Please wait a minute...
浙江大学学报(理学版)  2023, Vol. 50 Issue (4): 442-454    DOI: 10.3785/j.issn.1008-9497.2023.04.008
数学与计算机科学     
基于BEMD、DCT和SVD的混合图像水印算法
谭晓东1,赵奇2,文明珠1,王小超1()
1.天津工业大学 数学科学学院,天津 300387
2.中国科学技术大学 先进技术研究院,安徽 合肥 230088
A hybrid image watermarking algorithm based on BEMD,DCT and SVD
Xiaodong TAN1,Qi ZHAO2,Mingzhu WEN1,Xiaochao WANG1()
1.School of Mathematical Science,Tiangong University,Tianjin 300387,China
2.Institute of Advanced Technology,University of Science and Technology of China,Hefei 230088,China
 全文: PDF(3940 KB)   HTML( 3 )
摘要:

水印的不可见性和算法的鲁棒性是图像版权保护领域关注的重要问题,然而大多数算法不能很好地平衡二者的关系。为此,提出了一种基于二维经验模态分解(BEMD)、离散余弦变换(DCT)和奇异值分解(SVD)的不可见性高、鲁棒性强的混合图像水印算法。首先,对水印图像采用Arnold置乱,增强算法的安全性,并对置乱后的水印图像进行二维DCT。然后,对宿主图像进行BEMD,得到有限个尺度不同的内蕴模态函数(IMF)及余量,选择与宿主图像相关性较低的IMF执行二维DCT,根据水印的大小对其进行不重叠分块,分别对每个分块图像以及经DCT的水印图像执行SVD。最后,根据自适应最优嵌入准则确定水印嵌入强度,并将水印嵌入每个分块,以增强算法的容错性。大量实验以及与现有算法的对比表明,所提算法不仅具有抵抗大尺度攻击的鲁棒性,而且具有较高的不可见性。

关键词: 二维经验模态分解(BEMD)离散余弦变换(DCT)奇异值分解(SVD)重复嵌入鲁棒性    
Abstract:

The invisibility of watermark and robustness of watermarking algorithms are important issues of concern in the field of image copyright protection, however, most algorithms cannot balance well the relationship between the two. Therefore, a hybrid image watermarking algorithm with high invisibility and robustness based on bi-dimensional empirical mode decomposition (BEMD), discrete cosine transform (DCT) and singular value decomposition (SVD) is proposed in this paper. The watermark image is firstly decomposed by Arnold scrambling and 2D-DCT, and then the host image is decomposed by BEMD to obtain a finite number of different scale intrinsic mode functions and residue. The first intrinsic modal function (IMF1) with low correlation with the host image is selected to perform 2D-DCT, and it is divided into non-overlapping blocks according to the size of the watermark. Then, SVD is performed on the image of each block and the watermarked image after DCT. Finally, the watermark embedding strength is determined and the watermark is repeatedly embedded into each chunk according to the adaptive optimal embedding criterion, which effectively enhances the fault tolerance of the algorithm. Extensive experiments and comparisons with existing algorithms show that the proposed watermarking algorithm not only ensures the robustness of the algorithm against large scale attacks, but also improves the invisibility of the algorithm.

Key words: bi-dimensional empirical mode decomposition (BEMD)    discrete cosine transform (DCT)    singular value decomposition (SVD)    repeat embedding    robustness
收稿日期: 2022-07-01 出版日期: 2023-07-17
CLC:  TP 391  
基金资助: 浙江大学CAD&CG国家重点实验室开放课题(A2105);天津市高等学校基本科研业务费项目(2018KJ222)
通讯作者: 王小超     E-mail: wangxiaochao18@163.com
作者简介: 谭晓东(1997—),ORCID:https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1520-8395,男,硕士研究生,CCF学生会员,主要从事图像处理等研究.
服务  
把本文推荐给朋友
加入引用管理器
E-mail Alert
RSS
作者相关文章  
谭晓东
赵奇
文明珠
王小超

引用本文:

谭晓东,赵奇,文明珠,王小超. 基于BEMD、DCT和SVD的混合图像水印算法[J]. 浙江大学学报(理学版), 2023, 50(4): 442-454.

Xiaodong TAN,Qi ZHAO,Mingzhu WEN,Xiaochao WANG. A hybrid image watermarking algorithm based on BEMD,DCT and SVD. Journal of Zhejiang University (Science Edition), 2023, 50(4): 442-454.

