and politics carve a new path for continuously long-standing debates. His aesthetics event not only re-examines artistic modernity but also represents a perpetual revolution in the politics of perception. Aesthetics event implants the concept of equal within the fissures of the sensible community by turning invisible into visible, thus transforming each “now” into a starting point for renewal of politics.This article centers on Rancière’s eventful turn to explore how he reconstructs the fusion between aesthetics and politics through examining the concept of the distribution of the sensible, thereby revealing art’s potential as a “dissensus”. It deepens systematic understanding of Rancière’s thought while providing theoretical support to how art can get involved in society and reshape perceptual communities in our era of digital humanities.The research methods employed in the article include:1. Genealogical Analysis of Philosophical Concepts: By situating Rancière’s core concepts such as “distribution of the sensible”, “dissensus” and “regimes of the arts” within the broad theoretical study of Kant, Schiller and Foucault, this study elucidates his critique and reconfiguration of traditions.2. Interdisciplinary Case Studies: Through close reading of philosophical texts such as Hegel’s writing, sculptures such as the Torso of Hercules’ works, and performance art such as Lo?e Fuller’s dance, this study demonstrates how aesthetics event can break up institutional norms and bring about “sensual insurrections”.3. Counter-factual Inquiries: By phenomenologically reconstructing “suppressed exceptions” and “the moment when they decided that ‘nothing would be as before’”, this study resituates the gaze in art to emphasize the eventfulness of the sensible.The innovative aspects of this study lie in:1. Theoretical Migration from Politics to Aesthetics: By critiquing the invisibility embedded in historical narratives, this study shows how Rancière defines the role of event in disrupting traditional perceptual forms and why its political significance lies in amplifying the voice of history from below.2.Tripartite Regimes of the Sense: By analyzing Rancière’s framework of ethical (Platonic), representational (Aristotelian) and aesthetic (Kantian ＆ Schillerian) regimes, this study reveals the core of the aesthetic regime: autonomy of aesthetic experience. It reshapes relations between the visible and invisible as well as the sayable and silent through sensible aesthetics.3. Interplays between History and Aesthetic Events: Based on Rancière’s critique of “the name of history”, this study exposes how historical events have been dominated by proper nouns. It highlights the dissensus of aesthetic events such as Manet’s Olympia or Duchamp’s Fountain to break down divisions between art and life.4. Paradox and Redemption in the Aesthetic Regime: The aesthetic regime’s contradiction lies in art’s dual pursuit of autonomy and self-effacement, such as the Torso of Hercules’ deconstruction of classical ideals through its beauty of incompleteness. Aesthetics event redeems such paradox by transforming marginal practices, e.g., the forgotten 19th Century Parisian performances, into catalysts for “sensual insurrections”.Rancière’s refusal to summarize his thought of aesthetics event stems from his commitment to thinking alongside its rupture rather than concluding his argument. My study synthesizes three defining traits of Rancière’s event: dissensuality, negativity and crisis. It further proposes the following three revolutionary dimensions of the aesthetics event:1. Reorienting the Gaze in Art: It shifts the focus from canonical works to those that disturb the ordinary course of things.2. Unearthing “Explosive Moments”: It identifies instances in which art transcends its materiality to become a political act.3.Articulating the Event: It transforms these eventful moments into open ruptures which reinvigorate stagnant aesthetic debates.Ultimately, Rancière’s aesthetics event is not a rigid endpoint but a dynamic starting point. It is a call to embrace future “heterogeneous encounters”. In an era haunted by declarations of “nothing would be as before”, Rancière’s argument proves that the end of aesthetics progress also represents its rebirth.
		2025 Vol. 55 (11): 61-71 [Abstract] ( 5 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 779KB] ( 5 )

