Large yellow croaker(Larimichthys croceus) is a typically marine economical fish in our country, which is very popular with consumers due to its delicious tastes. However, the overfishing resulted in the decreased production of wild large yellow croaker in recent years, and the farmed one was the main way to meet consumers’ demands. Compared with the wild large yellow croaker, some severe problems occurred in the farmed one, such as light skin color, high fat content, and heavy fishy smell, etc. The nutrition regulation may be considered as a safe and effective way to improve the qualities of the farmed large yellow croaker. This review was to present various indicators for fish qualities, including skin color, muscle texture, nutrient components, flavor, etc. Emphasis was placed on a variety of feed additives available to improve fish qualities and the possible influence on related gene expression. This work is expected to guide for developing new feed additives used to improve the qualities of farmed large yellow croaker.

Peroxiredoxin (Prx) belongs to the superfamily of antioxidant proteins, which widely exists in eukaryotes and prokaryotes, and plays an important role in innate immunity. At present, there are a few researches on the Prx genes in crustaceans, and only partial subtypes of the Prx genes are cloned, and the antioxidant effect is studied only in terms of biological function. In this study, the cloning, phylogeny, tissue expression and biological functions of crustacean Prx genes in recent years were reviewed. Furthermore, researches on Prx genes in crustaceans were prospected, which would provide references for the researches on the structures and biological functions of Prx genes in crustaceans.

RNA modifications play vital roles in regulating gene expression of eukaryotes. The most prevalent RNA modification among them is N ⁶-methyladenosine (m⁶A), which is involved in a series of physiological activities. The mechanism of m⁶A regulatory enzymes as well as reader proteins, the process of m⁶A dynamic regulation, and the regular pattern of m⁶A distribution in mRNAs were introduced, and the typical biological functions of m⁶A mainly according to the recent progresses made in insects were summarized. Above the review, we preview the research and application prospects of m⁶A from the aspects of vacancies existing in current study and related phenomenon to be explain, aimed at forming the latest reference for exploration of m⁶A in insects.

The high-affinity K^＋/K^＋ uptake permease/K^＋ transporter (HAK/KUP/KT) family members play important roles in the absorption and transport of potassium (K), regulations of plant growth and development, modulation/acquisition of salt tolerance, and osmotic potential regulation/control. However, this gene family has not been thoroughly studied in Brassica napus. In this study, forty-five BnHAK genes (BnHAK1-BnHAK45) were identified in the B. napus reference genome, and bioinformatic methods were used to resolve the gene structures, evolutionary analysis, expression patterns and chromosome position in different tissues of rape. The results showed that the members of the HAK/KUP/KT gene family were unevenly distributed on the chromosomes, with the most of them located on chromosome A01 which had five BnHAK genes. Phylogenetic analysis of HAK/KUP/KT proteins from multiple species showed that they could be divided into two groups. Among them, Arabidopsis, B. oleracea, B. rapa and B. napus had stronger gene conservation and closer genetic relationships. Although the expression patterns of the HAK/KUP/KT genes were different, in general, they exhibited highest and lowest expression levels in the roots and siliques, respectively, and this showed that there was a functional division of different HAK/KUP/KT gene family members. The expression levels of BnHAK4 and BnHAK9 were highest in the leaves, whilst the expression levels of BnHAK11, BnHAK18, and BnHAK23 were highest in the roots, and BnHAK7 and BnHAK17 were mostly expressed in the flowers, which indicated that the expression of this gene family had tissue specificity. This study provides a reference for further revealing the functional mechanism of HAK/KUP/KT gene family in B. napus.

To better understand the indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) response pathway and explore thespecific functions of Aux/IAA gene family in the growth of Chinese kale and in response to salt stress, forty-one Aux/IAA genes were collected and analyzed by bioinformatics methods from Chinese kale genome. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the Aux/IAA genes of Chinese kale were distributed on nine chromosomes and the most genes were distributed on chromosome C01 and C05 including six members, respectively. The number of the amino acid residues of proteins encoded by Aux/IAA genes ranged from 128 to 427, and most of them were hydrophilic proteins, and only two were hydrophobic proteins. The subcellular localization analysis indicated that the Aux/IAA family members were mostly located in cytoplasm, nucleus and chloroplast. The results of real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) showed that several Aux/IAA genes of Chinese kale responded to IAA, abscisic acid (ABA) and brassinosteroids (BR) treatments, which suggested that the Aux/IAA gene family was probably involved in plant hormone signal transduction process. Additionally, under salt stress treatment, the expression of BoIAA19-1 and BoIAA2-1 genes in Chinese kale were significantly up-regulated during the early treatment stage, indicating that Aux/IAA genes may also play roles in response to diverse environmental stresses. The results of this research lay theoretical foundations for further exploring the function of the Aux/IAA gene family in the growth and resistance balance of Chinese kale.

