JOURNAL OF ZHEJIANG UNIVERSITY (HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES)

浙江大学学报(人文社会科学版)


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	Latest Printed Issue
	2025, Vol.55 Num.12
	Online: 2026-03-13

	Article

Article

	5	Wang Guiguo, He Zhipeng, Zhao Jianwen, Xu Quan, Zhao Xu, Zhao Jun, Luo Guoqiang, Ma Zhongfa

		A Discussion on the Right to Development in International Law ^Hot!
		As a pivotal international legal issue, the right to development is an inalienable human right entitling individuals and peoples to participate in, contribute to, and enjoy holistic development. The theoretical basis of the right to development originates from the definition of rights and obligations in natural law. After World War Ⅱ, it evolved from a de jure right to a legally recognized right. Its scope encompasses economic, social, cultural, environmental, and digital development. Its core content includes ensuring the equal participation of all peoples, as well as promoting and sharing in the fruits of development. Its implementation requires the positive interaction between international and domestic rule of law as the fundamental path way. By aligning rules, complementing functions, and innovating mechanisms, it aims to address global challenges such as barriers to technology transfer and the digital divide. To promote the realization of the right to development , the international community must uphold the principles of sovereign equality and common but differentiated responsibilities, while also strengthening international cooperation to promote the transformation of the global governance system toward greater fairness and inclusiveness. Furthermore, the right to development resonates with traditional Chinese cultural values and is empowered by platforms like the Belt and Road Initiative. Ultimately, refining the international legal framework must prioritize standardized tech transfer and equitable opportunities to solidify the institutional basis for global sustainable development.
		2025 Vol. 55 (12): 5-34 [Abstract] ( 0 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 1003KB] ( 0 )

	35	Zhong Jia, Huang Huikang

		Enhancing the Construction of Foreign-related Legal Systems and Mechanisms for Free Trade Zones (Ports) ^Hot!
		High-quality development and high-standard opening-up are the primary tasks in the drive toward Chinese modernization. As the world’s most advanced form of institutional opening-up today, Free Trade Zones (FTZs) and Free Trade Ports (FTPs) of China embody the deployment of the country’s major development strategies. The foreign-related rule of law embodies the core competitiveness of a country engaging in international rivalry, providing crucial legal services and guarantees for the high-quality development of free trade zones (ports). Centering on the core task of establishing a foreign-related rule of law system and capacity compatible with the requirements of high-standard opening-up, this study systematically reviews the development trajectory of China’s Pilot Free Trade Zones (CFTZs)—from their groundbreaking launch in Shanghai to comprehensive expansion across coastal, inland and border regions—as well as the institutional design and customs clearance operation practices of Hainan Free Trade Port (HNFP) as an upgraded model. It further elucidates the core role of CFTZs in advancing institutional innovation, aligning with high-standard international economic and trade rules, and facilitating trade and investment liberalization and facilitation.At present, the construction of FTZs and FTPs has put in place a legal framework anchored in the Hainan Free Trade Port Law and underpinned by a suite of policy documents, and generated a portfolio of replicable and promotable institutional outcomes in critical domains including investment governance, trade supervision and financial opening. However, in practice, there are still prominent challenges in the implementation of policies and laws, specifically manifested as the authorization dilemma arising from the misaligned distribution of administrative and legislative competences between the central and local authorities, the alignment impasse caused by the lack of coherence between domestic regulatory regimes and high-standard international rules, and the safeguarding difficulty due to the inconsistency between legal guarantees and the reform process. These issues have hindered the comprehensive construction of a world-class business environment underpinned by marketization, the rule of law and internationalization.To overcome the aforementioned challenges, it is essential to adopt a dual-driven approach of “reform and the rule of law” as the fundamental pathway, with coordinated efforts focused on three dimensions. First, it is imperative to optimize the domestic legal framework for authorization by refining central authorization and enhancing the legislative empowerment of local governments to rationalize the division of administrative and legislative authorities between the central and local tiers. Second, it is necessary to proactively benchmark against and integrate high-standard international economic and trade rules (e.g., the CPTPP and DEPA), and draw upon globally recognized business environment assessment systems to develop a world-class evaluation criteria system for business environments with Chinese characteristics. Third, it is of vital importance to expedite the fundamental transition from policy-oriented governance to rule-of-law governance, to construct a systematic, comprehensive, transparent, stable and predictable legal and regulatory regime for China’s FTZs and FTPs and to reinforce risk prevention and control mechanisms, and in particular, fortify the security bottom line in critical domains including cross-border data transfers, financial liberalization, and public health governance.The foreign-related rule of law in China’s FTZs and FTPs constitutes an integral part of the nation’s foreign-related rule of law framework. Its construction efficacy bears a direct correlation with both the depth of high-standard opening-up and the security of such opening-up initiatives. In the future, it is imperative to uphold institutional innovation as the core tenet, harmonize domestic rule of law with foreign-related rule of law, deepen institutional opening-up along the path of rule of law, provide solid legal safeguards for the execution of FTZ and FTP upgrading strategies, and contribute to the establishment of an advanced and comprehensively new open economic system.
		2025 Vol. 55 (12): 35-49 [Abstract] ( 0 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 740KB] ( 0 )

