The promoter activity differences of two manganesecontaining superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) genes sodA1 and sodA2 in Bacillus cereus 905 were assayed in vivo by use of lacZ reporter. The results showed that sodA1 and sodA2 were transcripted constitutively during the bacterial growth. The promoter activity of sodA1 were 34 times higher than that of sodA2. Compared with wild type, both sodA1 and sodA2 were induced in a MnSODdeficient strain KOS, which suggested some unknown regularity for sodA1 and sodA2 transcriptions in response to oxidative stress. Additionally, bacterial blue colonies caused by the high βgalactosidase activity under the sodA1lacZ reporter indicated that sodA1lacZ reporter was feasible to label B. cereus.

A WRKY transcription factor gene, designated BoWRKY3 (accession number: JN120758), was amplified from leaves of Brassica oleracea var. italica, and the sequence analysis was performed. The expression patterns of BoWRKY3 in leaves before and after downy mildew challenge were analyzed by reverse transcriptionpolymerase chain reaction (RTPCR). Sequencing results indicated that the genomic DNA was 1136 bp in length with 3 introns of 81, 101 and 96 bp, respectively. The complete coding sequence was 858 bp encoding 285 amino acids, including a conserved WRKYGQK domain and a CX5CX23HX1H zinc finger structure. RTPCR analysis showed that the highest expression levels of BoWRKY3 were observed at 636 h induced by Hyaloperonospora parasitica, suggesting that its function was possibly related with downy mildew resistance. Sequence alignment results showed that there were very little differences between BoWRKY3 and homologous genes of Cruciferae plants, however, major differences were observed between BoWRKY3 and those of Gramineae plants, revealing their large genetic distance.

Lagerstroemia indica was transformed by an improved Agrobacteriummediated floral-dip and pollen-tube pathway method, respectively, using green fluorescent protein gene (GFP) as a report gene, and its fruit number, rate of seedsetting set and seedling rate were counted. The transformed plants were screened from the 28-day seedlings irradiated by a portable ultraviolet lamp at 365 nm. The experimental results showed that the rate of seedsetting set and seedling rate by pollen-tube pathway method were significantly higher than those by the floraldip method. The transformation rate of L. indica by the floral-dip method was higher by 0.06% than that by the pollentube pathway, which didn’t yet reach significant levels. The rate of seedsetting set by the pollentube pathway method was higher by 11.87%-26.74% than that by the floral-dip method, indicating that the pollen-tube pathway method is more beneficial for transformation of L. indica.

The complemental deoxyribonucleic acid（cDNA）of Bombyx mandarina prophenoloxidase gene PPO1 was cloned by reverse transcriptionpolymerase chain reaction （RTPCR）．The results showed that the cDNA with 2086 bp in length contained an open reading frame (ORF) of 2058 bp which encoded 685 amino acid residues．The deduced amino acid sequence had a high identity to the reported sequence of PPO1 from other lepidopterous insects and shared the typical structural features of PPO from other insects. The PPO1 gene was only expressed in head and blood of B. mandarina by RTPCR, and only expressed in blood by Northern blot analysis. These results provide a molecular basis for further studying the function of PPO1 gene in B. mandarina.

Aiming to mine candidate single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) loci by aligning homologous expressed sequence tags (EST) using bioinformatics software, 42493 EST sequences were retrieved from different tissues of nine different grape genotypes in NCBI dbEST database and assembled into 6126 contigs by CAP3 software, then candidate SNP loci of the contigs were screened by QualitySNP software. Meanwhile, in order to improve the reliability of mined candidate SNP and reduce false positive in small contig sizes and false negative in large contig sizes, the minor allele frequency was set at least 30% in a candidate SNP locus, and the SNP flanking sequences were perfect matching at least in 5 bp. The results showed that only 1195 contigs contained candidate SNP loci. A total of 5032 candidate SNPs were identified, and the amount of transversions, transitions and one base indel were 1800, 2896 and 336 respectively,and the average frequency of SNP occurrence was at 4.2 SNP·contig^-1. CAPS (cleaved amplified polymorphic sequences) molecular markers and resequencing methods were used to validate the selected candidate SNP loci. The validation results indicated that they were corresponded with the manual filtration principle, and those from small contig sizes showed better validation results with highest reliability.