链接本文:

https://www.zjujournals.com/sci/CN/10.3785/j.issn.1008-9497.2023.04.008        https://www.zjujournals.com/sci/CN/Y2023/V50/I4/442

图1  水印Arnold变换和复原
图2  DCT示意
图3  缺失IMFi的重建图像
图4  重建图像与原始图像的归一化相关系数
图5  水印嵌入算法流程
图6  SSIM与NC均值曲线
图7  不同组合算法受攻击后的NC均值
图8  不可见性实验结果
图9  高斯噪声攻击实验结果
图10  椒盐噪声攻击实验结果
图11  JPEG压缩攻击实验结果
图12  大比例剪切攻击实验结果
图13  USC-SIPI数据集测试的实验结果
攻击类型DCTDWTLSB本文算法
剪切34%
NC=0.955 5NC=0.956 8NC=0.952 4NC=1.000 0

高斯噪声

σ2=0.010

NC=0.949 7NC=0.815 8NC=0.663 1NC=0.998 8

椒盐噪声

20%

NC=0.797 4NC=0.806 0NC=0.934 0NC=1.000 0
表1  本文算法与其他水印算法实验结果对比
攻击类型文献[16文献[17本文算法
右上部剪切
NC=0.897 1NC=0.879 1NC=1.000 0

高斯噪声

σ2=0.010

NC=0.983 9NC=0.798 7NC=0.999 2

椒盐噪声

20%

NC=0.902 4NC=0.776 9NC=1.000 0

JPEG压缩

60%

NC=0.972 8NC=0.961 4NC=0.995 2
表2  本文算法与混合水印算法的实验结果对比
算法剪切34%高斯噪声σ2=0.01椒盐噪声20%JPEG压缩60%
文献[18
NC=1.000 0NC=0.988 7NC=0.998 4NC=0.962 3
文献[19
NC=0.872 5NC=0.939 1NC=0.942 9NC=0.448 8
本文
NC=1.000 0NC=0.999 2NC=1.000 0NC=0.995 2
表3  本文算法与基于BEMD的混合水印算法的实验结果对比
攻击类型参数NC

