Agricultural Internet of Things (IoT) technology is an emerging technology to promote the intelligent development of modern agriculture, which has been widely used in every link of agricultural production. With the rapid development of information technologies such as new perception technology, information transmission technology, artificial intelligence, blockchain and other information technologies, the application of China’s agricultural IoT is facing new opportunities. New sensing technologies such as spectroscopy, spectral imaging, and machine vision provide new ideas for realizing fast, real-time, non-destructive sensing. The new communication technology represented by 5G, combined with information processing technologies such as multi-source information fusion, artificial intelligence, blockchain, edge computing, etc., makes the transmission and processing of information faster, safer and more reliable. This article deeply analyzed agricultural IoT technology from four core levels of perception, transmission, processing, and application. Based on the new information technology system, the frontier trends of future research were explored, in order to provide some enlightenment for the innovation and development of agricultural IoT technology in China in the future.

Oil-tea (Camellia oleifera) is an important woody oil crop in China, and it is an effective way to develop oil-tea cultivation to fill the gap of edible oil and alleviate the conflict between grain and oil crops over land. Light is the primary ecological factor that regulates the plant growth and development, and directly determines the yield and quality of oil-tea. It is of great importance to clarify the ecological adaptation law of photosynthetic performance, growth and development of oil-tea to the complex light environment for its sustainable production. This study reviewed the influence mechanisms of different light environments on photo-physiological characteristics, morphological indexes, assimilate accumulation and transport, antioxidant enzyme activity and endogenous hormones in oil-tea. Understanding the response mechanisms of the photosynthesis, plant growth and development to different light intensities and light qualities can provide a theoretical basis for the germplasm breeding and cultivation mode establishing in oil-tea with high light efficiency.

In order to screen out excellent dwarf ornamental tomato germplasm resources and breeding parents, improve the ornamental tomato breeding efficiency, 26 domestic and foreign dwarf ornamental tomato germplasm resources were used as experimental materials, and variation analysis, principal component analysis and cluster analysis were used to identify and evaluate 20 main agronomic traits; analytic hierarchy process was used to evaluate ornamental quality and select excellent germplasm resources with high ornamental value. The results showed that the genetic diversity of the main agronomic traits and ornamental value among the tested dwarf ornamental tomato germplasms were abundant. Among the 16 quantitative traits, fruit setting stage was weak variability trait, and other traits were medium variability, and there were no strong variability traits; the diversity index of the flower number per inflorescence was the lowest (1.00), and the soluble solid content was the largest (2.05). Among the four quality traits, the diversity index of leaf color was the smallest (0.96), and the fruit shape was the highest (1.63). The principal component analysis divided the main agronomic traits into four principal components, including the whole plant morphology factors, fruit and bunching factors, phenological factors, fruit color factors. The experimental materials were classified into three subgroups by systematic cluster analysis, which indicated that the agronomic characters of different groups had obvious specificity. In addition, the ornamental evaluation standard of ornamental tomato based on analytic hierarchy process was determined, and an evaluation model was constructed, in which the restriction layer of fruit morphology characteristics accounted for the largest weight in the restriction layer, and the ripe fruit color index layer occupied the largest weight in the index layer. The germplasm material numbered S1 with the highest ornamental value was screened out. The research results provide a theoretical basis for the application of excellent genetic resources and improving breeding parents of ornamental tomatoes.

In order to solve the problems of large quantity of tomato germplasm resources, high conservation difficulty, heavy renewal burden and low breeding efficiency for fine varieties in Ningxia region, the genetic diversity of 20 phenotypic traits for 480 tomato germplasm resources was analyzed by correlation analysis, principal component analysis and cluster analysis. Euclidean distance and unweighted pair-group method with arithmetic means (UPGMA) were used, and then the methods of random sampling, preferential sampling and deviation sampling were separately used to construct core collections according to 10% sampling ratio, and the representation of core collections was evaluated. The results showed that the 480 tomato germplasms had rich genetic diversity and could be divided into six groups when the Euclidean distance was 1.25. Three groups of core collections R1, P1 and D1 were successfully constructed, among which R1 and D1 separately constructed by random sampling method and deviation sampling method were consistent with the construction principle of core collection, and all the three groups of core collections had good heterogeneity, and P1 constructed by preferential sampling method obtained greater genetic variation. In a word, the core collections of tomato germplasm resources constructed in Ningxia provide scientific methods for the conservation of tomato germplasm resources and breeding of new varieties, and also provide theoretical references for the related research of germplasm resources.