	72	Weng Bingying

		An Inquiry into Annie Ernaux’s New Autobiographical Literature with a Focus on Her Memory Media ^Hot!
		Annie Ernaux, a French writer who won the 2022 Nobel Prize in Literature, is known for her brilliance in new autobiographical literature. If Le Clézio and Modiano, the first two French Nobel Prize laureates in the 21st Century, are oriented towards memory literature based on fiction, Ernaux’s memory literary practice highlights the strong non-fiction appeal rooted in class attributes, and shows the unique characteristics of autobiographical literature in the style of sociology, anthropology, history, and culture in her prudent and objective writing. Taking the cue from Aleida Assmann’s theory of memory media, this paper studies Ernaux’s poetics of memory media, explores the internal relationship between her new autobiographical literature and memory media, and explores the implied categories and memory function of Ernaux’s new autobiographical literature.As Ernaux’s primary memory medium, words are a memory-writing weapon rooted in class attributes, especially represented by the Normandy dialect, the first-person “I” and the impersonal generic pronouns, which bind the self and the race, constituting the substance of the memory of the self, the race and the era. Images are in the pre-verbal state, whether it is a visual image in the mind or an impressionistic view, or a photographic image in material, it constitutes the solid core of memory, and finally, through the paraphrasing of words, the integration and expression of images and words, and the elucidation and transmission of memories are realized. The place has the nature of the “third space”, which is a solid basis for her memories, triggering, giving birth to and clarifying her memory writing while revealing social segregation and identity. All this reverberates in the Nobel Prize Citation, which reveals that Ernaux successfully “uncovers the roots, estrangements and collective restraints of personal memory”.The memory media of words, images, and places are both distinct and related, carrying the core connotation of Ernaux’s entire memory space, establishing the self-subjectivity of identity, the social class nature of taste distinction, and the value of life related to the meaning of existence. It is with the help of social, symbolic, spatial and monumental memory media such as words, images and places that Ernaux constructs a socio-anthropological memory space that contains the history of the individual, the collective, and the retrospective times, by her observing, reflecting, analyzing, and deconstructing efforts.Ernaux’s memory writing is different from the traditional autobiographical writing that only focuses on reviewing and narrating the history of one’s personal life and personality. It is also different from the memoirs of heroes in the grand historical background. Nevertheless, it is a kind of autobiographical writing that takes the tiny individual self as the starting point and the base line, dissolves the individual into the collective, and dissolves the self into the race, in a way similar to that of the autobiographical writing in the model of social anthropology. In this way, Ernaux highlights the social reality issues such as the underclass, female existence, language habits, aesthetic tastes, customs, and class distinctions from World War II to the present, and reconstructs the social and cultural history of the French people represented by “I”, and realizes the memory functions of political intervention, commemoration of the past and the deceased, and shaping and gaining immortal prestige, so as to invent a unique way of writing characteristic of Ernaux’s new autobiographical literature.
		2025 Vol. 55 (11): 72-83 [Abstract] ( 5 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 875KB] ( 6 )

	84	Gu Zhiwei

		How Does Jin Yuelin’s Na?ve Realism Respond to the Causal Argument from Hallucination ^Hot!
		Jin Yuelin’s na?ve realism demonstrates unique philosophical insights and responses when confronting the causal argument from hallucination in contemporary philosophy of perception. Jin Yuelin defines veridical perception as a relation between the subject and external objects, emphasizing that presentation in veridical perception has the dual nature of being both content and object. In hallucinations, however, presentation exists only as content, lacking an object. This duality provides theoretical resources for addressing the indistinguishability issue in the causal argument. Indistinguishability refers to the subject’s being unable to distinguish between experiences of veridical perception and hallucination. Jin Yuelin explains this phenomenon through the similarity in the content of presentation, while maintaining that veridical perception is essentially different from hallucination because it has external objects as its objects. Compared with contemporary representationalism, Jin Yuelin’s concept of presentation also reveals significant differences. Contemporary representationalism views perceptual content as representations with accuracy conditions corresponding to external facts, whereas Jin Yuelin rejects this representational view. He argues that in veridical perception, presentation is the external object itself, without a split between representation and what is represented, and the objectivity of content arises from its consistency among normal subjects, not from accurate correspondence with external objects. This non-representational concept of content offers flexibility to na?ve realism, allowing it to explain indistinguishability without relying on subjective images or sense data, while preserving direct access to the external world.Additionally, Jin Yuelin’s central view of veridical perception constitutes a form of transcendental na?ve realism. He considers veridical perception conceptually prior to other perceptions (such as illusions and hallucinations) and as the standard for correcting them. This transcendence stems from veridical perception’s role in maintaining the order of experience, making it the foundation and source of knowledge. The empirically based causal argument from hallucination seeks to prove that veridical perception and hallucination are essentially the same by appealing to the principle of “the same proximate cause, the same immediate effect”. However, Jin Yuelin critiques the causal theory, arguing that although external objects can cause presentations, they cannot account for the specific content of presentations or clarify the relational nature of veridical perception. This critique challenges the validity of the principle, suggesting that the same proximate cause may lead to essentially different experiential outcomes: in veridical perception, presentation and object are unified, whereas in hallucination, presentation is merely a subject-dependent image.Although Jin Yuelin’s na?ve realism superficially resembles contemporary disjunctivism—for instance, both highlight the difference between veridical perception and hallucination at the object level—their concerns and theoretical aims are fundamentally distinct. Jin Yuelin focuses on the source and material of knowledge, aiming at establishing a realistic foundation for epistemology, while contemporary disjunctivism centers on the nature of sensory experience, addressing internalist challenges within the causal framework. Furthermore, Jin Yuelin does not deeply explore the nature of hallucination or take on the explanatory burden that disjunctivists assume for hallucination phenomena. Thus, Jin Yuelin’s na?ve realism is not disjunctivism but a distinctive system built around veridical perception. This system, through the duality and transcendence of presentation, sidesteps the direct threat posed by the causal hallucination argument to na?ve realism.
		2025 Vol. 55 (11): 84-94 [Abstract] ( 1 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 747KB] ( 2 )

