Please wait a minute...
浙江大学学报(工学版)
浙江大学学报(工学版)  2026, Vol. 60 Issue (8): 1611-1626    DOI: 10.3785/j.issn.1008-973X.2026.08.001
能源工程、机械工程     
基于氢氧化物的热化学储能体系研究进展
韩翔宇1,2(),韩伟1,2,*(),王英丞1,2,张可臻1,2,王峰年1,2,姚明宇1,2
1. 西安热工研究院有限公司 清洁低碳热力发电国家工程研究中心，陕西 西安 710054
2. 中国华能集团有限公司 高效灵活煤电及碳捕集利用封存全国重点实验室，陕西 西安 710054
Review on hydroxide-based thermochemical energy storage systems
Xiangyu HAN1,2(),Wei HAN1,2,*(),Yingcheng WANG1,2,Kezhen ZHANG1,2,Fengnian WANG1,2,Mingyu YAO1,2
1. National Engineering Research Center of Clean and Low-carbon Thermal Power Generation, Xi’an Thermal Power Research Institute Co. Ltd, Xi’an 710054, China
2. National Key Laboratory of High-Efficiency Flexible Coal Power Generation and Carbon Capture Utilization and Storage, China Huaneng Group Co. Ltd, Xi’an 710054, China
 全文: PDF(1095 KB)   HTML
摘要：

聚焦于CaO/Ca(OH)2与MgO/Mg(OH)2这2类典型氢氧化物热化学储能体系，系统评述其在材料改性、反应器设计及系统集成3个层面的研究进展；总结了掺杂与纳米结构设计在缓解材料团聚、调控反应温度方面的成效，及固定床模块化与流化床机械辅助流化技术方面的突破；阐述了体系作为“卡诺电池”和“化学热泵”应用的理论验证现状. 当前技术规模化应用仍受限于材料储能密度与循环稳定性的权衡、反应器内材料性能动态演化下的热质传递受阻，以及系统与波动性能源供需侧的动态失配. 建议引入人工智能重构材料定向设计路径，深化跨尺度耦合机制研究以突破反应器传热传质瓶颈，并建立动态响应评价体系与中试示范平台，以验证系统在真实变工况下的负荷调节能力.
关键词： 热化学储能;  CaO/Ca(OH)2;  MgO/Mg(OH)2;  材料改性;  反应器设计;  系统集成    
Abstract:

Two typical hydroxide thermochemical energy storage systems of CaO/Ca(OH)2 and MgO/Mg(OH)2 were systematically reviewed from three aspects including material modification, reactor design, and system integration. The effectiveness of doping and nanostructure design in mitigating material agglomeration and regulating reaction temperature was summarized. The breakthroughs in modular fixed-bed and mechanically assisted fluidized-bed designs were highlighted, and the current status of theoretical verification for applications such as “Carnot batteries” and “chemical heat pumps” was elucidated. Large-scale application is currently constrained by the trade-off between energy density and cyclic stability, the hindrance of heat and mass transfer due to the dynamic evolution of material properties within the reactor, and the dynamic mismatches between the system and fluctuating energy supply or demand. The incorporation of artificial intelligence is proposed to reconstruct targeted material design pathways in future. Furthermore, the deepening research on cross-scale coupling mechanism is recommended to overcome reactor transport bottlenecks, alongside the establishment of dynamic response evaluation framework and pilot-scale demonstration platform to validate the load regulation capability under realistic, variable operating conditions.
Key words: thermochemical energy storage    CaO/Ca(OH)2    MgO/Mg(OH)2    material modification    reactor design    system integration
收稿日期: 2025-09-26 出版日期: 2026-07-16
CLC:  TP 393  
基金资助: 国家重点研发计划资助项目（2024YFE0212800）.
通讯作者: 韩伟     E-mail: hanxiangyu@tpri.com.cn;hanwei@tpri.com.cn
作者简介: 韩翔宇（1997—），男，博士，工程师，从事热化学储能技术研究. orcid.org/0009-0008-5506-1683. E-mail：hanxiangyu@tpri.com.cn
服务　　
把本文推荐给朋友
加入引用管理器
E-mail Alert
作者相关文章　　
韩翔宇
韩伟
王英丞
张可臻
王峰年
姚明宇

引用本文:

韩翔宇,韩伟,王英丞,张可臻,王峰年,姚明宇. 基于氢氧化物的热化学储能体系研究进展[J]. 浙江大学学报(工学版), 2026, 60(8): 1611-1626.

Xiangyu HAN,Wei HAN,Yingcheng WANG,Kezhen ZHANG,Fengnian WANG,Mingyu YAO. Review on hydroxide-based thermochemical energy storage systems. Journal of ZheJiang University (Engineering Science), 2026, 60(8): 1611-1626.