In order to illuminate the biological function of α-farnesene synthase gene (BoTPSa) from the cabbage Brassica oleracea, the BoTPSa gene was cloned and its expression levels were measured in the plants treated by different environmental stresses. Then the protein was heterologously expressed in Escherichia coli prokaryotic expression system and its biochemical function was determined, and the subcellular localization of this protein was studied in Arabidopsis thaliana. The results showed that BoTPSa gene and its homologous genes from cruciferous plants (especially from Brassica) were quite similar in the nucleic acid sequence level, indicating that this gene had conserved structures. The stresses including the damages caused by diamond back moth (DBM), aphids, the high and low temperatures could significantly affect the expression levels of BoTPSa, and DBM damage caused the highest change of gene expression level among all the tested stresses, indicating that this gene was involved in the insect herbivore and abiotic stresses responses in cabbage. The BoTPSa protein was not localized in chloroplasts or cell nucleus, and could catalyze the formation of several terpenoids in vitro, which was a multifunctional enzyme. Above all, this study systemically characterizes the α-farnesene synthase gene (BoTPSa) from the cabbage, which could provide a basis for the functional and applied studies of terpene synthase in cruciferous plants.

Rapid detection of Bacillus cereus in rice by loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) with microfluidic chip method was established. Based on the published B. cereus hblA gene sequence, primers were designed, and the fluorescent dye SYTO-9 was added to the reaction system, which allowed to be tested in real-time fluorescence reading performed by LAMP with microfluidic chip. The specificity was verified by 24 strains, and the sensitivity, limit of detection (LOD) and repeatability were tested by positive plasmid and positive strain of B. cereus, respectively. The results showed that two strains of B. cereus were positive and 22 strains of non-B. cereus were negative. The sensitivity for B. cereus was 170 CFU/mL for pure cultures in 35 min and 10 μL^－1 for positive plasmids in 15 min. The sensitivity of this method was 10 times higher than that of the traditional method. The LOD for B. cereus inartificially contaminated rice was 570 CFU/g, and could be completed in 45 min. The detecting repeatability of the positive plasmid from B. cereus was good and its coefficient of variation (CV ) was 2.02%. It is indicated that LAMP with microfluidic chip method has high specificity, sensitivity and accuracy. It could be used for rapid detection of B. cereus in rice.

Longjing tea is a famous traditional tea in China and the aroma is an important factor in the quality evaluation of tea. In this study, Longjing tea samples were widely collected and explored by sensory evaluation, which dividing them into three aroma groups: tender aroma type, clean and refreshing aroma type, and approaching high aroma type. Then, simultaneous distillation extraction (SDE) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) were used for extraction and determination of aroma compositions. The result suggested that the aroma-characteristic compositions of Longjing tea with tender aroma, clean and refreshing aroma, and approaching high aroma, respectively, showed differences in types and relative contents of alcohols, aldehydes, terpenes, ketones, alkanes, alkenes, heterocycles, esters and so on. The results of principal component analysis (PCA) based on main aroma components showed that: 1) The contents of styrene, cetane, 3-methoxy-1, 2-propanediol were significantly and positively correlated with the tender aroma of Longjing tea; 2) the contents of (E)-β-farnesene, trans-4-tert-butylcyclohexanol and methyl jasmonate were significantly and positively correlated with the clean and refreshing aroma of Longjing tea; 3) the relative contents of phenylacetonitrile, acetophenone, 1, 3-cyclohexadiene-2, 2, 6-trimethyl-benzaldehyde were higher in Longjing tea with approaching high aroma. This study provides a theoretical basis for aroma description in sensory evaluation of Longjing tea.

The effects of Sedum alfredii monoculture, intercropping of S. alfredii and oilseed rape, and rotation of S. alfredii and sunflower on cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) remediation efficiency in field conditions were compared by combining organic materials and specific endophyte. After one round of remediation, the results showed that the extraction amount of Cd and Pb was the highest under the S. alfredii and sunflower rotation intensified remediation mode. Under theremediation mode, 394.8 g/hm² Cd and 110.2 g/hm² Pb were extracted from the contaminated soils, which were 3.1%-101.0% and 22.0%-139.0% higher than the other treatments, respectively. Moreover, the contents of total Cd and available Cd in the contaminated soils decreased by 26.6% and 31.1%, respectively; the contents of total Pb and available Pb in the contaminated soils decreased by 4.3% and 20.9%, respectively. Considering the factors such as mechanized farming, rotation of S. alfredii and sunflower is easy to operate and more suitable for practical field application.

