There are more than one thousand islands in One-thousand Island Lake region . To study plant speciesβdiversity,10 typical small islands in the centre of lake were selected . Plant species were investigated on each island,andβdiversity among islands were calculated . Then relationships between distances (among islands) and corresponding value ofβdiversity were analyzed .Results showed that :1) distance had a remarkable effect on the distribution of species . The value ofβdiversity was lower when the distance among islands was closer,indicating high species similarity;2) area effects were found by analyzingβdiversity values on larger islands . For the larger islands,theirβdiversity values increased along with the area decreasing of corresponding islands .βdiversity values of plant species had no fixed rule when the larger islands were mated with smaller islands . The study ofβdiversity of plant communities is benefit to the conservation of plant species diversity,and to guide the construction of biological diversity protected areas .

Capsicum annuum is one of the world largest consumptive vegetables. As the biggest producer, consumer and exporter of C. annuum in the world, the development of China capsicum industry has an important influence on the development of global C. annuum industry. The C. annuum industry mostly focuses on its fruit, while C. annuum leaves, as a kind of easily wasted vegetables, which are rich in resources and nutrients, have not yet been widely developed. In order to better develop C. annuum leaves, we explore the αglucosidase inhibitory activity using 70% ethanol extracts of C. annuum leaves. The pnitrophenylαDglucopyranoside (pNPG) method was adopted to determine the inhibitory activity of C. annuum leaf extracts against αglucosidase. The results showed that the αglucosidase inhibitory activity of C. annuum leaf extracts was up to 60%, which was 10 times more than its fruit, and there were significant differences in the αglucosidase inhibitory activity among different cultivars. As to different target enzymes, C. annuum leaf extract showed different activity, for example, it could inhibit the activity of sucrase and maltase from animal, but it had no effect for microbial enzyme. The C. annuum leaf extract were validated with a strong hypoglycemic activity by animal glucose load test. In conclusion, The C. annuum leaf extract has high inhibition against αglucosidase and can be used for the development of a new type of hypoglycemic food.

The effects of five hydroponic nutrient solutions, Hoagland formula, Japanese Yamazaki formula (JY), Japanese Garden formula (JG), South China Agricultural University (SCAU) formula B for leafy vegetables and England Hewitt formula (EH) on the biomass production and nutritional quality of aeroponically grown lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) were compared. The results showed that the pH levels of five solutions were increased to some extent during the treatment. The highest increase in pH was observed in EH, while the lowest was in SCAU formula B. Plants grown in SCAU formula B solution showed high fresh and dry mass of roots and shoots, compared to the plants grown in other four nutrient solutions. Furthermore, The plants treated with SCAU formula B showed the highest ascorbic acid content, FRAP (ferric reducing/antioxidant power) value, DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrydrazyl) radical scavenging rate, as well as soluble sugar content in the leaves among all nutrient solution-treated plants. However, the soluble protein content was comparable to that of JG-treated plants, while the glutathione contents was lower than that of JG-treated plants. Furthermore, the nitrate contents of stems and leaves of SCAU formula B-treated plants were significantly lower than those of EH and Hoaglandtreated plants, but a little higher than those of JG and JY-treated plants. These results indicate that aeroponically grown lettuce in SCAU formula B solution produce high biomass yield, high antioxidant content and antioxidant activity, and low nitrate content, suggesting that SCAU formula B is the most ideal nutrient solution for aeroponically grown lettuce, whereas EH and JY formulas are unsuitable for aeroponically grown lettuce.