链接本文:

https://www.zjujournals.com/eng/CN/10.3785/j.issn.1008-973X.2026.08.001    或    https://www.zjujournals.com/eng/CN/Y2026/V60/I8/1611

储热类型材料体系t/℃E/(kJ·kg?1)
SHS系统水0~100418
大理石142~522593
LHS系统SAT58.3286
NaNO3306172
MgCl2/KCl/NaCl380400
金属氢化物体系Mg/MgH25002 814
Ti/TiH27003 190
氢氧化物体系CaO/Ca(OH)24601 855
MgO/Mg(OH)23002 010
表 1  氢氧化物、金属氢化物体系与典型SHS和LHS系统储能温度及储能密度对比[13-19]
图 1  中空CaO微球在30次循环后的微观形貌图[61]
储热释热
废热源t/℃应用t/℃
工业窑炉排气250~300纺织品生产70~100
化工蒸馏余热110~300蒸馏90~130
污泥焚烧炉70~350纸浆和纸张干燥90~120
苯、甲苯生产200~300灭菌140~150
表 2  可用废热源与热用户[69]
图 2  花朵状MgO微球SEM图[107]
材料制备工艺E/(kJ·kg?1)L/次原料成本1）规模化生产
难度		参考文献
1）原料价格参考http://www.aladdin-e.com/zh_cn/或http://www.1688.com/.
Ca(OH)2+Na2Si3O7手动混合-造粒-煅烧~1 000>200Na2Si3O7溶液：529.20元/L低[41]
Ca(OH)2+TEOS-SCA混合-干燥-煅烧—>30TEOS：219元/L；SCA：49 999.9元/kg低[43]
Ca(OH)2+SiO2高精度混合—>10SiO2 A300：411.8元/kg中[32]、[44]
混合-干燥-煅烧-筛分691.5 MJ/m3>10高吸水树脂：1 029.9元/kg低[46]
Ca(OH)2+铜铬黑混合-干燥-煅烧1 302>100铜铬黑：80元/kg低[47]
Ca(OH)2+CMC+蛭石混合-压片机压制-多段煅烧830—CMC：187.8元/kg；蛭石：467.9元/kg中[53]
Ca(OH)2+SiC滚圆-搅拌包覆-煅烧~600>25CMC：187.8元/kg；活性炭：123.9元/kg；
SiC：97.9元/kg		高[58]
Ca(OH)2+SiO2+ Al2O3化学法制备致密硅胶-浸涂-
机械混合-挤出-干燥		836>10TEOS：219元/L；Al2O3:139.8元/kg高[60]
Ca(OH)2化学法制备-干燥-煅烧1 755>30D-木糖：223.96元/kg；甘氨酸：130.90元/kg高[61]
Ca(OH)2+EG超声分散-干燥719.87>10EG：38.9元/kg中[68]
Ca(OH)2+KNO3脱气蒸馏水溶解混合-蒸发
干燥		1 315>5KNO3：509.8元/kg中[14]
Mg(OH)2+EG湿混合-干燥-压制成型881—鳞片石墨：479.8元/kg低[92]
Mg(OH)2+碳纳米管沉积-沉淀法1 30010碳纳米管：28 839元/kg高[83]
Mg(OH)2+纳米多孔碳湿混合-干燥-煅烧890>60碳多孔小球：166 780元/kg低[96]
Mg(OH)2+CaTiO3混合971—CaTiO3：409.8元/kg低[97]
Mg(OH)2+Fe-LiNO3-TiN湿混合-干燥-煅烧900>15Fe(NO3)3·9H2O：179.8元/kg；
LiNO3：1 095.8元/kg；1 059.8元/kg		低[98]
Mg(OH)2+蛭石浸渍-沉积法540>5蛭石：467.9元/kg中[99]
Mg(OH)2+Co共沉淀法1 0596Co(NO3)2·6H2O：353.8元/kg中[100]
Mg(OH)2+LiCl浸渍-旋蒸-干燥1 360—LiCl·H2O：21 091.8元/kg中[101]
Mg(OH)2共沉淀法1 209—Mg(CH3COO)2：125.8元/kg；NH4OH：272.9元/L中[75]
水热法612>10MgCl2·6H2O：71.8元/kg；Na2CO3：103.8元/kg；
NaOH：117.8元/kg		中[107]
表 3  CaO/Ca(OH)2与MgO/Mg(OH)2 TCES体系综合性能对比
图 3  机械流化床反应器中2.5次循环后的粉末图[40]
反应器类型传热/传质性能颗粒循环稳定性系统能耗投资成本适用场景
间接式固定床反应器低：受限于热导率，需大量换热面积中：存在粉化、团聚问题，但无机械磨损低：反应流体仅需克服床层压降中：金属框架占比较高中小型、固定式供热
直接式固定床反应器中：受限于床层渗透率低：结构简单、易于模块化工业蒸汽供应、移动式
供热
气体流化床反应器高：气固接触充分，温度均匀低：颗粒磨损严重，易粉化导致流化失败高：需大量流化气体，热损失大中：需气固分离（旋风分离器）与气体循环系统大规模、非黏性粉体、连续高功率输出
机械流化床反应器极高：机械流化床层，传热系数高中：抑制团聚，但存在机械磨损中：电机能耗高：转动部件导致密封与维护成本高黏性粉体、连续高功率
输出
移动床反
应器		中：逆流换热效率相对较高低：黏性粉末流动性差，堵塞流动通道低：重力驱动粉末
流动		中：需配置固体物料加料、输送系统非黏性粉体、连续高功率输出
表 4  TCES反应器综合性能对比
114 GELDART D Types of gas fluidization[J]. Powder Technology, 1973, 7 (5): 285- 292
115 PARDO P, ANXIONNAZ-MINVIELLE Z, ROUGE S, et al Ca(OH)2/CaO reversible reaction in a fluidized bed reactor for thermochemical heat storage[J]. Solar Energy, 2014, 107: 605- 616
116 SCHMIDT M, GOLLSCH M, GIGER F, et al. Development of a moving bed pilot plant for thermochemical energy storage with CaO/Ca(OH)2 [C]// SolarPACES 2015: International Conference on Concentrating Solar Power and Chemical Energy Systems. [S.l.]: AIP Conference Proceedings, 2016: 13–16.