	95	Hao Ruoyang

		A Study of Information Dissemination Network of Altmetrics Top Papers ^Hot!
		The current study focuses on Altmetrics top papers from 2018 to 2020, aiming at providing an in-depth analysis of the dissemination behaviors of these influential papers on Twitter and the structural characteristics of their information dissemination networks. We first employ the statistical analysis to examine the dissemination behaviors and temporal dynamics of Altmetrics top papers on Twitter. Subsequently, social network analysis methods are used to calculate key parameters of the information dissemination networks, thereby uncovering the underlying mechanisms of information spread. The study results show that the dissemination of Altmetrics top papers on Twitter exhibits pronounced temporal characteristics. The patterns of dissemination volume can be categorized into three main types: declining linear, parabolic, and multi-peaked curves. Notably, for top papers with a declining linear pattern, the change in dissemination volume follows a power-law distribution, with exponents ranging from －2 to －1. This reflects a rapid initial diffusion followed by a gradual attenuation of information spread. Regarding the sources of dissemination, the study finds that the initial spread of top papers is primarily driven by academic users and scholarly journals, who initiate the information flow by mentioning the papers. Subsequently, general users significantly amplify the dissemination through retweeting, thereby broadening the reach and impact of the papers. This indicates that the early stage of information dissemination relies on professional engagement, while the later stage benefits from broader societal participation. Social network analysis reveals that the information dissemination networks of Altmetrics top papers on Twitter exhibit both “small-world” and “core-periphery” structures. These features highlight the complexity and diversity of information dissemination, as well as the interactions among different user groups. Further analysis shows that core users within subgroups—typically researchers or journals—possess high harmonic closeness centrality, playing a dominant role in the rapid and extensive spread of papers. Meanwhile, bridge users within subgroups, characterized by high betweenness centrality, maintain the closest connections with other nodes in the network and play a crucial role in facilitating and controlling information exchange and dissemination. These bridge users act as key connectors, promoting the flow and dissemination of information across the network.The primary innovation of the current study lies in the integration of statistical and social network analysis to quantitatively examine the information dissemination networks and behaviors of Altmetrics top papers on Twitter. By investigating dissemination timelines, sources, network structures, and key users, the study uncovers the underlying patterns of information spread in Twitter’s data ecosystem. The results not only enhance our understanding of academic information dissemination on social media, but also offer new perspectives for interpreting Altmetrics indicators. Future research will further explore the generation and formation processes of underlying Altmetrics data to more comprehensively reveal the nature of these data and their impact on Altmetrics indicators. This will involve a holistic consideration of user behaviors, content characteristics, and network structures, as well as comparative studies of dissemination patterns across different disciplines and platforms. Through deeper analysis, we can better understand the complexity and diversity of academic information dissemination in the digital age and develop more effective strategies for scholarly evaluation and information diffusion.
		2025 Vol. 55 (11): 95-110 [Abstract] ( 3 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 6782KB] ( 3 )