	50	Chen Hao

		Innovation Culture and Its Epochal Evolution from the Perspective of Marxism ^Hot!
		Abundant historical experiences indicate that the emergence of significant scientific and technological innovations is inseparable from the support of innovation culture. However, existing research predominantly views innovation as an endogenous transformation within economic systems, with few studies from the perspective of Marxist political economy. As innovation increasingly propels social development, yet the systemic risks associated with disruptive innovations escalate, it is imperative to grasp innovative activities as the process of objectifying human’s essential power through Marx’s labor theory, and profoundly connect innovation with the comprehensive development of humanity.Labor, as the cornerstone of Marxist doctrine, fundamentally determines the practical nature of innovation. We should grasp innovation as an advanced form of labor. Practice constitutes both the source and developmental impetus of innovation, as well as the sole criterion for verifying the truth. From the perspective of the development of productive forces, innovation is a spiral ascent process of upward development that “originates from practice and returns to practice”. New concepts, technologies, or institutions emerge from the conflicts of old contradictions, yet simultaneously engender new contradictions, thereby accumulating forces for subsequent innovations. From the perspective of the development of production relations, innovative activities evolve in tandem with the restructuring of production relations, necessitating their integration with institutional elements, such as ownership forms and division of labor models. From the perspective of laborer development, the foundation of innovation lies in species-being characteristics of humans, while individuals also face the risk of losing their free and conscious nature due to innovation-induced alienation. Constructing an innovation culture for the new era must adhere to the fundamental principles of Marxist view on innovation.Human beings are shaped by ideas, and all the practical activities, including innovation, are under the influence of culture. From the Marxist perspective, innovative culture refers to the ideology formed by humanity based on innovative practices, which influences and guides innovative processes, along with its corresponding institutional frameworks. It is characterized by materialism, subjectivity, class nature, and normativity. First, as a value system guiding innovation, innovation culture aims to answer the question of “innovation for whom”. The innovation culture of the proletariat points towards Marx’s goal of the free association of people. Second, innovation culture serves as a spiritual force that stimulates creativity, aiming to address the question: “how is innovation born?” It has the power to shape an individual’s subjectivity, enabling innovators to become conscious, autonomous and self-directed beings, allowing them to remain persistently focused on their innovative endeavors. Third, as a superstructure that organizes and reconciles complex contradictions, innovation culture aims to address the question: “how is innovation organized?” Innovation results from the action of general social knowledge rather than individual knowledge. The possibility and efficiency of innovation are conditioned by various social relations. Fourth, as an ideology that regulates innovation, innovation culture aims to address the question: “how to achieve innovation with enduring value?” It enables innovative behaviors to transcend mere economic and instrumental rationality and avoid short-sighted actions.Throughout long-term development, China and the West have cultivated distinct innovation cultures. Chinese traditional culture contains many elements conducive to innovation, such as the emphasis on the idea of Great Harmony, holistic worldview, dialectical thinking, and truth-seeking spirit. The West, on the other hand, prioritizes a free and purely academic atmosphere, an open and inclusive pluralistic framework, and the well-developed market mechanism, and etc. Looking ahead, we must steadfastly adhere to the worldview and methodology of Marxism, integrating the global vision with Chinese conditions and its fine traditional culture. Drawing on Marx’s view of innovation and culture, we should embrace a spirit of inclusivity, upholding integrity while innovating, further fostering a cultural pursuit that is deeply rooted in Chinese history, people-centered, truth-seeking, and open-source. This will ensure that scientific and technological innovation is grounded in national conditions and tradition. We must further establish a human-centered pursuit based on the subjectivity of innovation culture, guiding technology towards ethical application, bringing education back to the essence of life and enhancing the respect for innovators. We must further establish a truth-seeking pursuit based on the materialist nature of innovation culture, maintaining the dual focus of aiming higher while keeping feet firmly on the ground. We must further establish an open-source pursuit based on the normative nature of innovation culture, promoting the contradictory movement of productivity and production relations towards a higher level through innovation. In doing so, we can truly unleash the innovative momentum of a socialist country and ultimately enable innovation activities to serve the lofty goals of all-round development and liberation of mankind.
		2025 Vol. 55 (12): 50-61 [Abstract] ( 0 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 699KB] ( 0 )