117 LINDER M, ROSSKOPF C, SCHMIDT M, et al Thermochemical energy storage in kW-scale based on CaO/Ca(OH)2[J]. Energy Procedia, 2014, 49: 888- 897
118 YAN J, PAN Z H, ZHAO C Y Experimental study of MgO/Mg(OH)2 thermochemical heat storage with direct heat transfer mode[J]. Applied Energy, 2020, 275: 115356
119 PAGKOURA C, KARAGIANNAKIS G, ZYGOGIANNI A, et al Cobalt oxide based structured bodies as redox thermochemical heat storage medium for future CSP plants[J]. Solar Energy, 2014, 108: 146- 163
120 WANG B Q, SUN J, MA Z H, et al Proposal of a pilot-scale prototype of ‘electricity-in-steam-out’ packed-bed reactor for thermochemical energy storage with Ca(OH)2/CaO[J]. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2025, 505: 159211
121 WANG B Q, HAN L Z, SHEN H W, et al Multiphysics coupled modelling of a tube-plate-type packed-bed reactor for CaO/Ca(OH)2 thermochemical energy storage operated in ‘electricity-in-steam-out’ mode[J]. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2025, 524: 168928
122 WANG W, YANG J Y, LOUGOU B G, et al Effect of fluid direction and reactor structure on heat storage performance of Ca(OH)2/CaO based on shell-tube thermochemical energy storage device[J]. Renewable Energy, 2024, 234: 121249
123 WANG J X, GU Y S, YUAN D X, et al Heat transfer characteristics of CaO/Ca(OH)2 particle fluidization for thermochemical energy storage[J]. Particuology, 2025, 102: 41- 52
124 MORGENSTERN L, KERSCHER F, SPLIETHOFF H Optimizing the manufacturing conditions of CaO/Ca(OH)2 for thermochemical energy storage utilizing a bubbling fluidized bed to reduce particle degradation[J]. Journal of Energy Storage, 2025, 106: 114665
125 MORGENSTERN L, OHMSTEDT S, TALEBI E, et al Pilot-scale investigation of high-temperature thermochemical energy storage based on the material system CaO/Ca(OH)2 in a bubbling fluidized bed[J]. Powder Technology, 2024, 440: 119775
1 牛瑞杰, 郭俊文, 李晓博, 等 风光储联合发电系统储能控制策略[J]. 热力发电, 2020, 49 (8): 150- 155
NIU Ruijie, GUO Junwen, LI Xiaobo, et al Energy storage control strategy of wind-photovoltaic-storage hybrid system[J]. Thermal Power Generation, 2020, 49 (8): 150- 155
doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202005142
126 JIN X G, LUO Y J, BAO H X, et al Experimental investigation on thermochemical heat storage using Ca(OH)2/CaO in the cyclone reactor[J]. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2024, 483: 149059
127 LIU H W, ZHANG Y Q, XU Q H, et al A Carnot battery system integrating Ca(OH)2/CaO thermochemical energy storage and supercritical CO2 cycles for long-term energy storage and residential heat supply[J]. Applied Energy, 2025, 377: 124535
128 TIAN R, XIAO X, WEI M S, et al Performance analysis of a carnot battery system coupled Ca(OH)2/CaO thermochemical heat storage and coal-fired power plant[J]. Renewable Energy, 2026, 256: 123922
2 陈海生, 刘畅, 徐玉杰, 等 储能在碳达峰碳中和目标下的战略地位和作用[J]. 储能科学与技术, 2021, 10 (5): 1477- 1485
CHEN Haisheng, LIU Chang, XU Yujie, et al The strategic position and role of energy storage under the goal of carbon peak and carbon neutrality[J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2021, 10 (5): 1477- 1485
3 VECCHI A, SCIACOVELLI A Long-duration thermo-mechanical energy storage–present and future techno-economic competitiveness[J]. Applied Energy, 2023, 334: 120628
doi: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2022.120628
4 陈秋宇, 李文涛, 李竺豫, 等 中高温热化学储热材料研究进展[J]. 热力发电, 2024, 53 (6): 12- 20
CHEN Qiuyu, LI Wentao, LI Zhuyu, et al Research progress on thermochemical heat storage materials for medium to high temperature applications[J]. Thermal Power Generation, 2024, 53 (6): 12- 20
5 胡若兰, 邓巍, 赵勇, 等 太阳能热化学储能技术关键材料研究现状[J]. 热力发电, 2025, 53 (1): 1- 11
HU Ruolan, DENG Wei, ZHAO Yong, et al Research status of the key materials for solar thermochemical energy storage technology[J]. Thermal Power Generation, 2025, 53 (1): 1- 11
6 GIL A, MEDRANO M, MARTORELL I, et al State of the art on high temperature thermal energy storage for power generation. Part 1—concepts, materials and modellization[J]. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2010, 14 (1): 31- 55
7 ABEDIN A H A critical review of thermochemical energy storage systems[J]. The Open Renewable Energy Journal, 2011, 4 (1): 42- 46