	111	Sun Yunxiao

		Promotion of People-Centered National Fitness Rule of Law: Logical Premise, Basic Pattern and Perfection Path ^Hot!
		Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, the Party Central Committee with Xi Jinping as the core has put forward the ideological concept of people-centered, which has become the fundamental guidance for the advancement of the party and the country. In the field of sports, people-centered has also become the fundamental position of sports development. National fitness, as a sports undertaking targeting the people of the whole society, is an important criterion for testing whether the sports undertaking is people-centered. The legalization of national fitness is an important path to achieve the development of people-centered sports. Existing research has made a relatively comprehensive analysis and writing on the legal issues of national fitness, and the concept of people-centered has also attracted the attention of the sports academic community, but there is still a lack of in-depth thinking on the legal issues of national fitness under the guidance of the concept of people-centered. This study mainly uses the methods of literature review and legal policy texts research to explore the logical premise of the legal path of national fitness under the problem orientation of people-centered, the basic pattern that has been formed and the future improvement path. It concludes that the legal promotion of people-centered national fitness has its profound logical premise, which is mainly manifested in that it is the core embodiment of sports value, the manifestation of the basic status of national fitness, and the fundamental position of sports rule of law. From the existing legal structure of national fitness, a relatively complete legal normative system has been formed, with the Constitution as the fundamental basis, the Sports Law and the Public Cultural Service Guarantee Law as the normative basis, the Education Law as the support, the National Fitness Regulations, the Public Cultural and Sports Facilities Regulations and the School Physical Education Regulations as the implementation body, and supplemented by a series of policies; a set of responsibility systems involving multiple departments such as sports, housing construction, natural resources, forestry, water resources, agriculture and rural affairs, etc., from construction to maintenance, from fitness space layout to idle resource utilization, from the expansion of the scope of opening to the care of special groups, and a full process and multi-dimensional coordinated cooperation system has been established; and in terms of development planning, efforts have been made to promote the integration of national fitness with national health, rural revitalization, and the building of a strong sense of community for the Chinese nation. Although the legalization process of national fitness with people-centered has been rapidly promoted and has achieved remarkable progress and results, there are still problems such as inadequate legal normative system, insufficient modernization of governance system and governance capacities, and lack of systematicity and feasibility of policy planning. In the future, we need to promote the rule of law process of national fitness by building a more complete legal system, effectively improving the modernization level of the governance system and governance capabilities, and formulating more systematic and scientific policy plans, so as to consolidate and improve the leading and guiding role of people-centered in national fitness.
		2025 Vol. 55 (11): 111-121 [Abstract] ( 4 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 648KB] ( 2 )

