JOURNAL OF ZHEJIANG UNIVERSITY (HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES)

浙江大学学报(人文社会科学版)


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	Latest Printed Issue
	2024, Vol.54 Num.3
	Online: 2024-04-12

	Article

Article

	5	Wang Xiaochao

		The Element Theory of Marx and Engels ^Hot!
		Element is a frequently used term in the scientific research of K. Marx and F. Engels. The Complete Works of Marx and Engels uses “element” 2,741 times in total. Its main meanings include: (1) components; (2) necessary factors; (3) principles; (4) nature and characteristics; (5) chemical composition. The word is also combined often with other nouns to form different kinds of categories, such as production element, thinking element, etc. In contrast to the extensive use of the term in the study of economics and philosophy, K. Marx and F. Engels mentioned “religion and elements” only three times and never mentioned “the element of religion”.Engels summarized Dühring’s research method as “element method”, and pointed out that Dühring’s element method has the nature of transcendentalism. Element method is a reductionism approach, which is characterized by restoring the complicated things into simple and clear things, simplifying the complicated things through analysis, grasping the entirety and the changing process by using the nature of the most basic elements, and restoring propositions to individual concepts for analysis in scientific research. Although element method plays a certain role in scientific research, it also has great limitations. The theories derived from the application of the element method, such as the Phlogiston Theory, actually prevented people from knowing the truth in scientific research.Marx and Engels did not talk about the role of element method in the study of religion. However, the later scholars of religious studies seem to have an obsession with the element method, and many of them have put forward kinds of theories of religious elements. After the reform and opening up, Chinese scholars also attached importance to the application of the element method in the theoretical research, and the result is that the religious element theory has played an increasingly important role in the whole religious theory system. It is not wrong to pay attention to the elements composing religions, but the problem is whether we can recognized the limitations of the element method.Lü Daji’s “theory of four elements of religion” is the product of dialectical thinking, not the product of “element method”. Lü has a clear understanding of the limitations of the element method. He knew that the definition given by the elements method had a metaphysical character, not a dialectical one. He also knew that the distinction between religion and non-religion certainly marked the beginning of the scientific study of religion, and determined the object of religious study, but the conclusion reached by the use of the element method is either one or the other, either white or black, and if we stand still and refuse to make progress, we will be away from the in-depth grasp of religion.The generative method of Lü’s theory of four elements of religion is not the elements method, but the genetic method. Nor does the element method function in the study of religion as an independent method, but as a subordinate method of historical materialism and dialectics. Taking materialist dialectics as the fundamental method of Marxist religious study is the clearest manifestation of Marxist religious theory’s modernization and Sinicization.
		2024 Vol. 54 (3): 5-12 [Abstract] ( 12 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 612KB] ( 21 )

	13	Wu Xuping, Zhang Dandan

		The Triple Interpretation of German Historicism and Its Theoretical Contribution to Historical Materialism ^Hot!
		To gain a profound understanding and interpretation of the essential character of historical materialism, we need to elucidate the original relationship between historical materialism and German historicism in the intellectual history. There is a triple interpretation of German historicism: scientific historicism, historical relativism, and vitalism.Scientific historicism proves the scientific status of history through methods and procedural principles such as objectivity, systematicity, and typification in historical research. It upholds the autonomy and uniqueness of history, rejecting the notion that the real world is the result of transcendental deduction of reason. It examines historical facts from an empirical nominalist standpoint, thereby grasping the coherence of historical processes. Ranke, in his scrupulous and objective approach, examined the available sources of history. He adhered to the principle of reconstructing the past but fell into the trap of excessive pursuit of reductivism and superficial objectivity. Droysen focused on the understanding and interpretation of the meaning of history itself, but his Hegelian paradigm of historical explanation made historical knowledge dependent on inevitability logic. Burckhardt executed a major shift to emphasis on individuality, the meaning of a specific historical culture, and the spirit of freedom, which showed his individualistic and conservative tendencies in terms of historical progress. Therefore, scientific historicism has fallen into an inherent tension between the pursuit of objectivity and the recognition of theological beliefs.Unlike scientific historicism which uses the principle of objectivity to construct systematic and scientific history, historical relativism advocates a universal validity of principle to study human nature, the value and meaning of history, leading to justify the scientific status of history. However, historicism cannot detach itself from the uniqueness and finitude of historical culture, thus arriving at a different direction of relativism of nature and culture on the basis of romanticism. On the one hand, While Herder advocated for the universality of naturalistic principles, this proposition proves ineffective when divorced from its historical context. On the other hand, the endeavor of historicism to study the standards of universal value for the possibility of historical knowledge faces the limitations of history. Schiller, Dilthey, and Neo-Kantians faced this dilemma. Schiller was concerned with human history rather than nature. Dilthey tried to understand how the universal ideas of history came to be within individuals. Windelband and Rickert explained the conditions for universal validity, which are inseparable from cultural particularities and subjectivism. Simmel explicitly defended the relativity of history. These instances collectively indicate the inclination of historicism towards relativism.Vitalism approaches history by incorporating irrational factors such as life, will, intuition, and time. It cares about humanity itself and the meaning of life, and puts history on organic life. In this traditional direction of historicism, figures like Schopenhauer and Nietzsche endeavored to understand life through the lens of will and introspection. The philosophy of life, said Dilthey, comprehends the historical process, according to the unity of fundamental category of human life experience. Bergson relied on intuition to grasp historical change. In conclusion, vitalism turns its attention to a new direction of exploring the possibility of historical knowledge through the will and intuition, and excludes objectivity and sociality from the perspective of history, so it is difficult to prove the legitimacy of history as a science.Therefore, Marx’s historical materialism and German historicism present a genetic adherence relationship. First, German historicists’ unwavering focus on historical facts and consciousness exerted a profound impact on historical materialism. Second, German historicism and historical materialism share a common thesis on explaining the nature of history and reality. Third, German historicism, entangled in the realm of pure thought, becomes a critical target for Marx to explain history materialistically. Historical materialism bears the entire mission of the development of German historicism and is an objective result of the development of German historicism, which also justifies the essential character of “historical science”.
		2024 Vol. 54 (3): 13-25 [Abstract] ( 9 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 737KB] ( 26 )