Based on the early transcriptome data of eggplant under cold stress, the 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) synthase gene SmACS was selected out. It was found that the encoded amino acid sequence of SmACS had the highest homology with soybean ACS protein, and included seven conserved domains unique to ACC synthase and 11 invariant amino acid residues. The SmACS gene was located on the chromosome 8, and the full length of this gene was 3 550 bp, whose length of coding sequence (CDS) region was 1 437 bp. It contained three introns and four exons, which belonged to a typical ACS gene structure. The SmACS protein consisted of 478 amino acids, with a molecular mass of 54.03 kDa, isoelectric point of 6.48 and hydrophilic index of －0.206. It was an unstable non-secreted hydrophilic protein located in the cytoplasm. The main components of SmACS protein were α-helix and random coils. It had a conserved Aminotran_1_2 domain and contained 39 phosphorylation sites, of which serine and threonine were the main ones. The SmACS protein mainly interacted with ACC oxidase. The promoter of SmACS gene contained Cis-acting elements related to abscisic acid, ethylene, cold stress, salicylic acid and wound responses. The results of real-time fluorescent quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) confirmed that the expression of SmACS gene was induced by cold, heat, drought and salt stresses, among which cold stress was the most significant. The above results lay theoretical basis for functional identification of SmACS gene from eggplant.

Based on the previous studies, an intermediate sequence of dehydrin gene PsDHN1 was obtained from the leaves of Paeonia suffruticosa and the full-length sequence of PsDHN1 gene was cloned by the rapid-amplification of cDNA ends (RACE) method. In order to explore the characteristics of PsDHN1 and its function in response to waterlogging stress, bioinformatic analysis and transformation into Arabidopsis for functional verification were performed. The results of bioinformatic analysis showed that the full length cDNA of PsDHN1 was 864 bp, containing an open reading frame (ORF) of 471 bp, and the lengths of 5′ and 3′ noncoding regions were 104 bp and 289 bp, respectively. The protein encoded by PsDHN1 gene contained 156 amino acids with the molecular mass of 16.39 kDa, theoretical isoelectric point of 8.87, hydrophilic index of －1.274, belonging to hydrophilic protein, and instability index of 44.05, belonging to unstable protein. The PsDHN1 protein contained three α-helixes and one β-flod, and two Y fragments, one S fragment and two K fragments that belonged to the typical Y₂SK₂ dehydratin. In addition, the PsDHN1 protein of P. suffruticosa had some homologies with other nine species, among which the similarities between P. suffruticosa and Momordica charantia, Jatropha curcas, Juglans regia were 58%, 54% and 53%, respectively. Subcellular localization results showed that PsDHN1 was mainly localized in the nucleus and cell membrane. The results of waterlogging tolerance test showed that the phenotype of transgenic Arabidopsis plants with PsDHN1 gene had better waterlogging resistance and growth recovery than the wild-type plants. Moreover, the physiological indexes that related to waterlogging tolerance such as sucrose synthase, pyruvate decarboxylase, α-amylase activities and soluble protein content reflected that transgenic Arabidopsis had higher waterlogging tolerance than wild-type plants. The results provide a theoretical basis for mining waterlogging tolerance genes and further research on the molecular mechanisms of P. suffruticosa.

This study aims to research the influence of various pruning patterns to fruit commodity, nutritional quality, growth period and yield of cherry tomato. We selected Solanum lycopersicum cv. ‘Xiangfei3’ as the experimental material, set up five pruning patterns (T₁, one-bar; T₂, two-bar; T₃, three-bar; T₄, four-bar; T₅, five-bar), investigated its phenotypic traits and growth period, measured its nutritional quality and yield, and used principal component analysis, analysis of variance and other statistical methods for data analysis. The results indicated that the effect of pruning patterns on the commodity of cherry tomato was significant, and the comprehensive score of commodity of five-bar pruning treatment was higher than the other treatments. The content of vitamin C in the five-bar pruning was significantly higher than the other treatments, and the sucrose content increased with different degrees compared with the other treatments. At the same time, the yield of five-bar pruning treatment was the highest (5 789.85 kg/667 m²), which was significantly different from that under the one-bar pruning treatment. It can be seen that five-bar pruning is more conducive to improve fruit commodity, accumulate nutritional quality ingredients and increase yield of cherry tomato.