The effects of combined application of 3, 4-dimethylpyrazole phosphate (DMPP) and corn-stalk biochar on nitrogen transformation and nitrogen use efficiency in acid and neutral paddy soils were investigated by pot experiments. Four treatments were set up as follows: control (CK), DMPP, DMPP+300 ℃ biochar (DMPP+300BC), DMPP+500 ℃ biochar (DMPP+500BC). The results showed that compared with the DMPP treatment, DMPP combined with 500 ℃ biochar significantly increased rice grain yield and nitrogen use efficiency in the neutral paddy soil by 8.5% and 10.6% (P＜0.05), respectively, but had no significant effect in the acid paddy soil. DMPP combined with biochar could effectively prolong the duration of nitrification inhibition. After 42 d of rice culture, the ammonium nitrogen (\mathrm{N}{\mathrm{H}}_{\mathrm{4}}^{＋}-N) content in the two paddy soils was higher than that of the DMPP treatment. DMPP combined with biochar could effectively inhibit the transformation of \mathrm{N}{\mathrm{H}}_{\mathrm{4}}^{＋}-N to nitrate nitrogen (\mathrm{N}{\mathrm{O}}_{\mathrm{3}}^{－}-N), and the effect in the neutral paddy soil was better than that in the acid paddy soil, and the effect of 500 ℃ biochar was better than that of 300 ℃ biochar. After 21 d of rice culture, DMPP combined with 300 ℃ and 500 ℃ biochars reduced the denitrification activities of acid paddy soil by 45.4% and 80.9%, respectively, which were better than those of neutral paddy soil. Within 21 d of rice culture, DMPP combined with biochar had no significant effect on the abundance of ammonia oxidizing archaea (AOA) in the two paddy soils, but increased the abundance of ammonia oxidizing bacteria (AOB) in the acid paddy soil, while decreased the abundance of AOB in the neutral paddy soil, as compared with the DMPP treatment. In conclusion, DMPP combined with 500 ℃ biochar can inhibit nitrification by prolonging the duration of nitrification inhibition and reducing the abundance of AOB in the neutral paddy soil, thus improve rice grain yield and nitrogen use efficiency.

It was analysed comprehensively for farmland pollution by the livestock and poultry manure in Henan Province from 2008 to 2017 and forecasting its future risks, which providing a theoretical basis for Henan Province to arrange rationally the structure of the livestock and poultry breeding industry and carry out the work of pollution control. The study was based on the livestock and poultry breeding data and farmland area data of Henan Province from 2008 to 2017, and analysed the livestock and poultry manure volume, pig dung equivalent, and pollution load of farmland in Henan Province, and made a forecast for the future. The results showed that in the past ten years, the pig dung equivalent emissions, total nitrogen load, total phosphorus load, and pollution risk index of livestock and poultry manure’s farmland load declined. The cities within the highest risk of livestock and poultry manure pollution were Pingdingshan, Hebi, Xuchang and Luohe, and Hebi and Luohe’s livestock and poultry manure pollution risks were the highest in 2017, so the control and treatment of livestock and poultry manure should be strengthened. In the future, the pig population in Henan Province will increase rapidly, and the warning level of Luohe will change from grade Ⅱ to grade Ⅲ in 2025, and the warning levels of Kaifeng and Puyang will change from grade Ⅱ to grade Ⅲ in 2030. So the prevention and control of livestock and poultry manure pollution in Kaifeng, Puyang and Luohe in Henan Province should be strengthened.

This study focused on the effects of different root-cutting intensities on the growth and physiological indexes of Sophora moorcroftiana seedlings, and explored the optimal root-cutting intensity at the seedling stage. One-year-old seedlings of S. moorcroftiana were transplanted after cutting out 1/5 (C1/5), 1/4 (C1/4), 1/3 (C1/3), 1/2 (C1/2) of main roots, respectively, taking no cutting root (CK) seedlings as the control. The results showed that: 1) The survival rate of S. moorcroftiana seedlings was followed as C1/5＞CK＞C1/4＞C1/3＞C1/2, which indicated that moderate root-cutting treatments could improve the survival rate of S. moorcroftiana seedlings; however, with the increase of the root-cutting intensity, the survival rate of seedlings showed a downward trend. The height, ground diameter and biomass of young seedlings under the CK treatment were the highest, but C1/5 treatment had the highest water content of leaves and ratio of root to shoot, and the smallest ratio of height to diameter, which indicated that the moderate root-cutting treatments could improve the water content of leaves and seedling quality. 2) Root-cutting treatments significantly reduced the chlorophyll contents of S. moorcroftiana seedlings. In leaves, the malondialdehyde (MDA) content was the highest under the C1/2 treatment, and the proline content was the highest under the C1/5 treatment, and the activities of peroxidase (POD) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were the highest under the C1/2 treatment. Moderate root-cutting treatments were beneficial to improve root activity. The MDA content in roots was significantly higher under the high root-cutting intensity than that under the CK and low root-cutting intensity. The activities of POD and SOD in roots were the highest under the C1/2 treatment. In conclusion, root-cutting treatments significantly affect the growth and physiological indexes of S. moorcroftiana seedlings, and the C1/5 root-cutting treatment has a better promotion effect on the growth and physiological indexes of S. moorcroftiana seedlings. It is suggested that moderate root-cutting treatment should be used to improve the survival rate of seedlings in the process of vegetation restoration and transplanting.