	26	Yuan Jinghua, Chen Yuhui

		Place Empathy: Trans-border Emotional Pathways Bridging the World Through “Huadi” in Huallywood Films ^Hot!
		In the international competition for the global audience, how should Huallywood films choose geographical samples to construct the image of China, and how can they become important media to bridge the gap between native and overseas audiences? The large overseas Chinese communities are the core audiences for the global communication of Huallywood films. However, previous studies tend to focus on the interpretation of film texts and lack in-depth investigation and research on overseas Chinese audiences, and rarely focus on “Huadi” (places where Chinese people dwell or gather) to carry out empirical research, failing to explore the unique media utility of image “Huadi” from the perspective of global emotional communication.Based on the theoretical perspective on Geography of Media, this study starts from the interaction relationship of “human (overseas Chinese audiences)-media (films)-geography (Huadi)-emotion”, investigates the feedback of overseas Chinese audiences on watching Huallywood films, and explores how the “Huadi” image in the films gets the emotional response from overseas Chinese audiences. And how the “Huadi” image stimulates their emotional identification of the Chinese native places? What kind of emotional communication effect has it produced?This study empirically explores the phenomenon of “place empathy” in the global communication of Huallywood films, which is embodied in the audience’s empathy for place landscape, empathy for place memory, and retention of place characteristics. The study reveals the occurrence path, generation mechanism, influencing factors and emotional effectiveness of “place empathy” in overseas Chinese movie-watching, and thus refines the empathetic communication path of Hulywood films based on “Huadi” to connect the global Chinese. It is an important inspiration to explore the unique effect of “place” in the global communication of Chinese culture and the construction of Chinese image.Furthermore, the research points out that “Huadi” is the spatial, emotional, cultural and material media for the global communication of Chinese culture and the construction of Chinese image. The creation of Huallywood films should take the audience’s “place empathy” as the clue, connect the world with the “place” of “Zhonghua” (China), and construct the image of China by the media of “place”. “Huadi” is a space to accommodate “Huaren” (Chinese people), “Huayu” (Chinese language), “Huashi” (Chinese story), and “Huashi” (Chinese history). The bridge of place empathy is used to strengthen the homesickness and topophilia of overseas Chinese, and the multi-dimensional image of China is constructed with colorful and vivid place image samples, so as to promote the global communication of Chinese culture and Huallywood films.This discovery takes Geography of Media as a theoretical perspective and Huallywood films as a research entry point, providing an operable and innovative concept for the study of the interactive relationship of “human-media-geography-emotion” in Geography of Media Research, and an achievable method and path to explore the mechanism and effect of film emotional communication. It provides important inspiration for Huallywood films to choose the unique place landscapes of China as geographical samples to construct the image of China, and to carry out emotional dialogue and cultural communication globally while based on places. This study not only effectively answers the major practical question of Geography of Media on “how Chinese film and television choose geographical samples to construct the image of China”, but also further strengthens the five-“Hua” theoretical system of Huallywood film through the empirical research on “Huadi” and overseas audiences, thus expands the research direction of Huallywood film from the perspective of Geography of Media.
		2024 Vol. 54 (3): 26-45 [Abstract] ( 8 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 2410KB] ( 22 )