This study focused on the effects of irradiation, artificial microbe treatment, temperature and humidity control on the aging and transformation of raw Pu’er tea, and explored the relationship between the factors such as microorganisms, irradiation and the quality of raw Pu’er tea. The results showed that the water content of tea samples during storage was between 7.0% and 9.0%, and the microbial changes of tea samples were not regular. Aqueous extract, free amino acid, tea polyphenol, catechin components showed a consistent change trend among different treatments. The contents of amino acids and tea polyphenols in the irradiated 9 kGy tea samples stored under the room temperature and 30 ℃ decreased more after 200 d, with the decline range of 40.37%, 38.82% and 37.65%, 36.73%, respectively, and the sensory quality was significantly lower than the aseptic treatments. The treatment A₂B₂C₁ namely irradiated 5 kGy sterile tea samples stored at 30 ℃ and 70% humidity had better sensory quality. The quality of tea samples treated with microbe after irradiation was improved with the extension of storage time and was superior to that treated without irradiation.But the sterile treatments under the same irradiation condition still had better overall flavor performance.The above results indicate that the microbial involvement has no direct effect on the quality of raw Pu’er tea under the storage conditions of this study.However, the irradiation treatment with its radiochemical oxidation has an obvious effect on the aging and transformation of raw Pu’er tea.

To investigate the differences of extracellular metabolites between endophytic algae of Heveochlorella hainangensis andepiphytic algae of Heveochlorella roystonensis, the biomass and pH of culture medium were analyzed, as well as the extracellular metabolites were qualitatively detected by non-targeted metabolomics analysis. The results showed that totally 141 compounds were detected in the culture media of the two algae species, of which eight and six ingredients specifically presented in the culture media of H. hainangensis and H. roystonensis, respectively.The relative contents of amino acids and their derivatives, ketone alcohols and other components in their extracellular metabolites were similar, but those of organic acids were remarkably different. After cultured for 15 d in the culture medium without exogenous organic carbon sources, the growth of H. hainangensis was slow, and the culture medium was slightly acidic, and the proportion of organic acids was 3.28%. However, the growth of H. roystonensis was normal, and the culture medium was alkaline, and the proportion of organic acids was 2.04%. When cultured in the media containing 0.5% sucrose for 15 d, the biomass of H. hainangensis increased from 0.09 g/L to 3.87 g/L; the proportion of organic acids increased to 4.64%; the contents of amines and alkaloids decreased; and the pH of culture medium decreased to 4.70. In the meantime, the biomass of H. roystonensis increased from 3.20 g/L to 5.24 g/L; the proportion of organic acids decreased to 1.13%; the contents of amines and alkaloids increased; and the pH of culture medium increased to 8.32. In conclusion, the change of pH in the culture media of the two species is opposite. The addition of organic carbon sources could significantly promote their growth and reproduction, promote the secretion of organic acids from H. hainangensis, inhibit the secretion of organic acids from H. roystonensis, thus enhance the degree of acidification or alkalization of the two cultures. The above results can provide a basis for the research on the evolution of Heveochlorella and the development and utilization of extracellular metabolites.

The surface seawater from 20 stations in the coastal waters (e.g. coastal sea areas of Pinghu, Daishan, Sanmen, Rui’an and Cangnan) of Zhejiang Province were collected from September to October in 2019. The abundance, chemical composition, shape and color of microplastics in the surface seawater were analyzed. The results indicated that the microplastics were widely distributed in the coastal surface seawaters of Zhejiang Province, and the average abundance of microplastics in various coastal areas were heterogeneous. The highest abundance of microplastics were recorded at Sanmen coastal area (240 piece/m³), and the Rui’an coastal area had the lowest microplastic abundance (70 piece/m³). The abundance of microplastics in the surface seawaters of all sampling stations ranged from 40 to 320 piece/m³, and the average abundance was 144 piece/m³. The most major chemical compositions of microplastics were polyester (38.9%) and cellulose (30.6%). Fiber, fragment and film were detected as the mainly shapes of microplastics, accounting for 86.1%, 12.5% and 1.4%, respectively. The most common colors were gray, blue and white, accounting for 25.0%, 23.6% and 19.4%, respectively. The characteristic analysis showed that the microplastics in the coastal surface seawaters of Zhejiang Province mainly originated from textile industry, fishery and domestic sewage. The microplastic was unevenly distributed in the nearshore water resulting from the effects of wind power, ocean current, runoff and seawater dilution. Compared with other domestic studies using the similar methods, the abundance of microplastics in the surface seawater of Zhejiang coastal area was at a relatively low level. This study can provide valuable data for the migration and pollution risk assessment of microplastics in coastal waters of Zhejiang Province.