8 RONNEBRO E C E, WHYATT G, POWELL M, et al Metal hydrides for high-temperature power generation[J]. Energies, 2015, 8 (8): 8406- 8430
9 ANDRE L, ABANADES S, FLAMANT G Screening of thermochemical systems based on solid-gas reversible reactions for high temperature solar thermal energy storage[J]. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2016, 64: 703- 715
10 PRASAD J S , MUTHUKUMAR P, DESAI F, et al A critical review of high-temperature reversible thermochemical energy storage systems[J]. Applied Energy, 2019, 254 (15): 113733
11 HAN X Y, WANG L, LING H S, et al Critical review of thermochemical energy storage systems based on cobalt, manganese, and copper oxides[J]. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2022, 158: 112076
12 PARDO P, DEDIER A, ANXIONNAZ M Z, et al A review on high temperature thermochemical heat energy storage[J]. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2014, 32: 591- 610
13 HAN X C, XU H J, XU T Magnesium-based thermochemical reactor with multiporous structures for medium-temperature solar applications: transient modelling of discharge capability[J]. Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, 2022, 238: 111630
14 SHKATULOV A, ARISTOV Y Modification of magnesium and calcium hydroxides with salts: an efficient way to advanced materials for storage of middle-temperature heat[J]. Energy, 2015, 85 (1): 667- 676
15 GRIRATE H, ZARI N, ELAMRANI I, et al Characterization of several moroccan rocks used as filler material for thermal energy storage in CSP power plants[J]. Energy Procedia, 2014, 49: 810- 819
16 ESENCE T, BRUCH A, MOLINA S, et al A review on experience feedback and numerical modeling of packed-bed thermal energy storage systems[J]. Solar Energy, 2017, 153: 628- 654
17 MICHELS H, PITZ-PAAL R Cascaded latent heat storage for parabolic trough solar power plants[J]. Solar Energy, 2007, 81 (6): 829- 837
18 ABHAT A Low temperature latent heat thermal energy storage: heat storage materials[J]. Solar Energy, 1983, 30 (4): 313- 332
19 ALI B, UR REHMAN M A, AMIN F Zn and Ba doped Ca(OH)2 for enhancement of energy storage and thermal conductivity for thermochemical energy storage systems[J]. Applied Thermal Engineering, 2025, 278: 127242
20 SCHAUBE F, WORNER A, TAMME R High temperature thermochemical heat storage for concentrated solar power using gas–solid reactions[J]. Journal of Solar Energy Engineering, 2011, 133 (3): 031006
21 ANGERER M, DJUKOW M, RIEDL K, et al Simulation of cogeneration-combined cycle plant flexibilization by thermochemical energy storage[J]. Journal of Energy Resources Technology, 2018, 140 (2): 020909
22 GUPTA A, ARMATIS P D, SABHARWALL P, et al Energy and exergy analysis of Ca(OH)2/CaO dehydration-hydration chemical heat pump system: effect of reaction temperature[J]. Journal of Energy Storage, 2021, 39: 102633
23 GOLLSCH M, LINDER M Influence of structural changes on gas transport properties of a cycled CaO/Ca(OH)2 powder bulk for thermochemical energy storage[J]. Journal of Energy Storage, 2023, 73: 108790
24 CRIADO Y, ALONSO M, ABANADES J C Enhancement of a CaO/Ca(OH)2 based material for thermochemical energy storage[J]. Solar Energy, 2016, 135: 800- 809
25 KARIYA J, RYU J, KATO Y Reaction performance of calcium hydroxide and expanded graphite composites for chemical heat storage applications[J]. ISIJ International, 2015, 55 (2): 457- 463
26 KUDLACZ K, RODRIGUEZ-NAVARRO C The mechanism of vapor phase hydration of calcium oxide: implications for CO2 capture[J]. Environmental Science and Technology, 2014, 48 (20): 12411- 12418
27 AFFLERBACH S, AFFLERBACH K, TRETTIN R Improvement of a semipermeable shell for encapsulation of calcium hydroxide for thermochemical heat storage solutions: material design and evaluation in laboratory and reactor scale[J]. Solar Energy, 2021, 217 (15): 208- 222
28 ZHOU Y, ZHU J A review on fluidization of Geldart Group C powders through nanoparticle modulation[J]. Powder Technology, 2021, 381: 698- 720
29 DAI L, LONG X F, LOU B, et al Thermal cycling stability of thermochemical energy storage system Ca(OH)2/CaO[J]. Applied Thermal Engineering, 2018, 133: 261- 268
30 XU M, HUAI X L, CAI J Agglomeration behavior of calcium hydroxide/calcium oxide as thermochemical heat storage material: a reactive molecular dynamics study[J]. The Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 2017, 121 (5): 3025- 3033