	62	Niu Guanjie, Feng Haoran

		Response to the Dual Crises in Official Administration and Finance: Ji Zhichang and the Political Landscape of the Daoguang and Xianfeng Eras ^Hot!
		The Daoguang reign period is not only the starting point of modern Chinese history but also a turning point at which the Qing Dynasty began to decline from its prosperity. Among the series of crises faced by the Qing court, issues related to official governance and finance were particularly prominent. However, previous case studies that explored the crises during the Daoguang reign mostly adopted the approach of specialized historical research on finance or politics. The previous studies have rarely regarded these crises as an integrated feature of the historical evolution of the Qing Dynasty. The experience of Ji Zhichang may serve as a case.The foundation for Ji Zhichang’s smooth early official career stemmed from Emperor Daoguang’s appreciation of his literary talents as well as favor from Mu Zhang’a, a Grand Councilor at that time. With these, Ji’s official career entered a rapid ascent, climbing swiftly through the ranks. In the late years of his reign, Emperor Daoguang followed the principle that governing the law should prioritize governing people. He pinned his hopes on promoting a group of “capable officials” to foster beneficial reforms, eliminate malpractices, and transform the prevailing social ethos. However, the main body of this group of “capable officials” selected by Emperor Daoguang were still the officials who had used literature as the steppingstone to their official careers, and these were precisely the kind of officials that he had preferred to appoint in the past. Judging from the practical actions and outcomes of the financial rectification carried out by these “literarily accomplished” officials in fiscal reorganization, the practical abilities of most of them are limited, which proved insufficient to resolve the fiscal predicaments of the Daoguang reign. This precisely reflects the civil bureaucracy of the Daoguang reign, which lacks capable personnel and is rife with institutional decay. However, they at least put forward plans for rectifying the official governance and finance, which fulfilled Emperor Daoguang’s aspiration to reverse the prevailing ethos. As a result, they won the favor and promotion from Emperor Daoguang. Ji Zhichang was a representative figure among them.During the transition from the Daoguang reign to the Xianfeng reign, significant adjustments took place in the power structure of the central government of the Qing Dynasty. Mu Zhang’a and Qi Ying were dismissed from their positions, while such figures as Qi Junzao and Du Shoutian became important ministers in the new regime. This adjustment not only involved the reckoning of the political responsibilities for the Opium War in the previous reign but also signified that the Qing Dynasty’s attitude towards foreign affairs began to change after the transition from the Daoguang reign to the Xianfeng reign. Like his father, Emperor Xianfeng also attributed the root cause of the difficulties to the problem of official governance. In the late years of the Daoguang reign, although the capable officials who were promoted and appointed to high-level positions had connections with Mu Zhang’a and others, Emperor Xianfeng’s fundamental strategy was not to deal with the so-called “Mu Zhang’a’s faction”. Instead, he aimed to establish a new diplomatic stance and officialdom atmosphere through personnel changes. Therefore, even Ji Zhichang, who had a close relationship with Mu Zhang’a, was not dismissed from his post by Emperor Xianfeng. Instead, he was appointed as a local governor—a move intended to observe his future performance.After ascending the throne, Emperor Xianfeng’s high-level personnel adjustments, which aimed to “employ the virtuous and expel the evil”, failed to address the root cause of corruption in the officialdom. With the outbreak of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom revolution, a new round of financial crisis thoroughly laid bare the institutional flaws within the Qing Dynasty to the ruling class. This group of “capable officials” who were renowned for their “diligence and prudence” as well as “literary talents” found themselves at a loss in the face of the new situation. The fundamental reason why Ji Zhichang retired from his post as the governor of Fujian and Zhejiang was that he failed to cope with the social and economic crisis in these areas.
		2025 Vol. 55 (12): 62-75 [Abstract] ( 0 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 859KB] ( 0 )