Aflatoxins (AFT), whose basic structure is composed of difuran and coumarin, have 17 kinds of derivatives including B1, B2, G1, G2, M1, M2, etc. AFT M1 was firstly separated from milk. AFT M1 and AFT M2 were the derivatives of AFT B1 and AFT B2 through the animal metabolism. Especially, AFT B1 and AFT M1 have been defined as a category A and 2B carcinogen by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) from World Health Organization (WHO) in 1993, respectively. Moreover, AFT B1 and AFT M1 are regarded as strong carcinogens, the carcinogenic mechanism of which is achieved via affecting the pericellular membrane, inhibiting the synthesis of RNA and interfering the inductive style of specific enzymes. In December 2011, the General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine of the People’s Republic of China (AQSIQ) announced the selective examination results of 200 kinds of liquid milk products. The aflatoxin M1 in parts of milk products were over ranging the maximum residue limits (MRLs) of M1 in milk and milk products, of which the maximum superscalar were 140% exceeded. Moreover, the contents of aflatoxin M1 were found exceeded in milk powder again in July 2012. The method used now was to first heat the milk and milk products in water bath, then samples were cleanup and concentrated by immunoaffinity column after filtered or centrifuged. In this method, no clear sample solutions were obtained, when passing through the immunoaffinity column, sometimes the immunoaffinity column would be blocked, and the recovery would not in expectation. So a better method was needed for determinating the aflatoxin M1 in milk and milk products. The present study developed an improved analytical method for the fast determination of aflatoxin M1 in milk and milk products by ultraperformance liquid chromatography (UPLC) combined with large volume flow cell fluorescence detection (FLD). The milk sample was extracted by acetonitrile, and the ratio of the milk sample to acetonitrile was 1 to 2.5 in mass to volume. Then, the sample was extracted by vortex and ultrasound assisted liquidliquid extraction (ULLE), and was cleanedup and concentrated by aflatoxin M1 immunoaffinity column. The analyte was separated by UPLC BEH C18 column (100 mm×2.1 mm, 1.7 μm), and was eluted with acetonitrilemethanol (50∶50) and pure water. The results showed that the limit of quantitation (LOQ) of aflatoxin M1 was 0.03 μg/kg, which was lower than the national criteria on determination of the minimum level of aflatoxin M1 in milk and milk products. Meanwhile, high correlation coefficient (R2>0.999) was obtained within linear range from 0.06 to 1.2 μg/kg, and reasonable recoveries (81.95%94.20%) were in different spike level. In addition, acetonitrile could effectively precipitate protein in milk during the pretreatment to obtain clear extraction which could rapidly pass through immunoaffinity column only by gravity. When using the large volume flow cell, the sensitivity was increased, which was three times than the standard flow cell. The results obtained from this method were similar to the classical method. In conclusion, this quantitative method has many advantages including simple pretreatment, rapid determination and high sensitivity, which can be applied to the determination and quantification of aflatoxin M1 in milk sample.

To promote molecular-assisted breeding in M iichthys miiuy , a normalized full-length cDNA library was established to develop the EST-cSNP markers using the double-specific nuclease normalization method combined with switching mechanism at 5'end of RNA transcript technique . The results showed that a total of 5053 expressed sequence tags (EST) were obtained , 4609 high quality EST sequences in which were generated . For mining single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) from EST sequences ,707 contig sequences were assembled by Vector NTI 11.0 software . A total of 209 putative and reliable SNPs were detected in all contigs . The appearance frequency of SNPs was 0.743 SNP per 100 bp in the obtained SNP sequences . Among these SNPs , 114 of which were transition , 74 were transversion and the other 21 were indels . The overall ratio of transition to transversion was 1.54. Gene annotation indicated that some SNP-containing genes belonged to immune-related genes that encoded major histocompatibility complex , immunoglobulin , T-cell receptor and other protease , respectively ,showing that the identified SNPs were useful for studying molecular genetics and molecular-assisted breeding in M . miiuy .

Xylo-oligosaccharides ( XOS ) from corncob were prepared by microwave digestion and a commercial endoxylanase hydrolysis."One-factor-at-a-time" method was applied to optimize the reaction parameters for improving XOS concentration , and the effect of obtained XOS on in vitro proliferation of probiotics ( Bacillus subtilis and L actobacillus ) was studied . The results showed that the optimal conditions were as follows : microwave digestion pressure of 1.6 Mpa and microwave digestion time of 5 min , endoxylanase concentration of 140 U .g ^-1 and enzymatic reaction time for 6 h . Under optimal conditions , hydrolysis of alkali pretreated corncob powder using microwave digestion and endoxylanase produced 82.5% of XOS in the hydrolyzate , equivalent to 11.02 g.L^-1 XOS . In vitro proliferations of Lactobacillus and B .subtilis were activated by 311% and183% with the addition of 0.2% and 0.4% XOS , respectively , however their growths were inhibited with increasing the amount of XOS addition .

An incubation experiment over three years was conducted to investigate the effects of water regimes (unsaturated and alternating saturatedunsaturated conditions) and differences in black carbon (BC) materials, produced by carbonizing corn residues and bamboo at different temperatures (300, 450, and 600 ℃ ) on biocharC degradation. Changes of residual biochar materials in the incubated soil under different conditions were characterized. The results showed that the biochar materials in the soil were very stable. The halflife time of the biochar materials was about 20 times higher than that of corn stalk material, but it was lower than that of activated carbon. The stability of the biochar materials in the soil was related to the chemical compositions of the biochar materials, and increased with increasing C contents in the added materials. The stability was higher under the alternating watersaturatedunsaturated conditions than under waterunsaturated condition, which suggested that paddy soil had more benefit condition to fixation of carbon sequestration. As duration of the added biochar in the soil increased, distribution of black carbon from the biochar materials in the soil was gradually transformed from coarse particle into fine one, and from light fractions into heavy ones. These results are of practical value to those considering biochar as a tool for atmospheric C sequestration.