DCT

算法

DWT

算法

文献[16

算法

文献[17

算法

文献[18

算法

文献[19

算法

本文

算法

LenaBaboonLenaBaboonLenaBaboonLenaBaboonLenaBaboonLenaBaboonLenaBaboon
剪切25%0.950.940.960.950.840.870.880.881.001.000.850.881.001.00
高斯噪声0.0011.000.990.950.951.001.000.970.980.980.980.950.991.001.00
0.0020.990.990.920.920.990.990.940.960.970.980.940.991.001.00
0.0050.980.970.850.860.990.990.880.930.950.950.930.990.990.99
0.0100.950.940.810.810.980.990.840.880.930.940.920.980.990.99
噪声椒盐0.010.980.970.990.981.001.000.990.990.991.000.940.991.001.00
0.050.920.930.940.950.980.990.930.960.991.000.930.981.001.00
0.100.870.850.890.890.940.940.870.930.990.990.930.981.001.00
0.200.810.800.800.810.890.870.850.850.990.990.930.981.001.00
JPEG压缩40%0.480.65NaNNaN0.970.960.930.930.940.950.400.401.001.00
60%0.560.789NaNNaN0.970.970.950.940.950.960.400.411.001.00
表4  实验结果对比
1 ABDULRAHMAN A K, OZTURK S. A novel hybrid DCT and DWT based robust watermarking algorithm for color images[J]. Multimedia Tools and Applications, 2019, 78(12): 17027-17049. DOI:10. 1007/s11042-018-7085-z
doi: 10. 1007/s11042-018-7085-z
2 RǑCEK A, JAVORNÍK M, SLÁV´ICEK K, et al. Zero watermarking: Critical analysis of its role in current medical imaging[J]. Journal of Digital Imaging, 2021, 34(1): 204-211. DOI:10.1007/s10278-020-00396-0
doi: 10.1007/s10278-020-00396-0
3 ZAINOL Z, TEH J S, ALAWIDA M, et al. An FPP-resistant SVD-based image watermarking scheme based on chaotic control[J]. Alexandria Engineering Journal, 2022, 61(7): 5713-5734. DOI:10.1016/j.aej.2021.10.052
doi: 10.1016/j.aej.2021.10.052
4 牛盼盼, 杨思宇, 沈鑫,等. 稳健局部特征非下采样小波域数字水印[J]. 中国图象图形学报, 2020, 25(6): 1091-1103. DOI:10.11834/jig.190352
NIU P P, YANG S Y, SHEN X, et al. Digital water making algorithm in the UDWT domain based on robust local features[J]. Journal of Image and Graphics, 2020, 25(6): 1091-1103. DOI:10.11834/jig.190352
doi: 10.11834/jig.190352
5 肖振久, 姜东, 张晗,等. 增强奇异值分解的自适应零水印[J]. 中国图象图形学报, 2019, 24(1): 1-12. DOI:10.11834/jig.180443
XIAO Z J, JIANG D, ZHANG H, et al. Adaptive zero-watermarking for enhanced singular value decomposition[J]. Journal of Image and Graphics, 2019, 24(1): 1-12. DOI:10.11834/jig.180443
doi: 10.11834/jig.180443
6 GUTUB A. Watermarking images via counting-based secret sharing for lightweight semi-complete authentication[J]. International Journal of Information Security and Privacy (IJISP), 2022, 16(1): 1-18. doi:10.4018/ijisp.2022010118
doi: 10.4018/ijisp.2022010118
7 MOHAMED H, MOHAMED E H, HOCINE C, et al. Hybrid blind robust image watermarking technique based on DFT-DCT and Arnold transform[J]. Multimedia Tools and Applications, 2018, 77(20): 27181-27214. DOI:10.1007/s11042-018-5913-9
doi: 10.1007/s11042-018-5913-9
8 VAN R G, TIRKEL A Z, OSBORNE C F. A digital watermark[C]// Proceedings of the 1st IEEE International Conference on Image Processing. Los Alamitos: IEEE Computer Society Press, 1994: 86-90.
9 胡坤, 李聪, 胡建平, 等. 基于BEMD与DCT的彩色图像多重水印鲁棒算法[J]. 北京航空航天大学学报,2023, 49(1):165-176. DOI:10.13700/j.bh.1001-5965.2021.0214
HU K, LI C, HU J P, et al. Robust algorithm for multiple watermarking of color image based on BEMD and DCT[J]. Journal of Beijing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics,2023, 49(1):165-176. DOI:10.13700/j.bh.1001-5965.2021.0214
doi: 10.13700/j.bh.1001-5965.2021.0214
10 KO H J, HUANG C T, HORNG G, et al. Robust and blind image watermarking in DCT domain using inter-block coefficient correlation[J]. Information Sciences, 2020, 517: 128-147. DOI:10.1016/j.ins. 2019.11.005
doi: 10.1016/j.ins. 2019.11.005