	76	Zhuang Xuanpu

		Which Form of the Argument from Moral Disagreement Could Pose a Challenge to Moral Realism ^Hot!
		Non-naturalistic moral realism holds a strong position on moral objectivity: it maintains that some of our moral judgments are true, and the moral facts that render these judgments true are independent of human stances or conceptions. This viewpoint aligns with everyday moral intuitions. However, critics like John Mackie argue that if moral realism holds, it becomes difficult to explain the widespread and profound moral disagreements observed in human life. This critique, known as the “argument from moral disagreement”, challenges moral realism based on the understanding of moral disagreement.In response, from the perspective of some moral realists, such as Russ Shafer-Landau and David Enoch, who uphold moral objectivity, contend that the argument from moral disagreement is difficult to sustain. They argue that the actual moral disagreements can be explained within the framework of moral realism: the factors shaping moral judgment are inherently complex, leading individuals to inevitably harbor cognitive biases and limitations—key drivers of such disagreements. From this perspective, moral disagreements arise due to cognitive deficiencies. Moral realists maintain that if humans had sufficient cognitive capacities and access to all relevant evidence, these moral disagreements would dissipate through cognitive advance. Anti-realists, however, counter that even under ideal cognitive conditions, moral disagreements remain conceivable and cannot be eliminated through cognitive advances. Yet, realists reject the possibility of such disagreements under ideal conditions, asserting that arguments from the ideal moral disagreements are inherently based on anti-realist assumptions. This, they argue, leads to the fallacy of “begging the question”. Besides, other arguments from moral disagreement rely on work in moral semantics or other fields, which are actually irrelevant to moral disagreement.By introducing the concept of “peer disagreement”, the question-begging issue of whether moral disagreements exist can be transformed into a question of understanding ideal moral disagreements. Peer disagreement refers to a situation where both parties have equal access to relevant evidence and are free from cognitive deficiencies. According to moral realism, moral disagreements should have rational resolutions. Evaluating these rational solutions requires a thorough understanding of how judgment differences arise. In the context of ideal moral disagreements, explanations offered by anti-realists appear more credible than those provided by realists. This suggests that it is more plausible to hold that moral realism cannot offer a realistic and rational resolution to peer disagreements. Unlike other fields commonly regarded as objective, morality presents a multitude of issues that remain subject to rational disagreements. This lends credence to the view that moral judgments are more plausibly explained by anti-realist theories—such as those emphasizing stances, emotions, and cultural influences—than by appeals to objective moral facts. Ultimately, the anti-realist position, which denies the existence of objective and independent moral facts, is comparatively more credible. In summary, compared to the meta-ethical framework of anti-realism, moral realists struggle to provide a convincing explanation for the emergence of ideal moral disagreements. This places a heavier burden of justification on moral realism in addressing the issue of moral disagreement.Moral disagreement is a significant moral phenomenon a moral theory that cannot adequately account for the pervasive and profound moral disagreements is hardly plausible. The argument from moral disagreement presented here, framed through the lens of peer disagreement, avoids the fallacy of begging the question. Simultaneously, it offers a critical challenge to moral realism by focusing on the very phenomenon of moral disagreement.
		2025 Vol. 55 (12): 76-88 [Abstract] ( 0 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 705KB] ( 0 )