In order to clarify the molecular mechanism of tobacco brown-spot disease pathogenic fungi Alternaria longipes resistance to dicarboximide fungicides( DCFs) ,GeneFishing technology was conducted to analyse gene differential expression among A . longipes strains with different DCFs-resistant level ,and thebiologicalfunctions of thecloned AlCyP1 genewereanalyzed by genedisruption .The results revealed that significant expression difference of a cyclophilin gene---AlCyP1 existed in different DCFs-resistant level strains .Using DNA walking method ,theDNA sequence of AlCyP1 gene was cloned .Two translation initiation codons existed within the open reading frame of AlCyP1 gene ,which coded two different length polypeptide products . The long and short polypeptide products contained 222 and 188 amino acids ,respectively ,in which the short one was initiated at codon 35 of the long polypeptide product . In addition ,the sequence homology analysis of amino acids showed AlCyP1 sharing high homology( 50.0%~61.3% ) withcyclophilins of other fungi .Finally ,biologicalfunctions of the AlCyP1 gene were analyzed by gene disruption ,and the results showed that AlCyP1 gene involved in A . longipes osmotic stress adaptation process dependent of its expression level change .

Based on the indoor experiments,the influences of soil bulk density on distribution and uniformity of soil moisture,NO3--N and NH4 +-N under film hole irrigation with fertilizer liquid free infiltration were studied . The results showed that soil moisture and NH4 +-N decreased around the film hole;NO3--N first increased and then decreased around the film hole;the lager the soil bulk density was,the smaller the distribution distance of soil moisture,NO3--N and NH4 +-N in horizontal and vertical direction were,and the smaller the accumulative infiltration quantity of fertilizer liquid was . The lager the soil bulk density was,the smaller the uniformity coefficient of soil moisture and NO3--N were,but the lager the uniformity coefficient of NH4 +-N was .The results lay a foundation for further research of film hole fertilizer liquid irrigation technology .

The characteristic of ESR spectrum of rose tea irradiated by 60Co-γray at different doses was studied . The relationship of ESR signal intensity with irradiation doses,and storage time with peak value,respectively,was also discussed . The result showed that the ESR spectrums were obviously different at the presence or absence of irradiation . The ESR signal intensity increased with the increasing of irradiation dose,but decreased with the expanding of storage time with a linear correlation . The ESR signal intensity was weakened gradually during the store at room temperature for120 days,but the ESR signal could be still detected,which could be used to easily distinguish irradiated rose tea samples from those unirradiated .

An experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of azomite supplementation on growth performance , intestinal digestive enzyme activities and serum nonspecific immune of grass carp ( Ctenopharyngodon idella) . Four diets adding respectively ０％ (control group) , ０.２％ , ０.３％ , ０.４％ azomite were fed to grass carp with initial body mass of ( ６４.２０ ± １.６８ ) g for ８ weeks . The results showed that growth performance of grass carp was increased in different degrees by supplemental azomite in diets , in which mass gain rate was increased by １６.６５％ ( P ＝ ０.０８ ) and feed conversion rate ( FCR) was decreased by １２.９０％ ( P ＜ ０.０５ ) by supplementation of ０.２％ azomite in diet , compared with control group . Condition factors ( CF ) of fish fed with diet adding ０.２％ , ０.４％ azomite were significantly higher than control fish ( P ＜ ０.０５ ) . There was no significant difference in the contents of muscle moisture , ash , crude fat and crude protein among treatments ( P＞ ０.０５) . Activities of protease , lipase , amylase in intestine and superoxide dismutase (SOD) , alkaline phosphatase (AKP) in serum of
fish were enhanced in different degrees ( P＞ ０.０５) by addition of ０.２％-０.４％ azomite in diet . Fish fed with diet adding ０.２％ azomite had a significantly higher SOD activity than control fish ( P ＜ ０.０５ ) .Hepatopancreas glutamic‐oxalacetic transaminase ( GOT ) and glutamic‐pyruvic transaminase ( GPT ) activities were not affected by ０.２％ , ０.３％ azomite addition , but significantly decreased by ０.４％ azomite addition . The results above show that the addition of azomite can improve the growth performance and serum nonspecific immune function . The proper dose of azomite in grass carp diet is suggested to be ０.２％ .