	46	Liang Jian, Yuan Yujie

		Data Compliance Supervision Obligation of Network Platform and Its Criminal Imputation Approach ^Hot!
		In the era of big data, it is not a once-and-for-all thing to establish a data compliance plan on the network platform. Network platforms’ anomie in violation of data compliance management obligations will continue to appear, which will easily bring serious systemic risks, thus endangering the legitimate rights and interests of citizens and public safety, and even national security. At the moment when the enterprise compliance reform is being further promoted, it is necessary to deeply analyze the violation of data compliance management obligations of online platforms and its criminal responsibility from the theoretical level based on the legal forward-looking perspective.Combined with the current situation of relevant laws and regulations and data criminal compliance of network platform, it can be concluded that the data compliance management obligation of network platform has the efficiency of data crime prevention and punishment, and the specificity of obligation content is related to the effectiveness of data compliance plan, which determines that it has the qualification of criminal law obligation. At the same time, before the online platform violates the data compliance management obligations, it should be determined that the basis of the online platform’s criminal responsibility is the revised organizational responsibility theory with the enterprise’s criminal compliance plan as the core. Moreover, the basis of the online platform’s criminal responsibility for violating such obligations lies in the guilt-blaming function of the effective criminal compliance plan. However, in view of the violation of important data compliance management obligations by the network platform, the existing criminal law imputation path is mainly identified as the crime of omission as a joint crime or refusing to perform the obligation of information network security management. After careful analysis, it will be found that both of these schemes have disadvantages in practical application and it is difficult to reasonably regulate such behaviors.Therefore, it is necessary to make criminal legislation to determine the specific criminal responsibility of the network platform for violating the important obligation of compliance management of data as soon as possible. It is necessary to systematically examine the setting of specific charges according to the principle of constitutional proportionality. First, it is necessary to examine whether the behavior regulation meets the requirements of specific criminal policies and the eligibility conditions of criminal law legal interests with the principle of purposeful legitimacy. The second is to examine whether the illegal act violates the ethics of data responsibility and whether the subject of the act has the status of supervisor guarantor by the principle of necessity of means. The third is to examine whether behavior regulation can effectively avoid the damage of specific legal interests and optimize the benefits of data compliance based on the principle of balance between purpose and effect, and then confirm that legislation should add the crime of violating important data compliance management obligations in the form of intentional omission. Specifically, the crime should be set in the crime of disturbing public order in the first section of Chapter VI of the Specific Provisions of the Criminal Law as Article 286. Moreover, regarding the setting of the constitutive requirements of this crime, three points should be made clear. First, the content of this crime’s obligation includes both important data and core data. Second, the elements of this crime’s result should be considered with the seriousness of the circumstances, instead of setting ordering correction. Moreover, the serious circumstances should be comprehensively judged from the aspects of data security level, damage status and the effectiveness of data compliance plan according to the actual threat of inaction to relevant legal interests. Third, the subjective form of this crime can only be intentional and not negligent. This criminal law regulation scheme can not only comprehensively and effectively regulate the serious behaviors of data processors such as network platforms that violate important data compliance management obligations, but also provide clear applicable guidance for judicial personnel to investigate the legal responsibilities of relevant data processors for violating data compliance management obligations, thus contributing to the substantive, standardized and long-term development of enterprise data criminal compliance.
		2024 Vol. 54 (3): 46-63 [Abstract] ( 4 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 798KB] ( 25 )

	64	Zhao Yiting, Dou Junsheng, You Xialei, Sun Dongliang

		A Review and Cross-level Integrated Analysis of Organizational Resilience Research ^Hot!
		Under the “new normal” that is full of changes and uncertainty, firms’ pursuit of stable development and sustainable operations is increasingly facing formidable challenges. To better understand how firms can withstand shocks and achieve growth in such a turbulent environment, this paper focuses on organizational resilience. Since resilience research involves different disciplines, although it has developed for decades in the field of organization and management, existing literature still fails in reaching a consensus on some basic theoretical issues, such as conceptual dimensions and emergence mechanisms. To advance further research in this domain, this paper, based on a systematic review of 146 articles on organizational resilience within the field of organization and management, provides a clear definition of organizational resilience and distinguishes it from similar concepts to better grasp the unique connotation of this concept. Our systematic review reveals that research on organizational resilience in different disciplines has led to diverse understandings of its essence. Building upon resilience research in ecology and psychology, this paper defines organizational resilience as “the inherent or learned ability of a firm to absorb, respond to, and recover from the internal and external shocks or disruptions, and even to transform them into new growth opportunities”. In addition, this paper analyzes the development trajectory and major theoretical perspectives of resilience research, showing the differences and associations among perspectives from ecology, psychology, sociology, and management within the field of organizational resilience research. Furthermore, this paper explores the influencing factors and mechanisms of organizational resilience at three levels: individual, group, and organization. It emphasizes that the construction of cognitive framework and organization atmosphere constitute important pathways through which individual-level and group-level factors can directly or indirectly impact the organization. Information and knowledge sharing also play an indispensable role in fostering organizational resilience. Incorporating the contingency factors of the emergence of organizational resilience, this paper establishes a cross-level integrated analysis model for organizational resilience research in an attempt to reveal the formation and emergence mechanism of organizational resilience. Finally, this paper suggests possible directions for future research from four aspects: time frame, measurement, cross-level interactions, and contingency factors. This paper makes three contributions to the literature. Firstly, integrating the theories in ecology and psychology, this paper clearly defines the connotation of organizational resilience and points out that organizational resilience includes three core elements: survival, recovery, and growth, laying a theoretical foundation for the subsequent development of accurate measurement tools for organizational resilience. Secondly, this paper analyzes the development and theoretical perspective of organizational resilience research and sketches a relatively complete theoretical map, which helps enhance the overall understanding of the theoretical progress of organizational resilience research. Thirdly, this paper investigates the influencing factors and mechanisms of organizational resilience at the individual, group, and organization levels, and establishes a cross-level linking mechanism, which provides an analytical framework for systematically understanding the micro-foundation and emerging mechanism of organizational resilience as well as a cognitive framework for bridging the gap between current theory and practice.
		2024 Vol. 54 (3): 64-85 [Abstract] ( 3 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 2127KB] ( 20 )