	89	Lu Xinyu

		On Ideality and Historicity in Baudrillard’s Concept of Simulation: Toward a Post-metaphysical Aesthetic Vision ^Hot!
		Baudrillard’s concept of simulation originates from his philosophizing of its counterparts such as “simulating” or “simulator” in the technological context. With Borge’s fable of the map, he reveals that the concept of simulation breaks through the traditional dichotomies between the real and the fictional, reality and imagination, and thereby demonstrates a possibility of hyper-reality. The structure of “hyper-”, drawing on its Greek sense of “transcending” or “trespassing”, transcends the traditional concept of mimesis (μ?μησι?) , allowing the simulacrum to assert its autonomy against the original text. From this post-modern aesthetic perspective, Baudrillard posits a foundational change triggered by digital technologies, in which artificial representation gradually acquires an ontological status that is independent of natural representations and becomes a totally new ground for the human life-world. Here, the aesthetic thinking demonstrates a capacity for critical reflection on technological modernity. In the realm of popular culture, Baudrillard’s aesthetic reflection is embodied in various sci-fi works. However, in Baudrillard’s context, the introduction of aesthetic vision is not merely a decorative or external addition to theoretical thought. Rather, it is deeply rooted in the vital construction of the concept of simulation, serving as a form of aisthesis or aesthetics within a postmetaphysical horizon. In the scope of post-metaphysical aesthetics, Baudrillard’s concept of simulation provides an ontologically grounded theoretical scope for the historical analysis of digital modernity, which entails an inner unity between ideality and historicity. With regard to its ideality, it is essentially a semiotic variation of Nietzschean nihilism. According to Heidegger’s interpretation, Nietzschean nihilism represents the end of Western metaphysics, which is essentially the invalidation of the division between the sensible and the non-sensible. Baudrillard reconstructs this theme on the layer of semiotics by blurring the boundary between reality and simulacrum. With regard to the historicity of simulation, its prospective analysis of post-modernity is grounded in a retrospective reflection of early development in digital technology, and it follows McLuhan’s theory of implosion to capture how digital technology changes human cognition. Thus, Baudrillard extends the structural connection between technology and history to the layer of ontology, and thereby shapes a synthesis between ideality and historicity within the concept of simulation. It is exactly with this synthesis that Baudrillard’s concept of simulation demonstrates a post-metaphysical vision of aesthetics, which in his late terminology is expressed as “trans-aesthetics”. In the vision of trans-aesthetics, the concept of simulation is a meta-narrative of digital modernity.
		2025 Vol. 55 (12): 89-99 [Abstract] ( 0 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 784KB] ( 0 )

