浙江大学学报(人文社会科学版)
 
     Home |  About Journal |   |  Instruction |   |  Subscriptions |  Contacts Us |  Back Issues of Onlinefirst |   |  Chinese
Office
Quick Search Adv Search
　· Online Submission
　· Manuscript Tracking
　· Peer Review
　· Editor Work
　· Office Work
　· Editor-in-chief
Journal
　· Forthcoming Articles
　· Current Issue
　· Next Issue
　· Archive
　· Advanced Search
　· Archive By Volume
　· Archive By Subject
　· Read Articles
　· Download Articles
　· Email Alert
　·
 
Download
　· Instruction
　· Template
　· Copyright Agreement
More>>  
 
JOURNAL OF ZHEJIANG UNIVERSITY 2021 Vol.51 Number 4
2021, Vol.51 Num.4
Online: 2021-07-10
Article
 
Article
1
2021 Vol. 51 (4): 1- [Abstract] ( 291 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 3335KB] ( 1348 )
5 Liu Guozhu, Yi Heng
The Elite Lobby Organization and the Construction of the Truman Administration’s Military Containment Policy: A Survey Centered on the Committee on the Present Danger of 1950 Hot!
The Committee on the Present Danger was born in the national security crises of the post-World War Ⅱ era. All of the construction of the “national security state”, the experience of lobbying for answering the threat of WWII and the Cold War and the formulation and introduction of document NSC-68 provided the background and basis for the Committee on the Present Danger to perceive and respond to the threat. What’s more, the Korean War cautioned against the military threat from the Soviet Union, which promoted the formulation of a consensus among the national security elites about the correspondent military containment of the Soviet Union. Besides, the government’s limited progress on defending Western Europe led to the founding of the Committee on the Present Danger and the corresponding policies. The Committee on the Present Danger was an elite lobby organization. In 1950, the committee elite members were extremely sensitive to international power dynamics. They were united by the tenets of document NSC-68, and attempted to impact the legislation to shape the government’s leadership and policy-making mechanism, and took systematic actions to acquire absolute military advantages over the threat from the Soviet Union. Its lobbying activity mainly centered on three areas including sending troops to Western Europe, Universal Military Service, and mutual security assistance legislation. On the one hand, the committee resorted to the media to influence public opinion and educate the public. On the other hand, through hearing testimonies and research reports, it could affect legislation. The Committee on the Present Danger not only assisted the government’s actions, but also attempted to influence the policy direction. There were disagreement and coordination with the government in terms of policy stance. Therefore, the specific construction of the Truman administration’s military containment policy was competitively and cooperatively completed by both the government and interest groups. Construction of the policy was not completely under the control of Truman’s administration, or solely in accordance with the committee’s advice. But the two sides jointly promoted excessive defense of the United States against the Soviet Union in Western Europe and the changes in the national security system during the Cold War. Meanwhile, the Committee embodied a classic function of such organizations, the revolving door. Through the revolving door mechanism, many committee members were admitted into the Eisenhower administration and continued constructing the US containment policy against the Soviet Union. The Committee on the Present Danger, as the predecessor of the subsequent committees, provided them with a rich legacy. Although faced with distinct crises, the committee of succinct sessions also reflected the cohesive consensus and praised the security responding mode of absolute military advantage and alliance system, which, to some degree, embodied the persistent influence of the Cold War politics and mentality. Through combing the corresponding official documents, newspapers and memoirs about the origin, construction and operation of the first session of the committee, exploring the status and function of the Committee and its policies in the Truman administration’s military containment policy against the Soviet Union, this paper is beneficial to the comprehension of the interest groups, and it also provides a new understanding of the elites’ function in military containment of the Soviet Union and in the transition of national security system during the early period of the Cold War.
2021 Vol. 51 (4): 5-21 [Abstract] ( 267 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 920KB] ( 556 )
22 Zhang Qianming
The Correlation Between the Fundamental Institutions and the Notion of International Society on the English School: Consensus and Differences Hot!
Although the concept of “fundamental institutions” is the corner stone of the International Social Theory and “international society” is the core concept of the English School, the English School’ scholars have reached no agreement on what is meant by international society. For a long time, scholars of international relations have devoted themselves to telling the similarity/difference between the concept of institution proposed by the English School and the regime theory by Neo-Liberal Institutionalism, paying little attention to the inter-connection between understandings of the English School’s scholars on the concepts of fundamental institution and the notion of international society. This paper, departing from defining fundamental institution, gives a detailed analysis of the internal connection between the two, especially the scholars’ consensus/dispute over the concept. Their noteworthy consensus is a recognition that, fundamental institutions consist of “constitutional institution” and “coexistence institution” and make up a hierarchical system in which sovereignty is the constitutional institution of international society while diplomacy and international law is something derived from principle of sovereignty. This consensus defines what is meant by fundamental institution and what international society is, and tells institutionalism by the English School apart from the regime theory by Neo-Liberal Institutionalism. Their dispute lies in what fundamental institution consists of and how they interact with each other, rather than the type of institution in Buzan’s term. These differences are the important reasons that lead to the diversified understandings as pluralism and solidarism, etc. in their understanding of the idea of the international society. The English School Scholars headed by Hedley Bull, James Mayall and Robert Jackson divided over what consists of fundamental institution, insist that sovereignty and non-intervention be the basic principles of international society; nation state be the subject of the international law and human rights not be put before state sovereignty. International society should maintain a plural order in which nations coexist and compete with each other. The second group, headed by Tim Dunne and Nicholas J. Wheelers, believe that the principles of sovereignty and non-intervention are compatible to, rather than conflicting with, respecting human rights and international society should be a universal solidarism one that values human right and is open to intervention. The third group, headed by Andrew Hurrell, inherit many ideas from the classical school. Besides, they adopt the ideas of comparative studies in regionalism to make up for the deficiency resulting from classical school’s little efforts in regional studies and economic researches. And so they choose a middle way between traditional pluralism and liberal-solidarism to understand international society. Barry Buzan, with his unique understanding of what consists of fundamental institution and how sovereignty is related to human rights, advocates a state-centered solidarism position toward international society, aiming to reshape the English school by revising the ideas of fundamental institution, reinterpreting international society and pushing the structuring of international society. The diversified understandings of international society demonstrate that the English School is still undergoing a flourishing development in theory. The debate between the English School’s concept of the fundamental institutions and the notion of the international society provide important lessons for a world working towards building up a universal community of shared destiny for the entire humanity. The realistic basis for the formation of a universal community of shared destiny is a high degree of commonalities and interdependency among all countries and peoples. The contemporary international society has many actual common interests and is facing common problems that threaten the survival of the humanity as a whole. This requires countries around the world to strengthen international cooperation in the fields involving the common interests of the international society and the interests of the humanity as a whole, and to develop common human values in these fields. Although theoretically a community of common destiny for all humanity should take the entire humanity as the main body, advocating not only the common interests and common responsibilities, but also the common values of the humanity, the building of a community of common destiny for the entire humanity in practice must be based on this stage of sovereignty where a win-win cooperation, rights and responsibilities, common interests and responsibility can be effectively promoted. The “China plan” is signifying that China advocates building a new type of international relations featuring a win-win cooperation, to jointly build up a community of common destiny for all humanity in line with the UN Charter about the purpose and principle of sovereign equality, and consistent with the development trend of the era. It not only helps to limit overbearing power hegemony, to highlight fair distribution and exercise of interests and rights, and to promote international justice, but also to foster the spirit of solidarity, power and responsibility, to curb nationalism, enhance the common interests of the humanity. It is a practical path forward for international society that is advancing towards building up a universal community of shared destiny.