31 SERRIS E, FAVERGEON L, PIJOLAT M Study of the hydration of CaO powder by gas–solid reaction[J]. Cement and Concrete Research, 2011, 41 (10): 1078- 1084
32 ROSSKOPF C, AFFLERBACH S, SCHMIDT T Investigations of nano coated calcium hydroxide cycled in a thermochemical heat storage[J]. Energy Conversion and Management, 2015, 97: 94- 102
33 GOLLSCH M, AFFLERBACH S, DREXLER M Structural integrity of calcium hydroxide granule bulks for thermochemical energy storage[J]. Solar Energy, 2020, 208 (15): 873- 883
34 KUWATA K, ESAKI T, LWASE D, et al Long-term durability and reactivation of thermochemical heat storage driven by the CaO/Ca(OH)2 reversible reaction[J]. Journal of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, 2017, 11: 23- 32
35 SCHMIDT M, LINDER M Power generation based on the Ca(OH)2/CaO thermochemical storage system—experimental investigation of discharge operation modes in lab scale and corresponding conceptual process design[J]. Applied Energy, 2017, 203 (1): 594- 607
36 SCHMIDT M, GUTIERREZ A, LINDER M Thermochemical energy storage with CaO/Ca(OH)2—experimental investigation of the thermal capability at low vapor pressures in a lab scale reactor[J]. Applied Energy, 2017, 188 (15): 672- 681
37 FUJII I, ISHINO M, AKIYAMA S Behavior of Ca(OH)2/CaO pellet under dehydration and hydration[J]. Solar Energy, 1994, 53 (4): 329- 341
38 CHENG Y X, SHEN Z J, LV F, et al Insight to evolution of particle size and penetration resistance of Ca(OH)2/CaO powder bed for thermochemical energy storage[J]. Powder Technology, 2023, 429 (1): 118954
39 MORGENSTERN L, TALEBI E, KERSCHER F, et al Experimental investigation of CaO/Ca(OH)2 for thermochemical energy storage–commissioning of a 0.5 kWh experimental setup[J]. Fuel, 2023, 345 (1): 128220
40 RISTHAUS K, LINDER M, SCHMIDT M Experimental investigation of a novel mechanically fluidized bed reactor for thermochemical energy storage with calcium hydroxide/calcium oxide[J]. Applied Energy, 2022, 315 (1): 118976
41 CRIADO Y, ALONSO M, ABANADES J C Composite material for thermochemical energy storage using CaO/Ca(OH)2[J]. Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research, 2015, 54 (38): 9314- 9327
42 GUPTA A, ARMATIS P D, SABHARWALL P, et al Kinetics of Ca(OH)2 decomposition in pure Ca(OH)2 and Ca(OH)2-CaTiO3 composite pellets for application in thermochemical energy storage system[J]. Chemical Engineering Science, 2021, 246 (31): 116986
43 GUO R, FUNAYAMA S, KIM S T, et al Hydration reactivity enhancement of calcium oxide–based media for thermochemical energy storage[J]. Energy Storage, 2021, 3 (2): e232
44 ROSSKOPF C, HAAS M, FAIK A, et al Improving powder bed properties for thermochemical storage by adding nanoparticles[J]. Energy Conversion and Management, 2014, 86: 93- 98
45 WANG K, ZHANG C M, LIU B C, et al Agglomeration inhibition mechanism of SiO2 in the Ca(OH)2/CaO thermochemical heat storage process: a reactive molecular dynamics study[J]. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2024, 480: 148118
46 BIAN Z G, LI Y J, FANG Y, et al Thermochemical heat storage performance and structural stability of SiO2-coated CaO particles under fluidization in CaO/Ca(OH)2 cycles[J]. Journal of Energy Storage, 2024, 85 (30): 111102
47 LI Y J, SONG Y H, WU D X, et al Highly active and stable Ca(OH)2-based thermochemical energy storage materials enabling direct solar absorption[J]. Journal of Energy Storage, 2024, 84 (15): 110885
48 ZHONG Y, CRITOPH R E, THORPE R N, et al Isothermal sorption characteristics of the BaCl2–NH3 pair in a vermiculite host matrix[J]. Applied Thermal Engineering, 2007, 27 (14/15): 2455- 2462
49 GORDEEVA L, GREKOVA A, KRIEGER T, et al Composites “binary salts in porous matrix” for adsorption heat transformation[J]. Applied Thermal Engineering, 2013, 50 (2): 1633- 1638
50 KARIYA J, RYU J, KATO Y Development of thermal storage material using vermiculite and calcium hydroxide[J]. Applied Thermal Engineering, 2016, 94 (5): 186- 192
51 ARISTOV Y L, RESTUCCIA G, TOKAREV M M, et al Selective water sorbents for multiple applications. 11. CaCl2 confined to expanded vermiculite[J]. Reaction Kinetics and Catalysis Letters, 2000, 71: 377- 384