	100	Qian Zesen, Yuan Lingran, Huang Zuhui

		The Impact of Long-term Extreme Heat Risk on the Formation of Farmers’ Cooperatives ^Hot!
		Against the backdrop of intensifying global climate change, gaining a in-depth understanding of how climate change affects farmers’ production behavior—particularly their cooperative production practices—is of great significance for constructing a modern, climate-resilient agricultural governance system. While numerous studies have explored the impact of climate change on the emergence of sedentary agricultural civilizations, the diffusion of agricultural technologies as well as various socio-economic development variables, few have focused on how climate change, especially long-term climate risks, influences cooperative production among farmers and innovations in agricultural organizational structures. In fact, the emergence and development of farmer cooperatives—representing both collaborative production and organizational innovation—has served as a critical force, alongside sedentary agriculture and technological advancement, in propelling Chinese agricultural civilization into a new era. This raises important questions: Could climate change, particularly long-term climatic risks, similarly stimulate cooperative behavior among farmers and thus foster the emergence and growth of agricultural cooperatives, just as it historically facilitated the formation of agricultural civilizations and the spread of technology? What challenges may arise in this process? And how might this developmental pathway be refined and optimized? These are questions largely overlooked by existing research.Drawing on near-complete industrial and commercial registration data of Chinese farmer cooperatives from 2007 to 2020, along with long-term climate observation data, this study analyzes these issues by taking prolonged high-temperature risk as an example. Employing the moving average model, the findings reveal that prolonged exposure to high temperature significantly fosters the establishment of farmer cooperatives. Specifically, each additional day of annual high-temperature exposure over the past two decades is associated with a 14.0% increase in the number of cooperatives per capita. Heterogeneity analysis shows that this effect is more pronounced in regions with lower levels of marketization, suggesting that cooperatives may suffer from relatively weak market competitiveness. In highly marketized regions, intense competition may limit the climate-induced formation of cooperatives. Mechanism analysis further indicates that prolonged heat risk increases farmers’ collaborative needs in areas such as agricultural machinery investment, while promoting large-scale land operations—both of which contribute to cooperative formation. Further analysis shows that while long-term extreme heat risk promotes the formation of farmers’ cooperatives, it also reduces the size and performance of farmers’ cooperatives, and that improving the identification of shell cooperatives, clearing them in a timely manner and reducing subsidies to them can effectively mitigate the negative impact of long-term extreme heat risk.The innovation of this study lies in the following three aspects. First, it offers empirical evidence on the impact of long-term heat risk on cooperative formation—a novel perspective compared to existing literature, which often focuses on formal or informal institutions as drivers of cooperative development. Second, analyzing from a long-term climate change perspective serves as a crucial complement to the short-term climate shock viewpoints in the existing literature. Although a growing body of literature has begun exploring long-term adaptation in agriculture, few studies investigate how sustained climatic changes shape regional agricultural practices. This paper introduces a new metric—regional long-term heat risk based on extreme temperature data—to explore its influence on agricultural management models, thereby enhancing our understanding of farmers’ adaptive behaviors in the face of prolonged climate change. Third, by comprehensively evaluating the quantitative and qualitative effects of long-term heat risk on cooperative development, this study provides a foundation for policy design aimed at enhancing climate resilience in agriculture. These insights are critical for advancing climate adaptation strategies, optimizing support mechanisms, and cultivating a modern climate-resilient agricultural system.
		2025 Vol. 55 (12): 100-121 [Abstract] ( 0 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 914KB] ( 0 )