2021 Vol. 51 (4): 22-35 [Abstract] ( 344 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 738KB] ( 342 )
36 Lin Jiali, He Mali
From Historical Writing to Literary Writing: The Literary Evolution of the Epitaph Before Tang Dynasty Hot!
The epitaph is one of the important practical styles of ancient Chinese literati. From the prosperity in the Han Dynasty to the present, the epitaph has been handed down from generation to generation and the tradition never broke off. The practice has proved its important role and value in ancient literati and cultural life. Owing to its biographical attributes similar to history, its rich historical data value has been paid attention to by historians. However, the study of its literary value, which has lasted for thousands of years, is deficient. Now we find some new contents of the epitaphs in Printed Japanese Hongren Edition of Wenguan Cilin, including three in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, namely “Epitaph of Jiangzhou’s Governor Yu Bing”, “Epitaph of Jiangzhou’s Governor Yu Yi” and “Epitaph of Xuzhou’s Governor Wang Tanzhi”, one in the Southern Dynasties, namely “Epitaph of Yingzhou’s Governor Xiao Zizhao”, two in the Northern Dynasties, namely “Epitaph of Yanzhou’s Governor Hu Yan” and “Epitaph of Zheng Nan General He An”. The above epitaphs are all in complete chapters and the structure is excellent. Among them the objects of description were all important officials of the state. The authors were all famous literati of their time, such as Sun Chuo, Fu Tao, Xiao Yi and Wei Shou. They provide precious materials for the literary study of epitaphs in the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties. Unfortunately, they have not been systematically sorted out.In the Han Dynasty, the stylistic significance of the epitaph was gradually established in its continuous practice. The diversified stylistic expressions which originated from the material meaning of “stone” gradually evolved into an independent stylistic connotation. The epitaph, which is represented by biography, became a typical representative. The expansion of the narrative needs of the epitaph in the Han Dynasty accelerated the creation of the preface to the epitaph, thus established the system structure of the biography before and the eulogy after. The stylistic infiltration from historical biography also gave the epitaph of this period a historical consciousness of “Mingde”, a historical content of “Shihe” and a historical language of “Yanzhi”, namely the characteristics of “historical writing”.In the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, Emperor Wu of the Wei regained official authority over the epitaph with a policy to ban engraving. The driving force for the creation of epitaph changed from “describing one’s life to highlighting morality” in the Han Dynasty to “pile up one’s position to display the great honor” in the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, thus losing the consciousness of history. The great cultural change from the scholar society to the aristocracy society restrained the right of the creator to speak and the core sense of history was lost. At the same time, the wave of literary consciousness swept into the creation of epitaphs. The professionalization and formal beauty of literary creation constrained the free expression of the creators. The creation of epitaphs completed the transformation from “historical writing” to “literary writing” in the stylization process. Specifically, first, the epitaph started to have an independent layout. The emergence and solidification of the discussion chapter indicated that the epitaph was no longer a loose narrative collection but an independent article with a central idea. Second, the epitaph gained a more literary structural formula. The structural technique of writing section by section endowed the epitaph with a controllable length and a reusable paragraph. Third, its metrical pattern and parallel structure gave the epitaph a more graceful linguistic style, which also led to the weakening of its narrative function but enriched literariness.
2021 Vol. 51 (4): 36-49 [Abstract] ( 363 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 964KB] ( 406 )
50 Shu Baocheng
An Analysis of the Internal and External Evolution of Gezhi and Mokan in the Song Dynasty Hot!
During the Northern Song Dynasty, Gemen (閤门) had the second-class Gezhi (閤职) of Gemen zhihou (閤门祗候) and Gemen tongshi sheren (閤门通事舍人). During the Huizong Period, Gemen tongshi sheren was renamed Xuanzan sheren (宣赞舍人). In the Southern Song Dynasty Xiaozong Period the post of Gemen sheren (閤门舍人) was added for the selection of military attache talents and a third-class Gezhi was created. The formation and development of the Gezhi system is of great significance to the military attache system of the Song Dynasty. However, for a long time, academic circles have been lacking positive discussions on the Gezhi of the Song Dynasty. Researchers have mostly discussed its “perfect selection” status from the political level, and lack of in-depth research at the institutional level. Therefore, there are still some ambiguities, such as the distinction between the “inside and outside” of Gezhi, and the specific performance of the status of “perfect selection” that need to be further clarified. Generally speaking, since the two Songs, Gezhi positions have been divided into internal Gemen service officers and foreign military attache concurrent with Gezhi. The status of Gemen service officers is similar to that of civil Guanzhi (馆职), and the meaning of foreign military attache concurrent with Gezhi is similar to that of civil Tiezhi (贴职) as a reward for military merit, or as an additional title to show “closeness”. The gradual development of Gezhi from internal service to external military attache’s “post title” also reflects the development of “imperial power” in the Song Dynasty, that is, the strengthening of the policy of “internal control over external”. At the same time, military attaches who were granted Gezhi since the two Songs are regarded as “right-listed perfect selection”, and their status is higher than that of the general military attaches. One of its performances is that it has certain advantages in comparison with ordinary military officials in the system of Mokan (磨勘). However, due to the peculiarities of the official system in the Song Dynasty, there were no single Gezhi, and the ranks of military officers had to be formed. The Mokan of Gezhi military officers was mainly reflected in the military officers’ ranks. Judging from the qualifications for the third-class Gezhi, officers of the Gemen zhihou or Gemen tongshi sheren (Xuanzan sheren) who worked in Gemen and foreign military attache concurrent with Gezhi were distinguished by their ranks either above or below Wuyilang (武翼郎) or Gongbeiku fushi (供备库副使). Gemen sheren has the widest scope of awarding. Since Xiao shichen (小使臣) to the Zhengren (正任), there were grants to Gemen sheren, which can also reflect Xiaozong’s deep intention to establish Gemen sheren. According to the regulations on the Mokan of Gezhi military attaches, the Mokan period and transfer method of military attaches with Gezhi in official ranks were superior to those of general military attaches without Gezhi in official ranks. And in comparison, the status of the Gezhi as the “perfect selection” of the military minister is more reflected in the Gemen service officer. Furthermore, from the perspective of the development of the Gezhi officials’ Mokan system, the status of Gezhi military attaches in the Southern Song Dynasty was slightly higher than that of the Northern Song Dynasty. More accurately, since the Xiaozong Period, the status of Gezhi as a “perfect selection” of military officers has a great degree of prominence. The reason is naturally related to the changes in the political and military environment of the Southern Song Dynasty.