	86	Li Chengqing

		Bi Tie: A Tradition of Literature Incorporating Textuality and Materiality ^Hot!
		Yin Tun was a renowned Confucian scholar and educator during the transitional period of the Northern and Southern Song Dynasties in China. He studied under Cheng Yi and stood out among Cheng Yi’s numerous students for his dull intelligence and exceptional dedication to the virtue of “respect” in rituals. “Calligraphy manuscripts pasted on the wall (bi tie)”, the fifth volume of Yin Tun’s Collected Works of Hejing Yin, preserves certain textual forms of the calligraphy manuscripts from Three Fears Studio (Sanweizhai) and the ink rubbings from stone inscriptions from Linchuan Prefecture Studio (Linchuan Junzhai). The content of bi tie can be quotes or poems from predecessors or personal reflections. Yin’s bi tie is “a handwritten manuscript recording the essentials of the methods of cultivating the mind and regulating qi (intangible nutritive energy circulating in the body)” proposed by previous sages, interspersed with his own occasional commentaries. Its textual form and literature-generating process offers cross reference to “The master’s teachings (Shi shuo)”, thereby revealing the interweaving of textuality and materiality existing in handwritten copies of historical materials. The practice of bi tie has its origin in the culture of admonitions and epigraphs of ancient times and the model of Zi Zhang “writing the Master’s words on the end of his sash” in the Confucian Analects and conforms to the cultural customs of “pasting paper on the wall” in the Song Dynasty. It can be interpreted as the pictorial spatial representation of the Confucian way of cultivating moral character. The underlying function of bi tie is to facilitate people’s grasping of Dao through constantly observing and introspecting. Similar to Wu Cheng’s praise for Zhang Kegong in Discourse on Zhujingtang, in which he admires the placement of essential sayings on the wall, visible day and night, claiming that such dedication is commendable. In terms of generating methods, bi tie encompasses writings, transcriptions, and miscellanies, which can be closely examined in light of the different historical contexts of the Confucian approach to cultivating oneself and teaching others during the Song Dynasty. Along with its institutionalization, the text of bi tie has gradually attained an “awareness of genre”, displaying a stylistic tendency towards inscriptions and maxims. Approaching literary works from the angle of their textual forms, the “archaeology on the paper” that focuses on the material medium proves to be a research method promising abundant possibilities. Although physical documents no longer exist, historical records allow us to faithfully interpret each piece of historical evidence, reconstructing the historical field of ancient document’s generation and representation. It inspires us on how such documents participated in the spiritual and daily lives of ancient individuals.
		2024 Vol. 54 (3): 86-99 [Abstract] ( 7 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 5589KB] ( 13 )