	122	Gao Hong

		Practical Challenges and Rule Formulation in the Disposal of Data Assets During Corporate Bankruptcy ^Hot!
		The Third Plenary Session of the 20th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China proposed to accelerate the establishment of the mechanisms for promoting the development of the digital economy. Against the backdrop of the continuous development of the data economy, the Enterprise Bankruptcy Law of the People’s Republic of China (hereinafter referred to as the Enterprise Bankruptcy Law) in our country lacks relevant provisions on the disposal rules for data assets during enterprise bankruptcies. Therefore, the significance of this article lies in classifying and categorizing the data involved in enterprise bankruptcies, and proposing the establishment of data asset disposal rules during enterprise bankruptcies. Based on this, suggestions are made for the specific construction of data asset disposal rules for enterprise bankruptcies from three perspectives: the legislation of the Enterprise Bankruptcy Law, the update and reinforcement of the responsibilities of the administrator, and the improvement of the valuation and liquidation model of data assets.Firstly, data types involved in enterprise bankruptcies other than personal information should fall within the category of data assets, and can be classified according to their importance as core data, important data, and ordinary enterprise data. General enterprise data can be further divided into business data, management and operation data, and other data based on their characteristics and purposes. The administrator should adopt different disposal models for different data types. Secondly, the status of data assets as bankruptcy property should be established in the Enterprise Bankruptcy Law, and the revocation right and return right systems for data assets during bankruptcy should be improved to provide legal basis for the administrator’s disposal of data assets. Thirdly, the responsibilities of the administrator during enterprise bankruptcy should be updated and strengthened. The administrator not only has the responsibilities of collecting, managing, and disposing of data assets, but also has the responsibility of ensuring the security of data assets. The administrator should adopt different data security protection forms for different types of data. Regarding personal information, the administrator should classify and categorize user personal information based on its sensitivity and take different protection measures accordingly. For business data, the administrator should properly store and manage business data to ensure its security. For management and operation data and other data, the administrator should formulate appropriate data security management plans. In addition, the administrator should also formulate special internal management measures for departing employees of the bankrupt enterprise to prevent them from taking, transferring, or damaging enterprise data during their departure. Finally, when evaluating the value of data assets, multiple core factors should be considered, and the value of data assets should be assessed based on the characteristics of the enterprise data types. When liquidating data assets, not only can auction be adopted, but also data asset agreement transfer, public transfer, debt restructuring, etc. can be used with the consent of the creditors’ meeting to handle data assets, maximizing the value of enterprise data assets.The research methods adopted in this article include (1) Legal theory research method, studying the basic theories of civil law related to data asset disposal rules to deepen the understanding of the essence and goals of the design of such disposal rules; (2) Comparative analysis method, comparing the data asset disposal rules during enterprise bankruptcies in different countries and legal systems to provide relevant ideas for the data asset disposal rules of our country’s enterprises; (3) Case analysis method, summarizing and analyzing the relevant cases of data asset disposal rules in countries such as the United States and the United Kingdom, and obtaining the corresponding practices and specific applications of protecting and restricting personal information and enterprise data assets in different countries, providing a reference for the construction of data asset disposal rules during enterprise bankruptcies in our country.
		2025 Vol. 55 (11): 122-135 [Abstract] ( 4 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 692KB] ( 2 )

	136	Zhang Xiaofei

		Historical Encounters Between Kangaku and Japanese Women: A Study of Women in Kangakujuku During the Edo Period (1603-1868) ^Hot!
		The Edo Period in Japan was a period of promoting culture and education, with significant advancements made in various fields of education, including female education. However, female education was primarily limited to family and terakoya education, while the field of Chinese Learning remained male-dominated with very few females, and research on women in kangakujuku (Chinese learning academy) during the Edo Period was also very rare.This paper begins by examining data from Nihon Kyoiku Shiryo and presents statistics on kangakujuku in Tokyo, Kyoto and Osaka and seven local prefectures to shed light on the status of females in kangakujuku during the Edo Period. It reveals that (1) most of kangakujuku women appeared in the late Edo Period; (2) kangakujuku in Tokyo, Kyoto and Osaka had a higher proportion of female students compared with other local counties; (3) female teachers were extremely rare at kangakujuku during the Edo Period.In the Edo Period, women in kangakujuku generally showed the following distinctive features: firstly, women in kangakujuku basically came from the families of intellectuals such as Confucians or medical doctors. Families of Confucians and doctors generally had a strong atmosphere of Chinese studies and knowledge accumulation, and some of them even operated kangakujuku at home, which laid a solid foundation for cultivating women with interest in and qualifications of Chinese studies. Secondly, women in kangakujuku were mostly supported and cultivated by male members of the family (mainly fathers and husbands). Because during the Edo Period, Chinese studies and kanji were complementary to men, and Japanese studies and kana were mutually dependent on women, the time-consuming and costly study of Chinese studies at a private academy was not a necessary option for women during this period. Therefore, women in kangakujuku hardly appeared without the firm support and help of their fathers or husbands in the family. Furthermore, kangakujuku women showed a clear bias towards kanshi (Chinese poetry) in both their studies and career development, and many of them grew up to be Chinese poets, whereas Confucianism, which was the core essence of Chinese learning, was a field in which kangakujuku women were less involved or specialized. This is mainly because kanshi is easier to learn and master than Confucianism, and kanshi has a better social function, as well as the introduction of Yuan Mei’s (1716-1798) Chinese female poet collection at that time also contributed to the emergence of female Chinese poets in that period. Finally, in order to integrate into the male-dominated field of kangaku, women in kangakujuku had to somewhat discard their feminine qualities and become closer to men in terms of talent and dress. However, it has to be admitted that it is difficult to escape the evaluation of women in kangakujuku by their gender, and that the kangakujuku experience had a negative impact on women’s marriages.We have discussed the specific situation of women in kangakujuku in the Edo Period from three aspects the family conditions for women to enter kangakujuku, the kanshi preference and career orientation of kangakujuku women, and the gender dilemma of being a kangakujuku woman, which also confirms the difficulty of women’s integration into kangakujuku. At the same time, it can also be found that the emergence of women in kangakujuku during the Edo Period had a significant effect on the advancement of women’s education in Japan. The emergence of female teachers not only encouraged more women to enroll in the school, but also attracted women with their different teaching qualities from those of men, so that the seeds of learning were sown into the hearts of more Japanese women from one generation to the next. From ancient times to the present, Chinese studies in Japan have always been dominated by men, but in the Edo Period (mainly in the late period), a small number of women were able to receive kangaku education in kangakujuku, and a very small number of women were even able to become kangaku teachers, which is a very rare and noteworthy historical phenomenon.
		2025 Vol. 55 (11): 136-147 [Abstract] ( 5 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 993KB] ( 3 )