	122	Shang Shengyang

		One Aspect of the Development of Educational Administrative System in the Early Period of the Republic of China: A Study Centering on Peking Academic Affairs Bureau ^Hot!
		After the establishment of the Republic of China, the new regime was confronted with the challenge of the political integration. In this context, Peking Academic Affairs Bureau emerged as a key platform for the government to spread knowledge and construct it authority, as well as an important lens through which to observe the evolution of the educational administrative system in the early period of the Republic of China. Previous studies focused on the Ministry of Education, but paid little attention to Peking Academic Affairs Bureau. Based on the background of the political development of the Republic of China, this paper sorts out the institutional changes, personnel disputes and the relationship between Peking Academic Affairs Bureau and various forces, conducting an in-depth study of some problems encountered by Peking Academic Affairs Bureau in the system design, system operation and authority construction, which serves as a starting point to discuss the difficulties and influencing factors encountered in the development of educational institutions in the early period of the Republic of China. So the paper is expected to enhance the understanding of the logic of the educational administrative system and political trend of the Republic of China.In the early Republic of China, the Northern Warlord government set up Peking Academic Affairs Bureau to take charge of primary and secondary education in the capital, eliminate the educational privileges of Manchu and Mongolian nobles, strengthen the local education management of the capital, shape the republican memory and national identity, and highlight the institutional logic of republican education administration. During the May 4th Movement, the conflicts between the old and the new forces, the entanglement between Anfu Clique and the local elite, the warlord politics and other factors profoundly affected the status of Peking Academic Affairs Bureau, which was the reflection of the deviation of the political development concept of the Northern Warlord government in the educational administrative system. No matter the disassociation between Peking Academic Affairs Bureau’s Director and the school strike action, the dispute over the ownership of local education rights, or the cabinet turmoil caused by Peking Academic Affairs Bureau, it was the different political cognition of different political subjects that led to the alienation of the development of education administration in the capital, and made the educational system planning of the Northern Warlord government constantly deviate from the fundamental purpose of the education development of the Republic of China-strengthening the republican system and political identity.In the post-May Fourth period, Peking Academic Affairs Bureau encountered strong resistance from the academic circles in handling the Peking Normal School storm and the Hebei education circle’s power expansion, and both political and academic parties in the game moved towards egoism. Whether the academic community engages in politics by culture, or the educational institutions seek to transform culture by politics, factional disputes cannot be avoided at the practical level, and a benign power distribution mechanism and cultural communication channels cannot be formed in the interaction, and the lack of correct common political principles has a great negative impact on the educational administrative system.At the end of the Northern Warlord government, the struggle between the Peking and Baoding once became fierce. After that, with the prevalence of nationalism, the Manchurian Warlord strengthened its control over the educational administration as never before, and the disputes between the two groups were eliminated by the highly centralized system, but the Northern Warlord regime soon came to an end. The conflict between the two groups of Peking and Baoding is an important aspect of the conflict in the capital education sector, and its process also shows how the government integrates the forces of education sector under the continuous loss of political authority in the Northern Warlord government. It can be seen that whether the government is based on the parliament or puts the state first, the government has failed to achieve effective political integration of the education sector.
		2025 Vol. 55 (12): 122-137 [Abstract] ( 0 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 795KB] ( 0 )

	138	Wang Congcong, Zeng Daozhi, Zhu Xiwei

		Variable Elasticity of Substitution Utility Function: Literature Review and Its Application ^Hot!
		Nowadays, Chinese economy enters into a new stage of high-quality development. Consumption plays an important supporting role of building a new development diagram. Previous studies have systematically explained the importance of consumption from the perspective of influencing factors at the macro level as well as its overall effects. However, there has been little research on heterogeneous consumption behaviors. In a long time period, researchers are inclined to use Constant Elasticity of Substitution (CES) utility function to describe consumers’ behaviors. Since it assumes that the elasticity of substitution between any two varieties is constant, an increase in a consumer’s consumption of one product does not affect his preference for other products, and thus the transformation and upgrading of the consumption caused by an increase in income can not be explored.In order to fill the inefficiency of CES utility function, foreign researchers revised the assumptions and proposed Variable Elasticity of Substitution (VES) utility function. Such utility functions can not only describe consumers’ preference of “love for variety”, but also reflect the variable mark-ups in equilibrium. The pro-competitive effect provides new ideas for analyzing resource allocation, welfare gains from trade, and structural transformation. Unfortunately, existing literature has not reached a consensus on establishing a unified analytical framework covering various types of VES utility functions. In terms of research methods, it is still mainly about developing different types of VES utility functions. Thus, understanding the characteristics and applications of mainstream VES utility functions not only provides a reference for expanding the discussion on VES utility functions from specific to broad contexts, but also lays the groundwork for future research in this area.Therefore, this paper firstly reviews the theoretical evolutions of the VES utility function. By comparing the mechanisms difference between the VES and the CES utility from consumer preference, firm behavior, and welfare analysis, it further generalizes the types and features of mainstream VES utility function. Then, this paper introduces the latest research and summarizes their results from the perspective of resource allocation, welfare gains from trade, and structural transformation. In addition, this paper returns to the research question of consumption and discusses the advantages of using VES utility functions in terms of its income effect and pro-competitive effect to analyze consumption upgrading and diversification. Finally, this paper prospects the directions for future research: establishing a multi-regional and multi-sectoral research framework with VES utility functions to explore the impacts of new types of consumption such as green consumption; building a dynamic framework to study consumption behavior and explore the mechanism of variable elasticity of substitution in a long-term session.The innovation of this paper involves the following two aspects on the one hand, this paper collects and summarizes the viewpoints of VES utility function and points out its theoretical evolution progress and research question expansions; on the other hand, considering the decision: “accelerating the development of a complete system of domestic demand and improving the long-term mechanism for expanding consumption”, this paper analyzes the advantages of using VES utility functions to investigate the upgrading and diversification of consumption, which further provides theoretical insights for exploring such research questions as consumption inequality.
		2025 Vol. 55 (12): 138-148 [Abstract] ( 0 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 726KB] ( 0 )