	100	Sheng Yu

		Same Origin but Different Trends: A Comparative Study of Chinese Blue Calico and Japanese Komon ^Hot!
		The technical principles underlying Chinese blue calico and Japanese komon are fundamentally identical. Nevertheless, they manifest divergent stylistic characteristics, encompassing ruggedness and subtlety. Conducted through comprehensive field research and comparative analysis, the investigation revealed distinctions not only in substrates, anti-dyeing pastes, printing, and dyeing techniques, but also in pattern modeling elements, organizational structures, pattern themes, and color selections. These differences collectively contribute to a pronounced disparity in artistic styles between the two. The Chinese blue calico pattern endeavors to establish a harmonious interplay between central and peripheral elements, primary and secondary components. This concerted effort aims at constructing a visual representation imbued with ethical and moral significance, conveying auspicious meanings. Japanese komon never cares about extra meanings, it achieves visual purity from weaker individuality and cluster effect, by refining stylistic elements, attenuating image contrasts, and simplifying organizational structures, to express the object itself. Outwardly, the craftsmen specializing in blue calico and komon have crafted distinct styles through the implementation of technological innovations and a strategic division of labor. In reality, despite the widespread popularity of blue calico in rural areas and the urban development of komon, the two textile forms cater to distinct user demographics. Furthermore, their respective association with different societal classes gives rise to varied consumer needs. To effectively align with the preferences of their target consumers, diverse product types and usage scenarios have been developed, thereby presenting distinctive aesthetic appearances. In terms of technology, during the Song Dynasty, when the process of medicine spot cloth became mature, the processes of brocade, embroidery and Kossu had been perfected and widely accepted by the upper class, while the alkaline anti-dyeing agent of the medicine spot cloth process was harmful to silk, thereby precluding the fabric from achieving high-grade status. Consequently, it found popularity predominantly within the realm of folklore. Because of the stable social structure of rural China, limited spending power of farmers, therefore, there’s no technological impetus. Due to the stable social structure prevailing in rural China and the constrained spending capacity of farmers, a notable absence of technological impetus is observed. During the early years of the Edo period in Japan, the jacquard manufacturing technology was in its nascent stages, lacking the maturity necessary to meet the substantial demand for clothing among the samurai class. Embracing an ethos of “solidity and robustness”, the samurai prioritized functional everyday attire, leading to the codification of a standardized style known as “Kamishimo”. Faced with limited options for embellishing public clothing, the Samurai Society turned to type paste dyeing as a viable alternative. This choice not only fulfilled a practical need but also catalyzed the evolution of a distinctive style known as “Edo komon”. The product gained significant traction among affluent townspeople, leading to an expansion of the consumer base and providing an additional avenue for growth. This momentum was further bolstered by the imposition of restrictions on luxury, thereby presenting the product with a renewed opportunity for advancement. The discerning quality standards upheld by the samurai, coupled with the substantial purchasing power of affluent merchants, compelled craftsmen to undertake technical innovations. This, in turn, elevated the overall standard of craftsmanship associated with komon. Examining the perspective of aesthetic appreciation, Chinese aesthetics underwent a significant influence from Confucianism, contributing to the development of the intertwined notions of beauty and goodness. This influence, coupled with a prevalent image-centric thought paradigm, facilitated a widespread inclination towards auspicious themes within Chinese folklore. Consequently, this inclination manifested in the creation of intricate designs and patterns, constructing an imaginative realm beyond the tangible world. This imaginative world, characterized by visual elements, served as a conduit for expressing aesthetic principles intertwined with collective consciousness, seamlessly integrated into the fabrics of daily life. Individuals derived genuine or imaginative satisfaction from this aesthetic imagination, thereby mitigating existential anxieties and providing solace to the human spirit. The space constrained and frequently calamity-prone geographical setting in Japan has fostered the cultivation of a distinctive aesthetic ethos that places emphasis on nature, prioritizes emotional resonance, and pursues meticulous attention to details. This cultural milieu has also engendered an attitude characterized by a genuine concern for the present and an appreciation for the tangible world. Craftsmen, in adherence to this ethos, exhibit a profound respect and reverence for the inherent value of objects. This reverence is internalized into the guiding principles of craftsmanship, promoting the maximization of utility and the relentless pursuit of perfection. Edo komon, as a manifestation of this ethos, emerges as an art form closely tethered to reality. Often initiated by the observation of evocative details in nature, it adeptly captures and interprets subtle rhythms, resulting in the creation of an elegant and delicately nuanced komon—a testament to the cultural and historical context in which it flourished.
		2024 Vol. 54 (3): 100-111 [Abstract] ( 6 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 7169KB] ( 20 )