52 KARIYA J, KATO Y Development of thermal energy storage material using porous silicon carbide and calcium hydroxide[J]. Energy Procedia, 2017, 131: 395- 406
53 XIA B Q, ZHAO C Y, YAN J, et al Development of granular thermochemical heat storage composite based on calcium oxide[J]. Renewable Energy, 2020, 147: 969- 978
54 SAKELLARIOU K G, KARAGIANNAKIS G, CARIADO Y, et al Calcium oxide based materials for thermochemical heat storage in concentrated solar power plants[J]. Solar Energy, 2015, 122: 215- 230
55 SAKELLARIOU K G, CRIADO Y A, TSONGIDIS N I, et al Multi-cyclic evaluation of composite CaO-based structured bodies for thermochemical heat storage via the CaO/Ca(OH)2 reaction scheme[J]. Solar Energy, 2017, 146: 65- 78
56 AFFLERBACH S, KAPPES M, GIPPERICH A, et al Semipermeable encapsulation of calcium hydroxide for thermochemical heat storage solutions[J]. Solar Energy, 2017, 148: 1- 11
57 ANGERER M, BECKER M, HARZSCHEL S, et al Design of a MW-scale thermo-chemical energy storage reactor[J]. Energy Reports, 2018, 4: 507- 519
58 莫雅超, 闫君, 赵长颖 CaO/Ca(OH)2核壳结构颗粒的制备及其储热性能[J]. 储能科学与技术, 2022, 11 (12): 3828- 3835
MO Yachao, YAN Jun, ZHAO Changying Preparation and thermal storage properties of CaO/Ca(OH)2 core-shell-structured particles[J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2022, 11 (12): 3828- 3835
59 YAN J, ZHAO C Y, PAN Z H The effect of CO2 on Ca(OH)2 and Mg(OH)2 thermochemical heat storage systems[J]. Energy, 2017, 124: 114- 123
60 BRIONES L, VALVERDE-PIZARRO C M, BARRAS-GARCIA I, et al Development of stable porous silica-coated Ca(OH)2/γ-Al2O3 pellets for dehydration/hydration cycles with application in thermochemical heat storage[J]. Journal of Energy Storage, 2022, 51: 104548
61 AGALIT H, WANG Y, LU T J, et al Towards an agglomeration free Ca(OH)2/CaO thermochemical energy storage loop via nanofabricated hollow CaO microspheres with highly porous shells[J]. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2024, 493: 152632
62 YU F C, PHALAK N, SUN Z C, et al Activation strategies for calcium-based sorbents for CO2 capture: a perspective[J]. Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research, 2015, 51 (4): 2133- 2142
63 HUGHES R W, LU D, ANTHONY E J, et al Improved long-term conversion of limestone-derived sorbents for in situ capture of CO2 in a fluidized bed combustor[J]. Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research, 2004, 43 (18): 5529- 5539
64 FUNAYAMA S, SCHMIDT M, MOCHIZUKI K, et al Calcium hydroxide and porous silicon-impregnated silicon carbide-based composites for thermochemical energy storage[J]. Applied Thermal Engineering, 2023, 220 (5): 119675
65 FUNAYAMA S, ZAMENGO M, RISTHAUS K, et al Maximization of thermal discharge power density of composite foam for thermochemical energy storage using calcium hydroxide and silicon-impregnated silicon carbide[J]. Applied Thermal Engineering, 2025, 274: 126575
66 FUJIOKA K, HATANAKA K, HIRATA Y Composite reactants of calcium chloride combined with functional carbon materials for chemical heat pumps[J]. Applied Thermal Engineering, 2008, 28 (4): 304- 310
67 KIM S A, RYU J, KATO Y Reactivity enhancement of chemical materials used in packed bed reactor of chemical heat pump[J]. Progress in Nuclear Energy, 2011, 53 (7): 1027- 1033
68 YAO Y, TIAN X K, YAN J, et al Development and characterization of Ca(OH)2 doped with expanded graphite for thermochemical energy storage: integrating thermal conductivity, kinetics, and cyclic performance[J]. Journal of Energy Storage, 2025, 132: 117760
69 SHKATULOV A, TAKASU H, KATO Y, et al Thermochemical energy storage by LiNO3-doped Mg(OH)2: rehydration study[J]. Journal of Energy Storage, 2019, 22: 302- 310
70 HUANG C F, XU M, LI X F, et al Remarkable low-temperature dehydration kinetics of rare-earth-ion-doped Ca(OH)2 for thermochemical energy storage[J]. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2023, 478: 147475
71 YAN J, ZHAO C Y First-principle study of CaO/Ca(OH)2 thermochemical energy storage system by Li or Mg cation doping[J]. Chemical Engineering Science, 2014, 117: 293- 300
72 KATO Y, SASAKI Y, YOSHIZAWA Y Magnesium oxide/water chemical heat pump to enhance energy utilization of a cogeneration system[J]. Energy, 2005, 30 (11/12): 2144- 2155