In order to compare the morphological differences of otoliths among different Harpodon nehereus populations, five measurement indexes of sagittal otoliths including distance from geometric center to rostrum (A₁), distance from geometric center to veutro (A₂), distance from geometric center to dorsal (A₃), distance from geometric center to excisural notch (A₄) and distance from geometric center to excisural minor notch (A₅) were examined by paired t-test. The results showed that the P values were greater than 0.05, indicating no significant differences between left and right otoliths. The cumulative contribution rates of the first principal component (PC1) in seven measurement indexes, including A₁-A₅, major axis length (L) and minor axis length (H), and the ellipticity (X₁) and radial ratio (X₂) were 93.114% and 99.950%, respectively. The results of one-way analysis of variance showed that the ellipticity could be used as the main feature to distinguish Zhoushan population from the others. The hierarchical clustering tree demonstrated that the specimens from the southern East China Sea and the South China Sea first gathered together into one branch, and then followed by Sanmen and Zhoushan populations. Haikou population was located at the outermost of the clustering tree and separated apart from other populations. The average discriminant accuracy rate was 80.63%, of which Zhoushan population was the highest (89.29%), while Ningde population was the lowest (71.43%). The above results suggest that the multivariate statistical analysis of morphological characteristics of otolith could be used as the basis for population identification of H. nehereus.

In order to understand the annual epidemic situation of Chinese sacbrood disease and European foulbrood disease pathogens [Chinese sacbrood virus (CSBV) and Melissococcus pluton, respectively] in Chinese honeybee (Apis cerana cerana) of Chun’an County of Zhejiang Province, the workers in Chinese honeybee colonies were collected from five breeding sites in Chun’an County from January to December in 2019, and the dynamic changes of the two main disease pathogens in the Chinese honeybee colonies were monitored by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The results showed that the colony infection rate of CSBV was the highest in March of spring (84%), and it decreased to the lowest in July of summer, then increased from autumn to winter. The infection rate of M. pluton increased from spring to summer, and then increased from autumn to the highest level of 72% in late autumn (October) and early winter (November), and decreased slightly in winter. Furthermore, there was co-infection phenomenon of these two disease pathogens in honeybee colonies in the whole year. The results of real-time quantitative PCR showed that the viral load of CSBV in colonies with M. pluton in autumn was significantly higher than that in the colonies with a single infected CSBV (P＜0.05). In conclusion, the annual epidemic dynamics of two main disease pathogens of Chinese honeybee is clarified in Chun’an County of Zhejiang Province, which can provide theoretical guidances for the prevention and control of Chinese honeybee diseases in this region.

In view of actual situations such as light change, soil, branch and leaf background and fruit overlap in the natural environment, which causing the problem of red tomato recognition during the robotic picking process was not accurate, a tomato image recognition method based on circle fitting algorithm was proposed. We collected the images of tomato by camera, used the red, green, blue (RGB) color space based Matlab as simulation experiment, and preprocessed the tomato images with red-green (R-G) color component. Then, edge detection algorithm, threshold segmentation and watershed segmentation methods were adopted to segment tomato target and the background, respectively. The Otsu segmentation method of threshold segmentation was adopted, which was best to segment target. We used the back propagation-artificial neural network (BP-ANN) and circle fitting algorithm to recognize the tomato fruit. Finally, the contour, centroid and radius of the red tomato were obtained. The results of red tomato images were statistically analyzed, and the recognition rate of circle fitting algorithm was as high as 90.07%. This algorithm not only has a high recognition rate for single fruit, but also solves the problem of multiple fruit overlapping in a complex environment, which lays a good foundation for the following robotic picking work.

Rice species identification and the retrieval of key phenological stages were processed in the area around Jinhu County, Huai’an City, Jiangsu Province, based on multi-temporal full-polarization synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data. By extracting and analyzing the change characteristics of the time-series curve of the polarization characteristic parameters of rice, the polarization characteristic parameters that are sensitive to the changes of rice phenology were screened out, and a radar phenology index (RPI) that can reflect the key phenological changes of rice growth was constructed, and then was reconstructed by Savitzky-Golay (S-G) filter. The key phenological stages of rice were retrieved by the RPI. The results showed that the response of the polarization parameter Shannon entropy was quite different between japonica rice and indica rice, indicating that Shannon entropy could be used to identify indica rice and japonica rice with precisions of 92.38% and 95.10%, respectively; the curve derivative method was used to extract the characteristic points of the time-series RPI curve of rice, and three key phenological stages of rice were identified. The dates of the identified key phenological stages of rice were all within ±16 d from the date obtained in the field survey. The above results show that the use of RPI can more accurately retrieve the key phenological stages of rice.