2021 Vol. 51 (4): 50-59 [Abstract] ( 273 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 1139KB] ( 471 )
60 Wei Jiang, Yang Jiaming, Yang Shengxi
Clean up the Portal or Tide over the Difficulties? — A Research on the Threat of Moral Legitimacy and the Legalization Strategy of Platform Enterprises Hot!
Platform enterprises established by relying on digital technology have strong resource allocation and resource mobilization capabilities. By setting up the interface of multilateral interaction, platform enterprises have promoted the trading activities that did not exist or could not be completed, brought new vitality to the market, and quickly established moral legitimacy. However, at the same time, because most of the platform enterprises start from the emerging fields where the regulation is vague and the organizational form has not yet solidified, and the Chinese government often adopts an “inclusive and prudent” attitude towards enterprise innovation behavior, some platform enterprises violate their original “pro-social” value proposition in the process of business expansion and their behaviors are alienated, facing the threat of moral legitimacy. How should platform enterprises deal with the threat of moral legitimacy to maintain their initial legitimacy? Most of the existing researches focus on the process of “platform enterprises crossing the initial legal threshold”. However, the subsequent legitimacy management of platform enterprises is also worthy of attention. The reasons are as follows: First, due to the unique bilateral structure and network effect characteristics of platform enterprises, the platform has gathered a large number of products and service resources in different regions and many fields, and the maintenance cost of the legitimacy of platform enterprises is higher. Second, the embedding of digital technologies such as algorithms has caused many problems of lack of new social responsibility in the development process of platform enterprises. At the same time, those moral problems that have not been solved in traditional economic activities will be further amplified under the platform situation, and the hidden danger of moral legitimacy threat will be greater. Third, due to the existence of network effect, the ability of platform enterprises to resist the threat of legitimacy may be weaker. The negative attitude of the unilateral group of supply/demand will spread rapidly through the network effect, which will cause the whole platform to face the survival crisis rapidly.Based on this, through a comparative analysis of two typical platform enterprises, Pinduoduo and Xiaohongshu with the threat of moral legitimacy, this paper depicts a unique legitimacy management process of platform enterprises. This study depicts a heterogeneity of moral legitimacy threat from the audience perspective of legitimacy evaluation and puts forward a moral legitimacy threat on the business level and a moral legitimacy threat on the architecture level, thus responding to the appeal of scholars to pay attention to the institutional environment of platform enterprises. Subsequently, this paper closely follows the unique bilateral structure and network effect characteristics of platform enterprises, explores the legalization strategy choice and its internal mechanism of platform enterprises in the face of different moral legitimacy threats, and extracts important research propositions. Specifically, on the basis of distinguishing different threats of moral legitimacy, this paper proposes that platform enterprises can adopt asymmetric legalization strategies for suppliers and demanders with the help of network effect, thus reducing the legalization cost of enterprises. Finally, this paper pays attention to the internal conflicts between the dual roles of platform enterprises in their choice of legalization strategies. Therefore, based on the previous analysis framework of “situation characteristics-strategy choice” and the logic of “threat type-role positioning-strategy implementation”, this paper proposes that platform enterprises will follow different institutional logics under different threats to choose development ideas of platform enterprises, and identify the logic behind platform enterprises’ strategy choice, thus enriching the analysis framework of platform enterprises’ strategy choice. These findings contribute to the relevant literature of platform strategy and legitimacy management, and have certain practical guiding significance for new platform enterprises in managing legitimacy in business expansion.
2021 Vol. 51 (4): 60-74 [Abstract] ( 271 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 836KB] ( 337 )
75 Lin Saiyan
A Study on Enterprise Satisfaction Evaluation as Against International First-class Business Environment: A Case Study of the City of Hangzhou Hot!
Improving business environment is not only a key to invigorating the market and promoting economic transformation and upgrading, but it is also essential to high-quality economic development. A good business environment is the soil on which enterprises depend for their survival and development. The business satisfaction and sense of gain of enterprises is an important indicator of whether the business environment is improved. Scientific and reasonable evaluation and optimization of the business environment is of great significance for a city to attract high-quality enterprises, enhance regional competitiveness and promote sustainable and healthy economic development. This study takes Hangzhou as an example, starting from the enterprise’s satisfaction to build up an enterprise business environment satisfaction index model (DBSI model) as based on the World Bank business environment evaluation index system. By investigating enterprise staff’s satisfaction with Hangzhou’s business environment in the administrative service center, this paper explores the problems of evaluation and optimization of the business environment at the city level from the perspective of enterprises. The study found that, although the current business environment in Hangzhou has shortcomings, most of the sample enterprises still believe that Hangzhou is a suitable area for investment and business activities and that the business environment in Hangzhou will be increasingly optimized. In terms of perceived quality of business environment, sample enterprises in different administrative regions have great differences in perceived quality of business environment under different indicators. In terms of enterprise satisfaction, there is still a certain gap between the current level of business environment and the ideal level of sample enterprises. On the whole, the sample enterprises’ overall satisfaction with the business environment in Hangzhou is relatively high, but compared with the ideal level expected by enterprises, there is still room for improvement in the business environment. At present, Hangzhou’s business environment still needs to be optimized in the aspects of administrative efficiency, favorable policies for enterprises, and judicial environment. In view of the above problems, this paper puts forward specific suggestions from such aspects as continuously strengthening the reform of streamlining administration and delegating power, strictly improving the supervision and management system, accurately focusing on the development difficulties of enterprises, building a transparent bridge of communication between government and enterprises, building an honest and efficient service system, and creating an equal and fair legal environment. Accelerating the digital transformation of the government and improving the efficiency level of relevant enterprising service matters are also of great significance to the improvement of the overall level of the urban business environment. This study is helpful in exploring the problems of evaluation and optimization of business environment at the city level from the perspective of enterprises, broaden the research methods of business environment evaluation, enrich the research results in the field of business environment and provide a reference for the evaluation and optimization of business environment at the city level in China.