73 WANG T, ZHAO C Y, YAN J Investigation on the Ca(OH)2/CaO thermochemical energy storage system with potassium nitrate addition[J]. Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, 2020, 215: 110646
74 YUAN C J, LIU X L, WANG X R, et al Low-cost scalable high-power-density solar thermochemical energy storage via accelerating ion diffusion in calcium-based solid wastes[J]. Energy Storage Materials, 2024, 70: 103536
75 MILLER N, COFFEY P, BADENHORST H, et al The effect of the salt precursor on the particle morphology and thermal properties of magnesium hydroxide for thermochemical energy storage[J]. Journal of Energy Storage, 2021, 44: 103335
76 PAPAPETROU M, KOSMADAKIS G, CIPOLLINA A, et al Industrial waste heat: estimation of the technically available resource in the EU per industrial sector, temperature level and country[J]. Applied Thermal Engineering, 2018, 138: 207- 216
77 TIAN Z H, ZHANG J G, ZHANG Y H, et al Thermochemical heat storage performance of Fe-doped MgO/Mg(OH)2: experimental and DFT investigation[J]. Journal of Energy Storage, 2024, 86: 111388
78 ZAMENGO M, RYU J, KATO Y Chemical heat storage of thermal energy from a nuclear reactor by using a magnesium hydroxide/expanded graphite composite material[J]. Energy Procedia, 2015, 71: 293- 305
79 ZAMENGO M, KATO Y Comparison of magnesium hydroxide/expanded graphite composites for thermal energy storage in cogeneration nuclear power plants[J]. Energy Procedia, 2017, 131: 119- 126
80 KATO Y, TAKAHASHI F U, WATANABE A, et al Thermal analysis of a magnesium oxide/water chemical heat pump for cogeneration[J]. Applied Thermal Engineering, 2001, 21 (10): 1067- 1081
81 HARUKI M, SAITO K, TAKAI K, et al Thermal conductivity and reactivity of Mg(OH)2 and MgO/expanded graphite composites with high packing density for chemical heat storage[J]. Thermochimica Acta, 2019, 680: 178338
82 LI S J, YANG X Y, LI X Y, et al A high energy density 3D nano-carbon based magnesium hydroxide reversible chemical reaction heat storage material synthesis and heat transfer performance investigation[J]. Journal of Energy Storage, 2022, 55: 104260
83 MASTRONARDO E, BONACCORSI L, KATO Y, et al Thermochemical performance of carbon nanotubes based hybrid materials for MgO/H2O/Mg(OH)2 chemical heat pumps[J]. Applied Energy, 2016, 181: 232- 243
84 LI M T, LI Y T, SUN L, et al Tremendous enhancement of heat storage efficiency for Mg(OH)2-MgO-H2O thermochemical system with addition of Ce(NO3)3 and LiOH[J]. Nano Energy, 2021, 81: 105603
85 ZAMENGO M, RYU J, KATO Y Magnesium hydroxide–expanded graphite composite pellets for a packed bed reactor chemical heat pump[J]. Applied Thermal Engineering, 2013, 61 (2): 853- 858
86 SHKATULOV A, KRIEGER T, ZAIKOVSKII V, et al Doping magnesium hydroxide with sodium nitrate: a new approach to tune the dehydration reactivity of heat-storage materials[J]. ACS Applied Materials and Interfaces, 2014, 6 (22): 19966- 19977
87 HAN X L, WU P, WANG L, et al Self-assembled micro-nano flower-like/spherical magnesium hydroxide for heat-energy storage[J]. Materials Letters, 2023, 334: 133723
88 YANG X Y, LI S J, ZHAO J G, et al Construction of biomass waste derived hierarchical porous biochar framework based lithium hydroxide composites for highly efficient and durable low temperature thermochemical heat storage[J]. Journal of Cleaner Production, 2022, 359: 132047
89 LIN S S, DENG L S, LI J, et al Preparation and properties of activated carbon-based Na3PO4 composites for low-temperature thermochemical heat storage[J]. Energy, 2024, 301: 131592
90 LI S T, LI Z Q, CHEN Y, et al A SrBr2/SrCl2-expanded graphite composite material for low temperature thermochemical energy storage[J]. Journal of Energy Storage, 2024, 104: 114540
91 NGUYEN M H, ZBAIR M, DUTOURNIE P, et al Thermochemical sorption heat storage: investigate the heat released from activated carbon beads used as porous host matrix for MgSO4 salt[J]. Journal of Energy Storage, 2023, 59: 106452
92 ZAMENGO M, RYU J, KATO Y Thermochemical performance of magnesium hydroxide–expanded graphite pellets for chemical heat pump[J]. Applied Thermal Engineering, 2014, 64 (1/2): 339- 347
93 WANG Y, AGALIT H, LU T J, et al Revolutionizing hydroxide-based thermochemical heat storage: microwave-enhanced regeneration of the MgO/Mg(OH)2 system[J]. Journal of Energy Storage, 2025, 132: 117919