	148	Sun Weilun

		Practical Relationships and Theoretical Categories of Innovation in Chinese Local Museums ^Hot!
		In recent years, the number of local museums in China has grown rapidly, but they often suffer from quality issues due to insufficient innovation. Despite investing in grand new buildings and digital technologies, many local museums exhibit similar content and fall into homogenization, epitomized by the saying “first-rate collections, third-rate exhibitions” and the “hundred museums, one face” phenomenon. Overcoming these shortcomings and achieving true innovation has become a pressing challenge for local museum development. Although some aspects of these issues have been discussed in previous studies, a comprehensive root-level analysis has been lacking.In order to address this gap, the present study adopts an interdisciplinary museum studies approach combined with field research methods. In line with this approach, perspectives from history, architecture, anthropology, cultural studies and related disciplines are integrated to comprehensively examine the factors influencing museum innovation. The author conducted in-depth fieldwork at Suzhou Museum during 2019-2020 and found that Suzhou’s successful practices align closely with four key issues in local museum innovation. Accordingly, the study distills these issues into four pairs of core theoretical categories: “local historical materials and spiritual traits”, “government intentions and professionalism”, “local individuality and global commonality”, and “exhibition quality and cultural empathy”.The four category pairs epresent a fundamental tension in local museum innovation and suggest corresponding solutions. Firstly, curators should extensively mine local historical sources and distill the region’s unique spiritual traits, thereby highlighting the museum’s distinctive character and avoiding homogenization of exhibits. Secondly, a professionalism-oriented mechanism needs to be established to balance governmental intentions with scholarly autonomy, ensuring scientific and independent decision-making in museum planning. Thirdly, exhibition content and design should integrate distinctive local cultural identity with universal values, embodying the concept of “glocalization” to give local museums a globally resonant presence. Fourthly, enhancing exhibition quality through strategies that foster cultural empathy in audiences should be a primary goal, so that museum exhibits provide a deeper educational impact and emotional resonance.The case of Suzhou Museum illustrates the practical value of this theoretical framework. For instance, during the planning and design of Suzhou Museum, renowned architect I.?M. Pei deeply researched Suzhou’s cultural heritage—especially its classical gardens—and extracted the essence of the “Suzhou style” as the spiritual core, seamlessly integrating these elements into the museum’s modern architecture and exhibits. This culturally rooted yet innovative approach enabled Suzhou Museum’s exhibitions to embody a unique local spirit while attaining broad international appeal, thus avoiding the homogenization seen in other regional museums. Suzhou’s success not only exemplifies an effective fusion of local identity with global vision, but also benefitted from strong governmental support for professional expertise and a commitment to enhancing visitors’ emotional engagement.In conclusion, this study constructs a systematic framework of four fundamental theoretical categories to analyze and resolve the innovation challenges facing local museums. This work is among the first to systematically conceptualize the core relationships that underpin local museum innovation in China, thereby enriching the field of museum studies and providing a foundation for further research and practical improvement. In particular, the four category pairs proposed here serve both as critical levers to drive local museums’ de-homogenization and creative development, and as basic criteria to evaluate the success of museum practices.
		2025 Vol. 55 (11): 148-159 [Abstract] ( 5 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 762KB] ( 3 )

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