2021 Vol. 51 (4): 75-90 [Abstract] ( 190 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 800KB] ( 333 )
91 Zhang Min
Does Being Noticed Make More Affirmed? — The Experimental Research on SMEs' Resource Bricolage Legitimacy from the Perspective of Stakeholders Hot!
Whether SMEs’ resource bricolage behavior can be noticed by stakeholders is the key to getting the legitimacy affirmation and realizing the creation of value. Based on basic view of attention, the research applies experimental research paradigm to discuss the SMEs’ resource bricolage legitimacy process from the perspective of stakeholders. Disclosing the internal relationship among government subsidy, stakeholders’ attention and resource bricolage legitimacy, the research verifies the moderating effect of SEMs entrepreneurship passion and enterprise diversity, explains the feasible way to realize optimal differentiation to elaborate the system source and implementation’s motive force of resource bricolage legitimacy.The research’s main points include: Firstly, government subsidy has promoted stakeholders’ cognition of resource bricolage legitimacy, and there are different results among different intensity of government subsidy to stakeholders’ cognition of resource bricolage legitimacy. With low government subsidy, the government subsidy has a prominent positive impact on stakeholders to increase their cognition of resource bricolage legitimacy; while with high government subsidy, there is prominent inverted U-shaped relationship between the above variables. Then, SEMs’ entrepreneurship passion and enterprise diversity can moderate the relationship between government subsidy and stakeholders’ attention positively and the moderating effect of enterprise’s diversity is more prominent. With low government subsidy, the higher SEMs’ entrepreneurship passion and enterprise diversity is, the more obvious the positive relationship is between government subsidy and stakeholders’ attention. With high government subsidy, higher enterprise’s entrepreneurship passion and enterprise diversity can push the positive effect of government subsidy to stakeholders’ attention. And it mitigates the negative effect of government subsidy to stakeholders’ attention. Lastly, resource bricolage legitimacy is a dual process of establishing consistency and uniqueness. Policy tool creates legitimacy space through establishing consistency and differentiation strategy can lead the effective distribution of stakeholders’ attention. How to “be different legally as far as possible” should be highly noticed by enterprises in conducting resource bricolage. The main creative points in the essay include broadening the research field of resource bricolage and legitimacy theory firstly. By constructing SMEs’ resource bricolage legitimacy process model, the research clarifies the system source and implementation’s motive force of resource bricolage legitimacy. At the same time, it concludes the chain transmission effect of government subsidy to stakeholders’ attention and resource bricolage legitimacy. Then, from the perspective of stakeholders, in this essay, it explores cognition processing of resource bricolage legitimacy. The research figures out the entire legitimacy cognition process, which includes receiving the key policy information passively, identifying the features of SMEs’ resource bricolage behavior and legitimating subjective judgment, helping to get more profound theory insights. Lastly, it discloses the importance of cognition-driven factor in the process of policy implementation, contributing to finding the influence of particular policy tool to enterprise’ cognition interaction and behavior interaction in the process of resource bricolage.The research discovers that the intensity of government subsidy directly decides the promotion space of stakeholders’ legitimacy cognition, and enterprise’s entrepreneurship passion and enterprise diversity are the significant strategies of fastening the process of SMEs’ resource bricolage legitimacy. The research can offer supporting evidence for government to effectively choose stimulating policy, provide reference for SEMs to choose adaptable legitimate strategy and provide new idea to maximally release the innovation, entrepreneurship and creating motive power in the whole society.
2021 Vol. 51 (4): 91-109 [Abstract] ( 340 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 931KB] ( 341 )
110 Liu Junjie
Judgment on the Possibility of Avoiding the Result in Negligence Offences Hot!
This research reviews a large number of judgments and finds that courts in general rely primarily on empirical judgments and adopt the traditional negligence review model when handling negligence offences: where material consequences are induced, the equivalent causality theory is applied to examine objective causality relations and whether there is possibility for the actor to foresee the result. This model results in repeated reviews and absence of normative judgement. The theory of possibility of avoiding the result must be adopted to address this practical problem. The theory of possibility of avoiding the result is derived from the theory of objective imputation. It determines the scope of the constitutive behavior from the purpose of legal order. It not only has the basis of substantive law, but also ensures the appropriateness of the scope of imputation, thus can prevent the arbitrariness of imputation, which is conducive to solving practical problems. In judicial practice, the application of the theory of possibility of avoiding the result should be guided with a set of typical and representative cases. First, in the judgment of assumed causal process, the substitution behavior must be the behavior that meets all duties of care in a specific situation, and it should also be considered as the minimum compliance behavior. Second, risks should be categorized into “relevant risks” and “irrelevant risks”. In determining the assumed causal process, we should examine only “relevant risks” while excluding “irrelevant risks” created by the actor that have no influence on the realization of the risk created by the actor. In this way, it is possible to reasonably attribute criminal liabilities when multiple actors violate the duty of care, and to give proper explanation of the “results” to be avoided in the assumed causal process and within a specific temporal and spatial context. Finally, the certainty of avoiding the result should be examined. When it is not certain whether the result can be avoided, increased risk theory should be adopted. The possibility of avoiding the result does not need to be superior, and there is no need to adopt “sure to avoid theory”. If there is a possibility to avoid the result, the actor can be imputed. But when the result is less likely to be avoided, the actor can be given lighter punishment. Existing literature is limited to specific aspects of a general topic, such as the degree of avoidance of results, how to distinguish from assumed causality, etc. This research, taking practice as the guidance and Chinese judicial practice as evidence, pioneers in exploring the application of the theory of possibility of avoiding the result to negligence offences, and in proposing a systematic and comprehensive operational guideline for the application of the theory. It aims at promoting the popularization and application of the theory in the Chinese judicial practice. In fact, this article supports the “weak theory” by advocating increased risk theory, which is of great significance in promoting academic debates. In addition, there are many innovations in viewpoints and judgment methods in this article. For example, this research proposes for the first time to distinguish between “relevant risk” and “irrelevant risk” when distinguishing between the judgment of the possibility of result avoidance and the assumed causality, and the theory is examined in the context of complex negligence cases. It also puts forward an approach to determine the “result” to be avoided in the assumed causal process when judging the possibility of avoiding the result.
2021 Vol. 51 (4): 110-125 [Abstract] ( 333 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 859KB] ( 312 )
126 Mo Xiangyi, Ye Sijia
Criminal Fast-track Cases Being Advisable to Adopt Limited Second Instance System: An Empirical Analysis Based on 1,055 Judgments Hot!