	112	Lyu Zhifeng, Zhang Kailu

		A Study of the Explanations of Characters in Unearthed Eastern Han Dynasty Documents and Related Issues ^Hot!
		It is generally acknowledged that the Chinese characters used in unearthed documents can reflect authentic habits of choosing characters and writing of that time, containing important value. Therefore, the researches on the use of Chinese characters in unearthed documents of the Pre-Qin and Han Dynasties have emerged one after another in recent years, and the study of Chinese characters has also become an academic hotspot as well. These researches and studies mainly focus on character use, including investigating and comparing the forms of characters people choose when recording certain words in a certain language.There are many kinds of unearthed documents of the Eastern Han Dynasty, such as bamboo slips, inscriptions, brick inscriptions (characters on bricks, tiles and potteries), Maidiquan (land purchase vouchers for the dead), Zhenmuwen (used to separate the living from the dead, suppress ghosts and make the tomb stable), and so on. So far, many scholars have investigated or studied the use of characters in one material or several materials of unearthed documents of the Eastern Han Dynasty, when it comes to the whole unearthed documents of the Eastern Han Dynasty, however, the number of relevant research has decreased significantly, which reflects that there is still a lack of comprehensive research, systematic investigation and overall study on the use of Chinese characters.It is the center of this dissertation to research the corresponding relationship between characters and words. The relationship between Chinese characters and words is very complicated, not one-to-one correspondence. It refers to the concrete phenomenon that a word can be recorded by multiple glyphs, and a glyph can also record multiple words reversely. Since several phenomena of using characters such as Yiti (variant forms of certain Chinese character), Tongjia (interchangeable words), and Xing’e (incorrect forms of certain character) have been gradually discovered in unearthed Eastern Han Dynasty documents, there is no doubt that a large number of unearthed Eastern Han Dynasty documents reflect the correspondence between characters and words, like other unearthed documents, recording multiple words in one form and multiple forms of one word.Taking the above points into consideration, this dissertation intends to investigate and explain the specific characters/word selection phenomena in unearthed documents of the Eastern Han Dynasty, taking bamboo slips, inscriptions, brick inscriptions, Maidiquan, Zhenmuwen and other written materials in the Eastern Han Dynasty as the research objects. Five characters, including “辟 (bi)”, “皇 (huang)”, “葌 (jian)”, “桃 (tao)”, and “休 (xiu)” are taken as examples to explain the phenomenon of using one glyph to present multiple words, while ｛繫 (ji)｝，｛来 (lai)｝，｛痛（tong)｝，｛默 (mo)｝ and ｛鼓 (gu)｝” are enumerated to illustrate the phenomenon of using multiple characters to record one word.Furthermore, on the basis of a detailed investigation of several groups of characters and words that reveal the correspondence between the two, this dissertation will discuss and generalize four related problems that should be paid attention to in studying the characters chosen and used in unearthed documents of the Eastern Han Dynasty. First, when investigating and studying the use of characters in unearthed documents of the Eastern Han Dynasty, attention should be paid to the accuracy of characters used in interpretation. Due to the different purposes and norms of collation, the explanations of unearthed documents sometimes do not accurately reflect the use of words. So it is better to read the original manuscript. Second, the inter-word relationship between different words should be clarified, because some characters serve as each other and mix up with each other in extant literature. The variation of Chinese character configuration or writing and incorrect forms of characters often lead to the appearance of homographs as well. Third, the synchronic and diachronic use of words should be taken into consideration. The characters used in unearthed Eastern Han Dynasty documents have certain features of the times. Some new characters appeared in these documents. What’s more, some characters can provide the sources of glyphs or serve as examples for some special characters in future generations. Fourth, it is important to pay attention to the differences in the use of characters in literature. There are many kinds of the Eastern Han Dynasty unearthed documents, and different documents may have different habits in the aspect of choosing and using characters. Last but not least, the regional characteristics of the characters used also cannot be ignored. Some documents were discovered in unambiguous regions, thus the characters or words in these documents sometimes have certain regional characteristics. The characters used in dialect words can also be taken into account.In conclusion, this dissertation mainly dedicates to investigating the correspondence between characters and words in the unearthed documents of the Eastern Han Dynasty, by illustrating instances derived from various materials (such as bamboo slips, inscriptions, and so on) in two aspects: using multiple characters to record one word and using one character to record multiple words. Based on the research, it can be concluded that four problems, including accuracy of characters used in interpretation, clarifying the inter-word relationship between different words, the synchronic and diachronic use of words and the literature differences and regional characteristics of the characters.
		2024 Vol. 54 (3): 112-126 [Abstract] ( 6 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 5153KB] ( 20 )