	149	Zhang Wei, Cheng Yuanyuan, Fan Liangcong

		On the Selection and Design of Data Governance Rules: From the Perspective of Integrating Cost-Benefit Analysis and the Proportionality Principle ^Hot!
		The proper construction of data governance rules is the institutional guarantee for the full implementation of the Digital China strategy. However, intense debates persist regarding their design, centering on how rule construction should respond to the characteristics of data while balancing multiple value objectives. By integrating cost-benefit analysis from economics with the proportionality principle from legal studies, this paper proposes a general framework for rule selection. The framework asserts that rule selection should meet three criteria: direct performance, indirect performance, and overall performance-to achieve an alignment between governance rules and governance needs under value guidance. Within this framework, rule selection can be transformed into the following three progressively rigorous test steps after identifying legitimate objectives: first, testing the degree of alignment between candidate rules and the governance objectives, with the core consideration being whether the selected rule matches the governance structure of the governed object; second, testing whether the candidate rules that pass the first stage minimize the harm among all possible rules, with the core consideration being whether the overall governance costs of the selected rule are the lowest; finally, testing whether the welfare gained by the candidate rules that pass the second stage are proportional to the harm caused, with the core consideration being whether the benefits brought by the selected rule outweigh its costs. In the context of data governance, this framework necessitates distinguishing between data production and data provision, with the focus on promoting data provision. It involves examining whether candidate rules can meet the governance needs of facilitating data provision in terms of effectiveness, while comparing their formulation, implementation, and operational costs. The aim is to identify rules that can balance the triple objectives of fairness, efficiency, and security at a relatively low cost. By analyzing the relationships between delimitation of rights, search, bargaining, security, and provision, the critical requirements of data governance are identified. Guided by the value objectives established in current law and based on the constructed general framework for rule selection, a general framework for rule selection is constructed. This framework distinguishes between non-public data and public data to conduct a comparative performance analysis of various governance rules. For non-public data governance, a path should be established that prioritizes regulatory rules, relies primarily on liability rules, and permits limited application of property rules. For public data governance, a path should be established that focuses on free-access rules, supplements them with price-regulation rules, and allows limited application of licensing rules. When discussing governance rules for emerging phenomena within a mature rule system, the core consideration should focus on adjusting governance rules to align them with governance objectives and needs in a proportionate manner. Therefore, research should neither be confined to the interpretive application of existing legal norms, nor should it simplistically force new concepts into existing legal frameworks. Instead, greater emphasis should be placed on integrating economic analysis with normative analysis. After establishing general criteria for rule selection, the path of rule adjustment under value guidance should be explored. Only in this way can the designed rules both conform to the existing legal system, achieving formal legitimacy, and adapt to the operational logic of the governed objects, meeting the developmental needs of the economy and society, thereby possessing substantive legitimacy.
		2025 Vol. 55 (12): 149-167 [Abstract] ( 0 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 801KB] ( 0 )

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