Since the criminal fast-track adjudication procedure was added to the Criminal Procedure Law in 2018, criminal trials have formed a “Trinity” pattern that differs in ordinary procedure, summary procedure and fast-track adjudication procedure in China, laying a specific path for the reform goal of “accurate trials with complex cases, and fast trials with simple ones”. From the perspective of development and norms, the value orientation of the fast-track trial procedure should be based on “Efficiency Theory Based on Justice”, that is, the efficiency value is the top priority of the criminal fast-track adjudication procedure, but the basic position of the justice value cannot be abandoned.Because the essence of fast-track adjudication procedure is the system of leniency on admission of guilty and acceptance of punishment, the confrontation in fast-track adjudication procedure case rarely happens. Neither does the appeal against first instance sentence from the prosecution, nor from the defense parties. After having investigated 1,055 cases that entered the second trial, we come to the following conclusions: Firstly, the abuse of the appeal right by the defendant deserves our attention. This is mainly manifested in the defendant’s appeal on the ground of excessive sentencing or withdrawing it after blank appeal, in order to achieve the purpose of staying longer in the pre-trial detention centre or reduce the punishment. All these cases reveal the fact that the defendant abused the appeal right, which caused unnecessary waste of judicial resources and reduced the efficiency value of the fast-track adjudication procedure. Secondly, it is justifiable for the court of second instance to amend or cancel the original one and remand it to the original court for retrial in case of errors in the applicable laws, or major facts of the first instance.As for the trial instance system of fast-track adjudication cases, the view of “the first instance is final” is not in line with the requirements of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. Blindly enlarging the binding force of confession of guilt or punishment agreement may lead to wrong cases, and copying foreign procedures of penalty orders will tend to delay the litigation. This view attaches the importance of efficiency but ignores its justice. Neither its rationale nor its practical basis is sufficient. The view of “the second trial is final” strongly amends the major justice defects in the system of “the first trial is final”. However, there are shortcomings as well if we choose to tolerate the abuse of the defendant’s appeal right and to limit the fast-track adjudication procedure to the first instance for the sake of efficiency value. The view of “appeal permission system” claims that the defendant has the appeal right in second instance, but with the condition that the court of second instance has confirmed that he/she has sufficient reasons to do so. It is more reasonable to change the current “right appeal” into “discretionary appeal”. However, this view advocates that the second instance protest of the procurators should also be filtered and examined, which is either difficult to carry out or unnecessary in practice.The system of limited second instance may be applied to fast-track adjudication cases. While retaining the procurators’ protest right in the second instance, the system of non-cause appeals could be changed into cause ones, and a review and filtering mechanism could be set up for the defendant’s appeal, so as to limit the cases without necessary correction to second instances. Here are my recommendations: Firstly, the appeal must be presented in the written form with sufficient reasons, which should focus on the defendant’s self-willingness, authenticity and legitimacy of the confession and punishment, the legitimacy of the original trial procedure, and his/her meritorious behavior after the first instance. Secondly, the scope of the review should be limited to the appeal’s reasons alone. There is no need for a comprehensive review of both the facts and application of law involved in the first-instance trial. Thirdly, the review process should be simple and effective by focusing on the key points. After comparing all the four documents in second instance, i.e. the judgment of first instance, the grounds for appeal, the sentencing proposal and the confession of guilt and punishment, the court has finished the evaluation of the evidence of the first instance and the trial conduct to meet the requirements of the “substantive review”.
2021 Vol. 51 (4): 126-143 [Abstract] ( 219 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 768KB] ( 319 )
144 Lai Xiaowei, Liu Huimei
The Relationship Between Leisure and Happiness: A Forgotten Virtue Ethical Issue Hot!
Aristotle presented and explored the relationship between leisure and happiness as a virtue ethical issue. He believes that leisure is both a means to achieve happiness and happiness per se, and the two are unified through virtue. Leisure as a means makes it possible for people to escape from the busy life of making a living and provides opportunities for the cultivation and practice of intellectual virtue and ethical virtue, which is a prerequisite for the realization of happiness; leisure as an end exists in the form of critical thinking, which is the practice of intellectual virtue and is happiness itself.However, the relationship between leisure and happiness as an issue of virtue ethics is now forgotten and neither leisure studies nor ethical studies have been able to place it in the context of virtue ethics. The modern leisure research focuses on the relationship between individual leisure behavior, leisure experience and subjective well-being in social situations from psychological perspectives. As a social psychology term, “leisure” and “happiness” are not the same as those in Aristotle’. It emphasizes the subjective feelings and experiences rather than the concept of virtue. Also some scholars have attempted to restore the relationship between “leisure” and “happiness” in Aristotle, but their aim is to provide theoretical support for the study of specific leisure issues rather than to advocate the revival of Aristotle’s virtue ethics.Although some contemporary virtue ethicists advocate the recovery of the Aristotelian concepts of virtue and happiness, they do not reflect sufficient attention to the concept of leisure. On the one hand, leisure in Aristotle’s view belonged only to male city-state citizens, while slaves, women and barbarians were excluded from citizenship. This classical elitist argument, however, does not apply to modern society, which is built on the basis of equality among human beings. On the other hand, leisure has lost its necessity for achieving happiness in the development of contemporary virtue ethics. We need to return to the relationship between leisure and happiness in the framework of the Aristotelian virtue ethics. Theoretically, it can help clarify the relationship between leisure and happiness and lay a solid theoretical foundation for the development of modern leisure studies. It can also help achieve a stronger revival of Aristotle’s virtue ethics in the contemporary world. Practically, it can provide a reference for people to arrange leisure time appropriately, and encourage people to explore concrete ways to achieve a good life by treating leisure as a purpose.
2021 Vol. 51 (4): 144-153 [Abstract] ( 400 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 685KB] ( 284 )
154 Lu Ruixi, Mo Chou
The Image Changes of Chinese Characters in European and American Films: A Word-frequency Study Based on Text Mining Technology Hot!