	127	Jing Miaochun

		Development of Irrigation and Water Conservancy and Evolution of the Relationship Between Canals and Lakes: With the Reclamation of Linping Lake During the Tang and Song Dynasties as an Example ^Hot!
		Since the Tang and Song Dynasties, the water system of the Jiangnan Canal has changed from the Shangtang River system to the Xiatang River system. Linping Lake has become a key area for observing the changes of the canal water environment. Examining the sediment and reclamation of Linping Lake and the relationship with the canal within the scope of the historical geography is of great academic value and significance to the understanding of the development of the agricultural water development and the evolution of the Jiangnan Canal in the Taihu Lake Basin. Based on the perspectives of historical geography and environmental history, this paper mainly investigates Linping Lake during the Tang and Song Dynasties. It explores the generation of clear-water ecology in Linping Lake, the process of sediment and reclamation, the mechanism and trends of the changing relationship between the lake and the canal. Through examining the changes of the water and soil environment in Linping Lake， this paper seeks to explore the complex relationship between the development of agricultural water systems and the evolution of the lake-canal relationship in the Taihu Lake Basin in order to understand the environmental changes and humanistic interactions in the Taihu Lake Basin over a long period of time.During the Tang and Song Dynasties, the Jiangnan Canal travelled along the north bank of the Qiantang River to the northeast. This area formed a long narrow dish edge, which was deeply affected by the sediment of the Yangtze River mouth and Hangzhou Bay due to the necessity of navigating through weirs to enter the river. The canal in this region came to be commonly referred to as the Shangtang River.In the northern part of Hangzhou Bay, where numerous lakes were distributed along the highlands along the river, the canal took on a combined form with the lakes. During this period, the farmers in the Taihu Lake area mainly settled in the higher terraces, and the construction of embankments and field enclosures began in the shallow waters of the highlands. As a result, the construction of the canal water network and the development of agricultural water resources were integrated. The fact that the water area of Linping Lake have been maintained for a long time without large-scale reclamation is related to its special accumulation of sediment and the impact of saline water on its soil.After the middle of the Tang Dynasty, as Bai Juyi diverted the clear water from the West Lake to the highlands along the river, a canal-centered water flow regulation system was gradually formed. The clear water along the highlands along the river became increasingly robust. The enhanced clear water was able to inhibit tidal sand from entering the river and farmland, creating an excellent clear-water environment for rice cultivation. The saline soil and water environment of Linping Lake improved, leading to a clear water ecology adapted to the growth of lotus and rice crops. Over time, herbaceous plants that had been congesting Linping Lake for a long time gradually disappeared from the lake. Since then, Linping Lake experienced noticeable sedimentation, and reclamation experienced a process of expanding from shallow water areas to deeper water areas.In the Northern Song Dynasty, the reclamation of Linping Lake was expanded due to the improvement of the saline soil and water environment. However, due to the prioritization of canal transportation, sedimentation and reclamation of Linping Lake were controlled within a certain range during this period. Although there was no obvious embankment dividing the lake from the canal, there was a tendency of complete separation of the canal from Linping Lake. Since the Southern Song Dynasty, affected by the dynamic interaction of clear water and tidal water in the north of Hangzhou Bay, especially as the pattern of clear water inflow into the canal deteriorated, the trend of Linping Lake for transport and irrigation is further obvious. This to a certain extent affects the changes in the lake environment, canal morphology and the system of embankments. With the expansion of the reclamation of Linping Lake, embankments continuously extended into the deep-water area in the lake. As embankments expended, the Linping Lake gradually shrank while the canal system and embankment network differentiated. In order to effectively control the water flow and adjust the water balance between the field and the canal, the authorities constructed the Yonghe Embankment in the lake. This to a certain extent defined the boundary between the canal and embankment regions, temporarily avoiding water disputes but also causing the separation of water flows in the lake area, canal, and embankment regions. The Linping Lake and the canal were completely isolated, and the lake-canal relation underwent a transformation from integration to separation.This paper takes the reclamation of Linping Lake during the Tang and Song Dynasties as a key area for examining the changes in the water environment of the Jiangnan Canal and the development of agricultural water resources. Within the context of historical and natural geography, it examines the sedimentation, reclamation of Linping Lake and the relationship between the lake and the canal. This approach not only examines how the water system of the Jiangnan Canal shifted from the Shangtang River to the Xiatang River, but also contributes to the understanding of the interaction between the development of agricultural water development in the Taihu Lake Basin and the evolution of the Jiangnan Canal.
		2024 Vol. 54 (3): 127-137 [Abstract] ( 6 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 986KB] ( 21 )

	138	Li Cheng

		The Pursuit of Chun (Taste) in Classical Chinese Poetics ^Hot!
		The concept of “Chun (醇)” comes from the early wine-making process in ancient China. Wine is closely related to rituals and music. Because of its thick and unmixed quality, “Chun” has been endowed with the symbolic meaning of richness and maturity in the politics and religion and the orderliness in rituals and music in the context of Confucianism. The concept of “Chun” in Taoism is more manifested as beauty of heaven and earth in the realm of natural aesthetics. In the early aesthetics, “Chun” also has a connotation that refers to the beauty of people’s spiritual temperament. Qu Yuan’s Yuanyou established “Chun” as an aesthetic style in the dimension of people’s individual spiritual temperament.In the late Tang Dynasty, marked by Sikong Tu’s explicit pursuit of “Chun beauty” in poetry creation in, “Chun” began to enter the category of poetic aesthetics. Compared with Sikong Tu’s perceptual aesthetic pursuit of “Chun beauty”, people of the Song Dynasty paid more attention to its inherent richness and discrimination and comparison in the evaluation of poetry. The richness is mainly reflected in the critical discourse. The expressions of “light Chun”, “deep Chun”, “pure Chun” derived from “Chun” were found in the daily writings of the Song Dynasty. The meticulous evaluation is the most typical discussion on the topic of “thickness and thinness of wine”. In the poetic critical discourse of the Song Dynasty, some poets such as Tao Yuanming and Du Fu of the previous dynasty were regarded as models of “Chun”. Going back further, the source is the classic The Book of Songs. The Song Dynasty advocated academic culture, which manifested itself in poetics by emphasizing poets’ inner cultural accomplishment. Only by taking knowledge as the basis for poetry can one reach the realm of “Chun”. Retro style was the main trend of poetic thought in the Ming Dynasty. Retro poetics placed particular emphasis on style and differentiation. “Chun” and the concept derived from it became common terms in retro poetics during the Ming Dynasty to highlight style and sect, as well as to criticize poetry styles. The group of retro poets constructed retro poetics from multiple theoretical levels, and the interpretation of “Chun” is also closely related to retro thought. The poetics of the Qing Dynasty is closely related to social reality and academic atmosphere. “Chun” developed into more diverse levels in the poetic context of the Qing Dynasty. The official discourse deliberately elucidated its Confucian political education implications. Scholars expressed their emphasis on the learning of “Chun” to rebuild elegance and orthodoxy. The Qing Dynasty was an era when poetry creation and poetic theory flourished. When people in the Qing Dynasty studied and discussed poetry, they still regarded “chun” as a typical aesthetic pursuit of classical poetry. When discussing the Tang and Song poetry，the Qing Dynasty often referred to the Tang poetry as “Chun” and praised Tang poetry as elegant and proper. In the Qing Dynasty，the poetry creations of Tao Yuanming and Du Fu were still regarded as models of “Chun”. “Chun” became a specific poetic category bestowed upon scholars by the Qing Dynasty poetics as “Poetry of Scholars”. The use of “Chun” from the process of making wine to discussing poetry is full of its unique interest and evolving diversity in Chinese classical poetics. Through the diachronic description of the interpretation of “Chun” in the important poetics of various generations, we can deeply explore the integration of “Chun” with politics, thought, and academics, thereby presenting the vitality and richness of Chinese classical poetics reflected by “Chun”.
		2024 Vol. 54 (3): 138-149 [Abstract] ( 3 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 1034KB] ( 16 )