11 FANG H, ZHANG W, MA Z, et al. A camera shooting resilient watermarking scheme for underpainting documents[J]. IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology, 2019, 30(11):4075-4089. DOI:10.1109/tcsvt.2019. 2953720
doi: 10.1109/tcsvt.2019. 2953720
12 KARAJEH H, KHATIB T, RAJAB L, et al. A robust digital audio watermarking scheme based on DWT and Schur decomposition[J]. Multimedia Tools and Applications, 2019, 78(13): 18395-18418. DOI:10.1007/s11042-019-7214-3
doi: 10.1007/s11042-019-7214-3
13 HU H T, CHANG J R, HSU L Y. Windowed and distortion-compensated vector modulation for blind audio watermarking in DWT domain[J]. Multimedia Tools and Applications, 2017, 76(24): 26723-26743. DOI:10.1007/s11042-016-4202-8
doi: 10.1007/s11042-016-4202-8
14 SAVAKAR D G, GHULI A. Non-blind digital watermarking with enhanced image embedding capacity using DMeyer wavelet decomposition, SVD, and DFT[J]. Pattern Recognition and Image Analysis, 2017, 27(3): 511-517. DOI:10.1134/s1054661817030257
doi: 10.1134/s1054661817030257
15 LU H H, LINGARAJU N B, LEAIRD D E, et al. High-dimensional discrete Fourier transform gates with a quantum frequency processor[J]. Optics Express, 2022, 30(6): 10126-10134. DOI:10.1364/oe.454677
doi: 10.1364/oe.454677
16 WANG K, GAO T, YOU D, et al. A secure dual-color image watermarking scheme based 2D DWT, SVD and Chaotic map[J]. Multimedia Tools and Applications, 2022, 81(5): 6159-6190. DOI:10. 1007/s11042-021-11725-y
doi: 10. 1007/s11042-021-11725-y
17 ZHANG L N, WEI D Y. Dual DCT-DWT-SVD digital watermarking algorithm based on particle swarm optimization[J]. Multimedia Tools and Applications, 2019, 78(19): 28003-28023. DOI:10. 1007/s11042-019-07902-9
doi: 10. 1007/s11042-019-07902-9
18 王小超, 胡坤, 胡建平. 结合BEMD 与 Hilbert 曲线的重复嵌入图像水印算法[J]. 计算机辅助设计与图形学学报, 2020, 32(2): 287-296. DOI:10.3724/SP.J.1089.2020.17909
WANG X C, HU K, HU J P, et al. Repeated embedding image watermarking algorithm combining BEMD and Hilbert curve[J]. Journal of Computer-Aided Design & Computer Graphics, 2020, 32(2): 287-296. DOI:10.3724/SP.J.1089.2020.17909
doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1089.2020.17909
19 NIDAA H A, SHARIFAH A, SAJIDA P, et al. Design of high performance copyright protection watermarking based on lifting wavelet transform and bi-empirical mode decomposition[J]. Multimedia Tools and Applications, 2018, 77(19): 24593-24614. DOI:10.1007/s11042-017-5488-x
doi: 10.1007/s11042-017-5488-x
20 HUANG N E, SHEN Z, LONG S R, et al. The empirical mode decomposition and the Hilbert spectrum for nonlinear and non-stationary time series analysis[J]. Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, 1998, 454(1971): 903-995. DOI:10.1098/rspa. 1998.0193
doi: 10.1098/rspa. 1998.0193
21 ZHANG T, ZHANG Y, SUN H, et al. Parkinson disease detection using energy direction features based on EMD from voice signal[J]. Biocybernetics and Biomedical Engineering, 2021, 41(1): 127-141. DOI:10.1016/j.bbe.2020.12.009
doi: 10.1016/j.bbe.2020.12.009
22 YEH M H. The complex bidimensional empirical mode decomposition[J]. Signal Processing, 2012, 92(2): 523-541. DOI:10.1016/j.sigpro.2011.08.019
doi: 10.1016/j.sigpro.2011.08.019
23 SUN X L, WANG H L, ZHAO Y G, et al. Digital soil mapping based on empirical mode decomposition components of environmental covariates[J]. European Journal of Soil Science, 2019, 70(6): 1109-1127. DOI:10.1111/ejss.12851
doi: 10.1111/ejss.12851
24 AHAMMAD M S, RAHMAN A, KARIM R, et al. An empirical mode decomposition (EMD) based on steganographic method for digital images[J]. International Journal of Imaging and Robotics, 2020, 20(3): 25-38.