The image of film role is an important tool for shaping ideology and spreading the values of the mainstream culture of a nation. As China’s international status has undergone a series of changes in the past century, the images of Chinese characters in European and American films have also experienced multiple changes. This paper attempts to explore the attitudes of the European and American film communities towards Chinese culture in different historical periods by analyzing the image changes of Chinese characters in European and American films from 1919 to 2020, and sheds light on the topics that Chinese film industry needs to work on in the process of getting globalized. Different from the traditional theory-driven film studies, the paper adopts an empirical research method. Altogether 58 films produced by European and American countries were selected and the summary texts about the film plots were collected. Word frequencies in the collected texts were analyzed through the NLPIR big data search and mining platform. The results of the text mining investigation were analyzed and explained through the ranking of frequent words and through close reading of the summary texts. It is found out that the images of Chinese characters in different historical periods are not constant, but the changes in the images of Chinese characters show continuity across temporal periods. The attitude of European and American film producers has changed from imposing subjective assumptions on Chinese culture to gradually accepting facts of China, from fearing or disdaining Chinese people to showing understanding and affirmation. However, in the current mainstream European and American films, generally speaking Chinese people and Chinese culture are still abstract symbols, lacking solid cultural connotations. The paper also makes methodological innovations by combining qualitative and quantitative research approaches. The rapid development of the Internet technology and natural language processing has enabled digital text mining technology to be widely used in the studies of the traditional humanities. On the one hand, the massive digital texts available in the era of big data provide raw data for quantitative researches. On the other hand, natural language processing technology based on computer algorithms can quickly explore a variety of indicators that reflect cultural features. Quantitative research based on digital text mining technology is an important supplement to qualitative research relying on the manual work of experts. Quantitative research makes it possible to observe and analyze various cultural behaviors in human society more extensively and thoroughly. By collecting a large number of digital texts from the Internet and using natural language processing platforms such as NLPIR for text mining, the authors are able to conduct word frequency analysis within a short period of time so as to outline and summarize the cultural features of many films in different historical periods within the past century. As an objective indicator of linguistic patterns reflected by the texts, word frequency makes up for the limitation of subjectivity of the expert-oriented qualitative research dominant in the studies of the humanities. It should be noted that although the method of word frequency analysis has the advantage of being objective and efficient, it is found that the advantages are highly dependent on the quality of the original texts. If the selection of the original texts is biased, not sufficiently representative, or has too little information, then the high-frequency words that are extracted from texts can hardly reflect the cultural contours of historical periods. At the micro-level, the paper has reflected on topics such as part-of-speech selection, text segmentation, and representativeness of high-frequency words, and thus has pointed out the necessity of combining computer-based quantitative research and expert-oriented qualitative research. The paper has also summarized detailed empirical experience of conducting algorithm-based word frequency research, which contributes to future cultural studies based on text mining technology.
2021 Vol. 51 (4): 154-162 [Abstract] ( 232 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 703KB] ( 570 )
163 Li Dongxiao
Continuation for a Hundred Years: A Communication Social History Study of “Singing News” Opera in Zhejiang Province Hot!
“Singing news” is a kind of local opera popular in Zhejiang Province. It originated from “Talking Chao Bao” in the Southern Song Dynasty. After its rise in Zhejiang area since the late Qing Dynasty, it spread to Shanghai and other places and was deeply loved by the local people. It is a common feature of “news singing” in different areas of Zhejiang that wandering singers use local dialects to sing the “news” stories on the streets or open spaces. From the perspective of communication, “singing news” is not only a folk opera, but also a kind of “news” communication activity. It follows the traditional Chinese semanteme of “news” since the Southern Song Dynasty. It is therefore the “living fossil” of ancient Chinese “news” communication activities. According to the different social functions of communication and the social factors of promoting the change of “singing news”, the development process of “singing news” can be divided into three stages: from the end of the Qing Dynasty to 1949, 1949-1980s and since 1990s. In different historical stages, the identity of singers, the content of “news” and the space of performance show different characteristics. From the end of the Qing Dynasty to the founding of new China, “singing news” was a kind of information communication and entertainment activity oriented to the people at the bottom, which was dominated by market forces. The performers were all wandering folk singers, and the performances were mostly on the streets of cities and open spaces in rural areas. The content of “news” was mainly the social “news” that the performers heard or experienced. After the founding of new China, it was influenced by the reform policy of local opera. “Singing news” has been transformed into grassroots propaganda and education media, which undertakes the propaganda function. The old wandering singers have been incorporated and transformed into propagandists through the process of “getting rid of the stale and take in the fresh”. The content of “news” also revolves around the national and local central propaganda tasks, and the singing were mainly performed by organized grassroots units. At the end of 1980s, with the popularity of TV media in urban and rural areas, oral communication activities were no longer stressed by the national and local propaganda tasks, and “singing news” performance declined rapidly. In order to survive, performers in different areas began to explore the “re-marketization” ways of “singing news” performance. With the help of the intangible cultural heritage protection, “sing news” in Zhoushan and Ningbo went back to the street for performance as a featured local culture and tourism; while “Xiao Re Hun” as the “Singing News” in Hangzhou creatively combines it with TV media to set up a very popular dialect news programs, “Ah Liu Tou Talking News”. This dialect TV news program soon became popular. Dialect talking news is very different from singing news. “Ah Liu Tou Talking News” is different from the “Xiao Re Hun” opera in form. Nowadays, with the rise of new media and the change of people’s information receiving habits, “singing news”, which is a low-efficiency and slow-paced oral communication activity, can no longer afford the news communication function, but has become a pure and simple form of local art. From the perspective of communication sociology, it is of great significance to sort out the social history of “singing news”, which can reveal the relationship between local opera, news communication and social changes. It is of great significance to reveal the role of cultural genes and local traditions in the change of human communication activities by sorting out the “Talking Chao Bao”, “singing news” and “Ah Liu Tou Talking News”.
2021 Vol. 51 (4): 163-174 [Abstract] ( 402 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 820KB] ( 318 )
175 Wang Hai, Wu Yuanfeng
The Origin and Spread of "Singing News" in Eastern Zhejiang Province Hot!

The development of “Singing News” is inseparable from ancient Chinese news activities, as well as the development of such folk culture forms as folk songs in Eastern Zhejiang. This article sorts out the origin and development context of the “Singing News” in Eastern Zhejiang Province. Based on the analysis of the origin and development of the art of “Singing News” in Eastern Zhejiang, this paper discusses the comparative advantages and protection measures of the spread of the folk art of “Singing News”, so as to provide a reference for the in-depth study of ancient ballads, the art of “Singing News” and social customs in Eastern Zhejiang. From the perspective of folk art and cultural communication, this paper creatively chooses Zhejiang’s folk art form of “Singing News” as the research object, and takes the contents of “Singing News” in the local chronicles, related works and literary works of Eastern Zhejiang as the historical materials to research on the source and spread of “Singing News” in Eastern Zhejiang. Combining the regional cultural advantages, historical origins and tradition of news communication in Eastern Zhejiang, this paper compares the communication scope and content of folk songs and “Painting News” in the context of the form of folk culture with the same origin, so as to provide a unique perspective for the study of “Singing News” and contribute to the study of the national intangible cultural heritage.Regarding the origin of “Singing News”, this study believes that the tradition of people in Eastern Zhejiang chanting laid the foundation for the origin of “Singing News” rap art. Affected by Zhejiang’s open geographical location and developed material base, the people are known for their newspaper reading atmosphere and truth-seeking and pragmatic style, which have created a good development environment for the broad themes and dissemination of “Singing News”. First, ballads, an original ecological form of news activities in ancient China, breed the environment and soil for the formation and development of the art of “Singing News” rap. Second, the thriving grassroots folk art culture in eastern Zhejiang has laid the material conditions and media environment for the “Singing News” rap art, making “Singing News” a representative of rap literature. Third, Tipao (Peking Gazette) , an original ecological form of news activities in ancient China, provides opportunities and conditions for the formation and development of the art of “Singing News” rap. In terms of the form of the expression of “Singing News”, this article lists a wide range of themes for “Singing News”. The content is mostly ancient and modern stories and sensational news to show social reality. The expressions are multi-modal, and the adopted tunes appear diverse. Through the theme of “Singing News”, we can see the historical development and customs of Eastern Zhejiang in different periods and provide materials for local history researches. By comparing the content and form of communication between “Singing News”, folk song and “Painting News”, we can find that “Singing News” has deep cultural heritage and oral communication characteristics, but “Singing News” has limitations in the scope of theme and gradually lost its function of news transmission. As the original folk art form, “Singing News” has gradually evolved into “Ningbo Yongju opera”, “Xiao Re Hun” and other new forms of artistic expressions. Under the creative and dynamic protection measures of the relevant state departments, experts of the folk art of “Singing News” have actively explored the modern aesthetic innovation in the aspects of screenwriting, composition and performance. Combined with the contemporary social reality, innovative contents reflecting the life of the times constantly emerge, enriching the connotation of the national intangible cultural heritage.