This study aimed to establish the optimal preparation method of outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) from rabbit Bordetella bronchiseptica (Bb). The FX-1 strain of rabbit Bb was used as the research object. Centrifugal ultrafiltration and ultrasonication were compared, and followed by the optimization of the preparation technics, such as culture time, antibiotic addition and filtering method. The physical and chemical properties of OMVs were examined with transmission electron microscope (TEM), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA), etc. The protein compositions were analysed with Bradford protein quantification, sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The results showed that centrifugal ultrafiltration was a better preparation method of OMVs, and the optimum culture time, cefalexin concentration and filtering method were 18 h, 64 μg/mL and filtration though 0.45 μm membrane once, respectively. The OMVs showed a spherical shape with the diameter of 127.83 nm±0.68 nm, containing a range of proteins associated with virulence and infection mechanisms. This preparation technique could significantly promote the production of OMVs, which making industrial production possible. Furthermore, analysis of the protein composition lays a foundation for novel subunit vaccine research and development.

This study was designed to evaluate the effects of bioactive selenium on performance, egg quality and selenium content in the egg yolk of laying hens. The healthy Roman grey laying hens with similar body mass and laying rate were selected as the testing objects. All hens were fed with corn-soybean meal-based diets for 7 d and then assigned to corn-soybean meal-based diets containing 0 (as the control group), 0.6%, 0.8%, and 1.0% bioactive selenium for 35 d, respectively. The results showed that: 1) When compared with the control group, there were no significant differences in production performance as dietary bioactive selenium contents increasing from 0.6% to 1.0% (P＞0.05). 2) When compared with the control group, no remarkable differences in eggshell thickness, eggshell strength, egg yolk mass and Haugh unit were observed among all the bioactive selenium-added groups (P＞0.05). In general, the thick albumen height increased in the 0.6% to 1.0% bioactive selenium groups on 7 and 21 d. Meanwhile, a significant increase of yolk percentage in bioactive selenium groups was observed relative to the control group on 28 d (P＜0.05). 3) The selenium content in the egg yolk increased linearly with the increase of dietary bioactive selenium contents (P＜0.05). In conclusion, dietary bioactive selenium has no significant effect on laying hen’s performance, but to some extent, it can improve the laying rate, egg quality and increase the selenium content in yolk.

The trend of genetic diversity of Zhejiang Royal Jelly bee (Pinghu) among 2012, 2015 and 2019 years was analyzed using five microsatellite loci and two mitochondrial DNA sequences, which could provide scientific basis for the resource conservation of Zhejiang Royal Jelly bee. The results based on microsatellite loci showed that the mean observed allele number (N_a) and mean effective allele number (N_e) were 10.6 and 3.859 1, respectively; and the mean observed heterozygosity (H_o) and mean effective heterozygosity(H_e) were 0.567 4 and 0.685 8, respectively; the mean polymorphism information content(PIC)was 0.653 1 in the overall Zhejiang Royal Jelly bee (Pinghu) population. The results indicated high genetic diversity in Zhejiang Royal Jelly bee (Pinghu). There were no significant differences in all genetic diversity indicators among 2012, 2015 and 2019 years, indicating that the genetic diversity of Zhejiang Royal Jelly bee (Pinghu) was stable. The results based on mitochondrial DNA showed that the main haplotype was more and more prevalent in Zhejiang Royal Jelly bee (Pinghu). In view of the fact that the population number of Zhejiang Royal Jelly bee (Pinghu) may decrease substantially in the future, it is suggested to strengthen the protection of Zhejiang Royal Jelly bee (Pinghu) and the monitoring of the resources in order to take necessary protective measures.