In order to broaden the utilization approach of bamboo shoot shells , advanced techniques such as scanning electron microscope (SEM) , Fourier transform infrared ( FT--IR) , X-ray diffraction (XRD) and thermal gravimetric analysis ( TGA) were employed to characterize the natural biofiber . The main results were as follows : １) Fibers of bamboo shoot shells were mainly composed of ３６％ ‐４０％ cellulose and ３５％ ‐４６％ hemicellulose ,while the content of lignin was only １％ ‐８％ ; ２) the fiber of bamboo shoot shells was circular with obvious grooves observed by SEM ; ３) in the infrared spectrum , it had a general characteristic of cellulose absorption peaks ; ４ ) the fiber of bamboo shoot shells belonged to the typical cellulose type I , and the crystallinity was about ４０％ , which was similar with fiber from rice straw , but was much lower than cotton and hemp fibers ; ５) in the TGA curves , the fiber began to decompose at about １９０ ℃ , and the main mass loss temperature was about ３１０ ℃ . The primary study indicate that bamboo shoot shells can be widely used in textile , pulp and paper , composite and various industrial processing , as a good source for natural cellulose fibers .

The experiments were conducted to identify thermo‐tolerant rice genotypes and characterize physiological traits relevant to heat stress tolerance . Seventy‐two rice genotypes were exposed to high temperature (４０ ℃ /３５ ℃ , １４ h/１０ h) for １２ d at heading stage , and floret fertility was examined . The similar results were obtained in the two years?experiments that there was a distinctly genotypic difference in floret fertility as affected by heat stress . When rice seedlings were exposed to heat stress , chlorophyll content (SPAD value) , plant height , root length , shoot and root biomass were dramatically reduced , with thermo‐tolerant genotypes being relatively less affected than sensitive ones . Meanwhile ,high temperature enhanced membrane lipid peroxidation , as expressed by malondialdehyde content and increased superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity . Thermo‐tolerant genotypes had less and more increase in MDA content and SOD activity than sensitive ones under heat stress relative to the control , respectively .Accordingly the thermo‐tolerant genotypes were identified , with genotypes CJ６ , MY４６ and JX１７ being highly thermo‐tolerant , MH６３ , Kasalath and IRAT４２１７ being very sensitive .

The coding region of pre-pro-Acc-royalisin was amplified by PCR from cDNA library of the Chinese honeybee,Apiscerana cerana head,and was cloned into the vector pGEX-4T-2 for expression in Escherichia coli BL21 . The expressed fusion protein,glutathione S-transferase (GST)-pre-pro-Acc-royalisin of36 ku was obtained,which was cross-reacted with GST antibody accounting for up to16 .3% of bacterial protein . With the expressed products retrieved from the SDS-PAGE gels as antigen to immunize New Zealand white rabbits,the polyclonal antibody was prepared .With the purified recombinant GST-pre-pro-Acc-royalisin fusion protein as antigen,the high titers of the antibody was shown with ELISA analysis . The specificity of the antibody against the same antigens was then confirmed by Western blot .This study provides a new tool for the detection of antimicrobial of royal jelly,biological product quality of royalisin and resistance of honeybee .

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In order to extract celery CEL I nuclease effectively and use it to develop the detection method for point mutations , the effects of varieties ,organs ,developmental stages and pH of extraction buffer on its extraction amounts were analyzed and its enzymatic activity for mismatch cleavage was also characterized by using DNA heteroduplexes containing a single mismatch as substrates . Results showed that differences of CEL I amounts extracted among varieties and organs were significant at ５％and １％level , respectively . The cultivar Thailand Huangxinqinshowed the highest extractive amount among three different varieties ( Xuebai, Wentula and Thailand Huangxinqin ) compared , while the leaf showed much higher extraction amounts than the stalk and root among three different organs tested . The effect of developmental stages on the CEL I extraction was compared by using the variety Shanghai Huangxinqin as extractive material and it was higher at reproductive stage than that at vegetative stage . The pH of extraction buffer also showed important effect on the CEL I extraction , and the higher extraction amount was obtained by using the extraction buffer with pH ７.５ than that with pH ５.５ andpH ９.５. Tests on enzymatic activity showed that the mismatch in DNA heteroduplexes could be effectively recognized and cleaved by the CEL I crude extracts .