2021 Vol. 51 (4): 175-186 [Abstract] ( 210 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 826KB] ( 341 )
187 Lang Youxing, Da Yang
Knowing and Knowledge: On Episteme and Techne Hot!
In the history of metaphysics, techne is far longer than episteme (usually known as scientific knowledge). In the connection between techne and episteme, if a theory consists in its insight into the being of a certain being, then techne’s control over theories must lie in its “productive” nature. This article tries to explore the connection and nature of episteme and techne, as based on Heidegger’s thoughts on “technology” and his deconstruction of metaphysics, combined with some contemporary thinkers’ views on technology.At the birth of philosophy, there was no clear distinction between episteme and techne, but with the creation (poeisis) of metaphysics the two gradually got separated. After this, Aristotle, on the one hand, criticized Plato’s “eidos”, and, on the other hand, uses the form of “category” which identifies ousia with “being” in the discursive structure of language, thus laying the foundations for the certainty required by “technoscience”. In the construction of this foundation, techne as a producing technique does not only become the guarantee for the “unconcealment” of produced things, but also provides scientific researches with a basis for production, being led and deduced by “mathematics” in the modern context of the “mass production of knowledge”.On talking about techne, Aristotle’s explanation of the “Four Causes” has to be reviewed, which is generally believed to include material cause (hylē), formal cause (eidos), efficient cause (causa efficiens) and final cause (telos). If the formal cause and the final cause (which can also be understood as perfection and completion in the sense of achievement) are taken as an “eidos” in the technical sense, then the completion of this “eidos” is to clearly interpret “production” to “what it is” through techne .Humans （home faber）have always been placed in an awkward position according to the traditional interpretation of “causa efficiens”. It seems that human is not merely a “causa efficiens”, but also a responsibility and an intermediary that brings together the four causes. Regarding human as a “causa efficiens” leads to a long-standing view in cultural anthropology which holds that techne does not belong to culture, but to the category of tools. At the same time, it has also led to the binary opposition of episteme and techne, where techne is only understood as a tool and means to achieve goals, and has never been raised to the level of ontology. Therefore, to apply a subject-object thinking, techne itself is in a dimension that needs to be explained because techne and human are in a binary opposition. Thus, in the metaphysics of techne, the interpretation of techne is elaborated from a variety of viewpoints and perspectives, resulting in a myriad of opinions on “about technology” or “what technology is”.This article argues that techne not only produces (herstellen) but also prescribes episteme for the reason that techne is itself a method of dominating knowledge and, more importantly, it is a way of know-how in the unfolding of metaphysics. With the development of metaphysics, this “know-how” techne gradually forms an absolute rule over episteme, turning philosophy into a technology which moves towards the idea of episteme. Thus, philosophy — the love of wisdom — has from its inception (arche) become a metaphysics of technology. Techne comes from life, but is not based on some type of innovation or branch of knowledge. “Things” at the epistemological level, i. e. at the level of theoretical science, are beings that have been put into the “category” through “accused”. As long as something is in the sequence of categories, it is an existent, which not only conforms to the order for scientific knowledge, but is subject to the presentation (vorstellen) arrangement by the production techne. Where techne stops, knowledge opens up new perspectives and processes of production for techne in the form of scientific research, and the completion of this production is accompanied by the recreation and reproduction of episteme. Thus, if the term of scientific knowledge is understood as referring to a kind of knowledge on the ontic level, the connection between techne and episteme is highlighted as: techne lays the foundation of theoretical science at the level of beings, while the search for so-called knowledge is essentially a search for the “inducing to go forward” （verschulden） method of production in which techne excels, that is, for techne itself.
2021 Vol. 51 (4): 187-198 [Abstract] ( 185 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 810KB] ( 312 )
199 Guo Li
The Process of Canonization of the Ancient Yuefu Poem Hot!