94 KIM P, SHI L, MAJUMDAR A, et al Thermal transport measurements of individual multiwalled nanotubes[J]. Physical Review Letters, 2001, 87: 215502
95 MILONE C, HAMEED A R S, PIPEROPOULOS E, et al Catalytic wet air oxidation of p-coumaric acid over carbon nanotubes and activated carbon[J]. Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research, 2011, 50 (15): 9043- 9053
96 WU R J, DENG L S, XIAO L F, et al Thermochemical energy storage performance and durability enhancement of Mg(OH)2/MgO composites by in-situ casting MgO particles in nanoporous carbon[J]. Journal of Energy Storage, 2025, 132: 117759
97 HAN X C, XU H J, HUA W S Decomposition performance and kinetics analysis of magnesium hydroxide regulated with C/N/Ti/Si additives for thermochemical heat storage[J]. Applied Energy, 2023, 344: 121322
98 TIAN Z H, LI Y J, ZHANG Y H, et al Fe/LiNO3/TiN co–modified MgO for enhanced thermochemical energy storage performance in MgO/Mg(OH)2 cycles[J]. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2024, 496: 153991
99 SHKATULOV A, RYU J, KATO Y, et al Composite material “Mg(OH)2/vermiculite”: a promising new candidate for storage of middle temperature heat[J]. Energy, 2012, 44 (1): 1028- 1034
100 SLIMANI H, OUSALEH H A, HARRAK A E, et al Doping effects on magnesium hydroxide: enhancing dehydration and hydration performance for thermochemical energy storage applications[J]. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2024, 488: 151048
101 RYU J, HIRAO N, TAKAHASHI R, et al Dehydration behavior of metal-salt-added magnesium hydroxide as chemical heat storage media[J]. Chemistry Letters, 2008, 37 (11): 1140- 1141
102 MYAGMARJAV O, RYU J, KATO, Y Lithium bromide-mediated reaction performance enhancement of a chemical heat-storage material for magnesium oxide/water chemical heat pumps[J]. Applied Thermal Engineering, 2014, 63 (1): 170- 176
103 KIM S T, RYU J, KATO Y Optimization of magnesium hydroxide composite material mixed with expanded graphite and calcium chloride for chemical heat pumps[J]. Applied Thermal Engineering, 2013, 50 (1): 485- 490
104 MYAGMARJAV O, RYU J, KATO Y Dehydration kinetic study of a chemical heat storage material with lithium bromide for a magnesium oxide/water chemical heat pump[J]. Progress in Nuclear Energy, 2015, 82: 153- 158
105 ISHITOBI H, URUMA K, TAKEUCHI M, et al Dehydration and hydration behavior of metal-salt-modified materials for chemical heat pumps[J]. Applied Thermal Engineering, 2013, 50 (2): 1639- 1644
106 SHKATULOV A I, ARISTOV Y Thermochemical energy storage using LiNO3-doped Mg(OH)2: a dehydration study[J]. Energy Technology, 2018, 6 (9): 1844- 1851
107 KIM Y, DONG X, CHAE S, et al Ultrahigh-porosity MgO microparticles for heat-energy storage[J]. Advanced Materials, 2023, 35: 2204775
108 SCHMIDT M, SZCZUKOWSKI C, ROSSKOPF C, et al Experimental results of a 10 kW high temperature thermochemical storage reactor based on calcium hydroxide[J]. Applied Thermal Engineering, 2014, 62 (2): 553- 559
109 YAN J, ZHAO C Y Experimental study of CaO/Ca(OH)2 in a fixed-bed reactor for thermochemical heat storage[J]. Applied Energy, 2016, 175: 277- 284
110 SHARMA R, GOLLSCH M, LINDER M In-situ visualization of thermochemical storage material Ca(OH)2/CaO: understanding agglomeration and channeling in bulk powder[J]. Applied Thermal Engineering, 2025, 274: 126715
111 CRIADO YA, HUILLE A, ROUGE S, et al Experimental investigation and model validation of a CaO/Ca(OH)2 fluidized bed reactor for thermochemical energy storage applications[J]. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2017, 313: 1194- 1205
112 CRIADO Y A, ALONSO M, ABANADES J C, et al Conceptual process design of a CaO/Ca(OH)2 thermochemical energy storage system using fluidized bed reactors[J]. Applied Thermal Engineering, 2014, 73 (1): 1087- 1094
[1] 戎萍,陈威,邓哲,顾亦磊,吕征宇. 适用于宽输入电压范围的变拓扑变流器[J]. J4, 2011, 45(3): 472-479.
[2] 刘运通, 唐任仲, 盛文露, 等. 面向异构系统集成的软件组件本体构建方法[J]. J4, 2009, 43(12): 2225-2230.
[3] 董新伟 吴国忠 赵荣祥 甘雯. 电力电子标准模块通讯接口分析与设[J]. J4, 2007, 41(11): 1857-1861.
[4] 顾亦磊 吕征宇 钱照明 顾晓明. 较高输入电压下系统集成的一组解决方案[J]. J4, 2006, 40(6): 1027-1031.
[5] 蔡慧 赵荣祥. 电力电子分布式控制体系与系统集成[J]. J4, 2006, 40(6): 1037-1041.