25 MA X M, ZHOU X W, AN F P. Bi-dimensional empirical mode decomposition (BEMD) and the stopping criterion based on the number and change of extreme points[J]. Journal of Ambient Intelligence and Humanized Computing, 2020, 11(2): 623-633. DOI:10.1007/s12652-018-0955-4
doi: 10.1007/s12652-018-0955-4
26 ZYOUT I, TOGNERI R. A computer-aided detection of the architectural distortion in digital mammograms using the fractal dimension measurements of BEMD[J]. Computerized Medical Imaging and Graphics, 2018, 70: 173-184. DOI:10. 1016/j.compmedimag.2018.04.001
doi: 10. 1016/j.compmedimag.2018.04.001
27 NUNES J C, BOUAOUNE Y, DELECHELLE E, et al. Image analysis by bidimensional empirical mode decomposition[J]. Image and Vision Computing, 2003, 21(12): 1019-1026. DOI:10.1016/s0262-8856(03)00094-5
doi: 10.1016/s0262-8856(03)00094-5
28 ARNOLD V I, AVEZ A. Ergodic Problems of Classical Mechanics[M]. New York: W A Benjamin, Inc, 1968.
29 LONE M A, QURESHI S. RGB image encryption based on symmetric keys using Arnold transform, 3D chaotic map and affine hill cipher[J]. Optik, 2022, 260: 168880. DOI:10.1016/j.ijleo.2022.168880
doi: 10.1016/j.ijleo.2022.168880
30 丁玮, 闫伟齐, 齐东旭. 基于Arnold变换的数字图像置乱技术[J].计算机辅助设计与图形学学报, 2001,13(4): 338-341. DOI:10.3321/j.issn:1003-9775.2001.04.011
DING W, YAN W Q, QI D X. Digital image scrambling technology based on Arnold transformation[J]. Journal of Computer-Aided Design & Computer Graphics, 2001, 13(4): 338-341. DOI:10.3321/j.issn:1003-9775.2001.04.011
doi: 10.3321/j.issn:1003-9775.2001.04.011
31 AHMED N, NATARAJAN T, RAO K R. An algorithm for the on-line computation of Fourier spectra[J]. International Journal of Computer Mathematics, 1973, 3(1-4): 361-370. DOI:10. 1080/00207167308803074
doi: 10. 1080/00207167308803074
32 YUAN Z A, LIU D, ZHANG X, et al. DCT-based color digital image blind watermarking method with variable steps[J]. Multimedia Tools and Applications, 2020, 79(41/42): 30557-30581. DOI:10.1007/s11042-020-09499-w
doi: 10.1007/s11042-020-09499-w
33 AHMADI SBB, ZHANG G X, SONG J W. Robust and hybrid SVD-based image watermarking schemes[J]. Multimedia Tools and Applications, 2020, 79(1): 1075-1117. DOI:10.1007/s11042-019-08197-6
doi: 10.1007/s11042-019-08197-6
[1] 方于华,叶枫. MFDC-Net:一种融合多尺度特征和注意力机制的乳腺癌病理图像分类算法[J]. 浙江大学学报(理学版), 2023, 50(4): 455-464.
[2] 孔翔,陈军. 一类带4个形状参数的同次三角曲面构造算法[J]. 浙江大学学报(理学版), 2023, 50(2): 153-159.
[3] 张远鹏,陈鸿韬,王伟娜. 基于非凸非光滑变分模型的灰度图像泊松噪声移除算法[J]. 浙江大学学报(理学版), 2023, 50(2): 160-166.
[4] 李军成,刘成志,罗志军,龙志文. 空间参数曲线的双目标能量极小化方法及其应用[J]. 浙江大学学报(理学版), 2023, 50(1): 63-68.
[5] 全浩荣,刘成志,李军成,杨炼,胡丽娟. 张量积型Said-Ball曲面的预处理渐近迭代逼近法[J]. 浙江大学学报(理学版), 2022, 49(6): 682-690.
[6] 虞瑞麒,刘玉华,沈禧龙,翟如钰,张翔,周志光. 表征学习驱动的多重网络图采样[J]. 浙江大学学报(理学版), 2022, 49(3): 271-279.
[7] 律睿慜,张陶洁,席旭,王濛濛,孟磊,张克俊. 笔法与结构对楷书文字美学品质影响的量化研究[J]. 浙江大学学报(理学版), 2022, 49(3): 261-270.
[8] 祝锦泰,叶继华,郭凤,江蕗,江爱文. FSAGN: 一种自主选择关键帧的表情识别方法[J]. 浙江大学学报(理学版), 2022, 49(2): 141-150.
[9] 钟颖,王松,吴浩,程泽鹏,李学俊. 基于SEMMA的网络安全事件可视探索[J]. 浙江大学学报(理学版), 2022, 49(2): 131-140.
[10] 朱强,王超毅,张吉庆,尹宝才,魏小鹏,杨鑫. 基于事件相机的无人机目标跟踪算法[J]. 浙江大学学报(理学版), 2022, 49(1): 10-18.
[11] 杨猛,丁曙,马云涛,谢佳翊,段瑞枫. 基于纹理特征的小麦锈病动态模拟方法[J]. 浙江大学学报(理学版), 2022, 49(1): 1-9.
[12] 余鹏, 刘兰, 蔡韵, 何煜, 张松海. 基于单目摄像头的自主健身监测系统[J]. 浙江大学学报(理学版), 2021, 48(5): 521-530.
[13] 傅汝佳, 冼楚华, 李桂清, 万隽杰, 曹铖, 杨存义, 高月芳. 面向表型精确鉴定的豆株快速三维重建[J]. 浙江大学学报(理学版), 2021, 48(5): 531-539.
[14] 徐敏, 王科, 戴浩然, 罗晓博, 余炜伦, 陶煜波, 林海. 基于电子病历的乳腺癌群组与治疗方案可视分析[J]. 浙江大学学报(理学版), 2021, 48(4): 391-401.
[15] 林俊聪, 陈萌, 施渝斌, 雷钧, 郭诗辉, 高星, 廖明宏, 金小刚. 面向高级定制的个性化虚拟服装展示[J]. 浙江大学学报(理学版), 2021, 48(4): 418-426.