In the history of the study of Yuefu, Yuefu before the Sui Dynasty was called the ancient Yuefu. From the Sui and Tang Dynasties to the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the value of the ancient Yuefu was continuously promoted and even became a classic comparable to the Book of Songs. The process of its canonization is quite noteworthy. In this process, although the connotation of ancient Yuefu endowed by different generations of poets and scholars is different, it can still be summarized from four aspects, i. e., the study of Confucian classics, the study of academic theory, the study of artistic value and the study of regular style. The study of Confucian classics refers to the exploration of the political and religious values of ancient Yuefu and the interpretation of Confucian classics, the study of academic theory means to explore the knowledge of ancient Yuefu and to study it academically, the study of artistic value means to reveal the artistic value of ancient Yuefu and to comment on its artistic achievements, the study of regular style refers to the ancient Yuefu as a model for the creation of other poetries. The study of Confucian classics promoted the ideological value of ancient Yuefu, the study of academic theory enriched the knowledge of ancient Yuefu, the study of artistic value revealed the artistic value of ancient Yuefu and the study of regular styles promoted the poetic style of ancient Yuefu.These four aspects are embodied in the works of collation, creation, comment and explanation of the title of ancient Yuefu from the Sui, Tang to the Ming and Qing Dynasties. Through these works, we can clearly reveal the canonization process of ancient Yuefu from these four aspects: In the Sui Dynasty, Wang Tong’s Continuation of the Book of Songs followed the Book of Songs with the ancient Yuefu, and incorporated the ancient Yuefu into the expounding system of classics, thus opening up the course of the study of Confucian classics of the ancient Yuefu. In the Tang Dynasty, Li Bai’s study of ancient Yuefu was a combination of academic research, interpretation of Confucian classics and simulated creation, which promoted the canonization of ancient Yuefu from three aspects: the study of academic theory, the study of Confucian classics and regular style. In the Song Dynasty, Guo Maoqian’s Collection of Yuefu Poems delineated a clear boundary for the ancient Yuefu. He interpreted the ancient Yuefu by citing classics, first listed ancient lyrics and then collected simulated poetries. His tracing of the origin of the ancient Yuefu and textual researches on relevant knowledge were widely recognized by later generations. Zheng Qiao’s 20 Category of Tong Zhi: Rites and Music with the pragmatism academic vision, the sensible research method, from the academic theory explained the rationality of the yuefu succeeded the Book of Songs and classified yuefu poems according to the classification method of the Book of Songs, thus completing the process of the study of Confucian classics of ancient yuefu initiated by Wang Tong. These two books enabled the classical status of the ancient Yuefu to obtain the support of academic theory. In the Yuan Dynasty, Zuo Keming’s Ancient Yuefu provided a concise text for the literati to create the ancient Yuefu, which was helpful for the study of the regular style of the ancient Yuefu. Yang Weizhen wrote a large number of ancient Yuefu, which clearly demonstrated the position of the regular style of the ancient Yuefu. In the Ming Dynasty, the trend of retorting ancient ways was flourishing, which promoted the study of Confucian classics, the study of academic theory, the study of artistic value and regular style of ancient Yuefu, and it reached the peak in revealing the ancient Yuefu artistic achievements and promoting the ancient Yuefu style. In the Qing Dynasty, Zhu Jiazheng’s Yuefu Guangxu pushed the study of Confucian classics of ancient Yuefu to an extreme, and Zhu Qian’s Yuefu Zhengyi corrected Zhu Jiazheng’s extreme study of Confucian classics by elucidating the theory and taking into account the historical textual research.
2021 Vol. 51 (4): 199-212 [Abstract] ( 477 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 853KB] ( 368 )
213 Wang Zhenhua, Fang Shuoyu
Adaptation, Assimilation and Cooperation in Addresses on Covid-19: A Perspective of Discourse Semantics Hot!
Public speaking intends to be appealing to listeners and is abundant in interpersonal resources. Interpersonal construction in public speaking has implications for the social integration. From the perspective of Systemic Functional Linguistics, public speaking is a staged and goal-oriented social process. Individuation, a framework developed by James Martin, focuses on the language users, the meaning resources of culture and affiliation. From the Individuation perspective, discourse is viewed as a process in which discourse producers actively coordinate social relations. Overseas government officials align citizens by delivering speeches on Covid-19, which is an illustrative example to show how individuals coordinate social relations. This study broadens what the Individuation theory used to cover in terms of the characteristics of identity and context. To be more specific, in the addresses on Covid-19, speakers’ identities are special and powerful, and speakers from different countries and parties or even the same country show varied individual preferences, all of which contribute to the understanding of the relations among language use, identity and context. This paper builds a small corpus of addresses in English on Covid-19, and explores how government officials build alignment between individual and community within the framework of Individuation.The paper first extracts keywords of speeches by means of the corpus tool WordSmith, and then the Ideation System and the Appraisal System from Discourse Semantics are employed to analyze the ideational and interpersonal meaning of the keywords. The findings show that the taxonomic relations among keywords highlight two pivotal clues, i. e., the pandemic and human beings; meanwhile, the nuclear relations among concordance lines reveal the logical relations between participants and processes, thus to figure out the emergence-confrontation sequence. This sequence can be divided into four phases, namely the nature of coronavirus, the current pandemic situation, government policies and citizens’ actions. It suggests that speakers infuse values in the experiential meaning within each phase, and the coupling of ideational meaning and interpersonal meaning generates individual bonds, mainly including the shared negative emotional experiences and the consensus about combating the Covid-19. Besides, the emphasis on master cultural identity as well as bonding icons represented by the national leading figures and events achieves a higher-level community affiliation. However, addresses vary from speaker to speaker, which reflects distinctions in meaning resources of the culture and individual initiative.To conclude, speakers’ negotiation of value and identity from individual to community promote the realization of social processes as adaptation, assimilation and cooperation, which paves the way to fight jointly against Covid-19. In the pandemic context, the authoritative discourse presents plural social forms and expressive functions, and establishes officials’ multi-dimensional institutional and individual identities. The bonding and aligning process offers insight into reasonable uses of social semiotic resources and ways to promote positive and efficient communications.
2021 Vol. 51 (4): 213-227 [Abstract] ( 284 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 860KB] ( 333 )
228 Zhang Huiyu, An Yuchen
Language Value, Power Structure, and International Organizations' Language Choices Hot!
International organizations (IOs) have become important players in the international community, and their language management is vital to their operation. However, scholarly attention to their language choices is inadequate. To fill this gap, this paper draws on extant literature on language policy and uses data from the Yearbook of International Organizations 2019, specifically data about the language use of 16,077 IOs in 5 different clusters, to conduct an in-depth analysis of IOs’ language choices. Several findings emerge from this empirical analysis. First, IOs’ “organizational” feature requires them to attach great importance to the pragmatic value of languages, and their administrative agencies even prioritize it in language policy-making, so as to ensure efficient operation and achieve organizational purposes. This is convincingly evidenced by the fact that English, as an international lingua franca with prominent pragmatic values, plays a dominant role in all types of IOs. Second, IOs’ “international” feature requires them to pay attention to the symbolic value of languages, which is in accord with their members’ need for language diversity. As for members (member states in particular), the use of their mother tongues in IOs not only signifies respect, recognition, and identity, but also symbolizes their international status and impacts. Thus, many IOs, especially those in Clusters Ⅱ and Ⅳ, emphasize on the language diversity in language policy-making. Third, IOs’ language policies are profoundly affected by the relative power of their members. Because of the symbolic value of languages, IOs’ language policies have long been an arena for power competition among the members, and some states target certain IO clusters and adopt different language strategies in different IOs, so as to improve their international status and influence. For instance, the Netherlands increases its international status by promoting Dutch in organizational substitutes (Cluster Ⅲ) and national
2021 Vol. 51 (4): 228-240 [Abstract] ( 426 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 750KB] ( 589 )
JOURNAL OF ZHEJIANG UNIVERSITY

More>>  

   · CNKI
   · Wamfangdata
More>>  
Copyright  ©  2009 JOURNAL OF ZHEJIANG UNIVERSITY (HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES)
Support by Beijing Magtech Co.ltd   support@magtech.com.cn