	150	Wu Chao

		A Study of the Relationship Between the Newly Unearthed Bronze Artifacts of Zeng State and The Book of Songs: Odes of Shaonan ^Hot!
		The discovery in a large number of unearthed documents associated with Zeng State has recently received extraordinary attention from the academic community. A comprehensive study of the inscriptions on the surfaces of bronze artifacts from Zeng State can further clarify the sources of the written materials and facilitate the exploration of the history and social relations of Zeng State. In particular, the excavation results in Wenfengta cemetery, Yejiashan cemetery, and Zaoshulin cemetery in Suizhou, not only enrich the diversity of archaeological research in Zeng State but also makes up for the lack of the handed-down literature records. Sorting out the inscriptions on bronze artifacts of Zeng State involves using approaches such as analysis of the structure and radical of characters to interpret the characters from three aspects, including their forms, sounds, and meanings. In addition, it can also involve an integrated study on the historical background by comparing unearthed documents and handed-down literatures. Therefore, it is beneficial not only for a more comprehensive archaeological observation of the history of Zeng State but also for further improvement of the study of Western Zhou history. There are extensive written records associated with “the Nangong clan” (南宫氏) in the handed-down literatures. Although there is no mention of “the Southern Duke” (南公), it can be confirmed from many unearthed bronze artifacts such as “Dayu Ding-tripod” (大盂鼎), “Nangong Hu Bell” (南宫乎钟), and “Marquis Yu of Zeng’s chime-bells” (曾侯编钟) that “the Southern Duke” is another name for “Nangong” (南宫). Combined with the newly unearthed bronze artifacts such as “Marquis Yu of Zeng’s chime-bells” and “Duke Qiu of Zeng’s chime-bells” (曾公编钟), as well as related unearthed documents, it can be inferred that “Bo Kuo” (伯括), also known as “Nangong Kuo” (南宫括), was the ancestor of Zeng State. He once assisted King Wen and King Wu of the Zhou dynasty and participated in the war against the Shang dynasty, and the fact can also be proved by “granting sacrificial vessels” (分器) phenomenon in Yejiashan cemetery. The “granting sacrificial vessels” observed in Yejiashan cemetery are mainly wine vessels from the Shang period, and multiple clan-sign inscriptions have been found. From the content of clan-sign inscriptions, it can be seen that these clans had no relationship with Zeng State, such as having the same surname, marriage alliance or union. Furthermore, the unearthed bronze artifacts from Tomb M111 with inscriptions such as “the Southern Duke” and “Taibao” (太保), and the phenomenon of inscribing “Father Yi” (父乙) in the Marquis of Zeng’s bronze vessels provide new evidences for further exploration of the relationship between Zeng State and Zhou royal family, as well as “the Southern Duke” family and “the Shao Duke” (召公) family. This article combines the relevant literature and then finds that there are many similarities between Zeng State and “the Shao Duke” family, such as the use of Riming (names using celestial stems), close relationship with “the Southern States”, and the discovery of a large number of bronze artifacts with similar clan-sign inscriptions. Thus, we will re-explore the issues related to The Book of Songs: Odes of Shaonan and clarify some issues such as “Shaobo” (召伯) is “the Shao Duke Shi” (召公奭), and “South” refers to “the Southern States”. Our research provides new insights for further exploring the relationship between Zeng State and “the Shao Duke”, as well as the origin of bronze artifacts with clan-sign inscriptions. By sorting out the newly unearthed clan-sign inscriptions, it can be inferred that “the Southern Duke” family should have two branches, one serving in the Zhou Dynasty and the other being enfeoffed with lands in Zeng State. Both “the Southern Duke” family and “the Shao Duke” family were stationed in “the Southern States” and had the important task of managing the southern territory. It is highly likely that the bronze Yue (battle axes) with the inscription of “Taibao” unearthed from Tomb M111 of Yejiashan cemetery was gifted to Marquis Li of Zeng by “the Shao Duke”, which provides a basis for further exploration of the relationship between “the Shao Duke” and Zeng State.
		2024 Vol. 54 (3): 150-160 [Abstract] ( 7 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 1797KB] ( 19 )

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