Under the theme of selection, the dynamic equation of amino acid sequences was built, and a new evolution distance (selection evolution distance) was proposed. The new evolution distance’s properties were analyzed, and it contained other distances of protein sequence. The dynamic equation could be transformed into a linear regression model, then the parameter b was estimated by the least square method. The amino acid sequences of cytochrome b in 17 species were taken as an example to illustrate the new evolution distance, and the different evolution trees based on different evolution distances were compared by the bootstrap. The results showed that the topology of the evolution tree based on selection evolution distance was consistent with that based on other distances. The new distance provide a new method to estimate evolution distance of amino acid sequences.

The inhibitory effects of harlequin glory-bower (Clerodendrum trichotomum) water extract on the growth of water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes), an invasive aquatic weed which had resulted in enormous ecological and economic consequences in China, were explored and its inhibition mechanism was analyzed by measuring chlorophyll content, catalase activity and malondialdehyde content of water hyacinth leaves.The results showed that the healthy leaf proportion (less than 1%) of water hyacinth which was sprayed the extract was significantly lower than that of the blank group and control group (P＜0.01), and the dead leaf proportion (more than 85%) of water hyacinth was significantly higher than theirs (P＜0.01), and the chlorophyll content of leaves from treated groups was decreased (P＜0.05), and the catalase activity was enhanced (P＜0.05), and the malondialdehyde content was significantly increased (P＜0.01). The extract of harlequin glory-bower acted on leaves of water hyacinth, so that the chlorophyll content was decreased, and the reactive oxygen was accumulated to damage biofilm system, resulting in leaves dry rot and decay. In conclusion, the extract of harlequin glorybower inhibits effectively the growth of water hyacinth, which provids a new biological approach to control water hyacinth.

The effects of different disinfectants and material positions on sterilizing effect of Haplocladium microphyllum gametophyte were studied by orthogonal design, and the effects of sucrose concentration on growth of H. microphyllum gametophyte were investigated by measuring and calculating the bud length, bud number, gametophyte diameter and multiplication coefficient. The results showed that the best way of H. microphyllum gametophyte sterilization was as follows: explants gotten from intersection of branch were washed in 2.5% NaClO for 60 s. When 0.30 g·L^-1 sucrose was added in the initial culture medium, it could promote the growth of H. microphyllum gametophyte, and the effect was significant with increasing sucrose concentrations. When 30 g·L-1 sucrose was added in the initial culture medium, the bud length, bud number, gametophyte diameter and multiplication coefficient were 2.49 cm, 1.87, 1.14 cm and 9.25, respectively. But more than 30 g·L^-1 sucrose was added in the initial culture medium, the branch and protonema growth of H. microphyllum were decreased, and the multiplication coefficient was significantly lower than that in addition with 30 g·L^-1 sucrose.

To investigate the effect of dihydromyricetin (DMY) induction on MDA-MB-231 cell apoptosis and its mechanism, the changes of cell morphological characteristics were observed under inverted microscope. Apoptosis, intracellular Ca²⁺ level and the mitochondrial innermembrane potential (ΔΨm) were analyzed by flow cytometry (FCM). Western blotting was employed to detect the expression of caspase-3 and caspase-9. The results showed that the cell size and volume became smaller with increasing concentration of DMY. Increased Sub-G1 peak and intracellular Ca²⁺ level, as well as the decreased mitochondrial ΔΨm in MDA-MB-231 cells were obviously observed in a dosedependent manner. Western blotting analysis showed that DMY dosedependently increased the expression of caspase-3 and caspase-9 in MDA-MB-231 cells. These results indicate that DMY can induce MDA-MB-231 cell apoptosis by the mitochondrial pathway.

Ultrasonic extraction, alcohol reflux, and Soxhlet extraction all stood to be tested on a comparative basis for effect in active ingredients of Salvia paohsingensis extraction. The high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was applied for assay of extracted constituents, and they were compared with corresponding constituents in Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge. The main results were as follows: with respect for the fatsoluble constituents, ultrasonic extraction featured with low temperature and high efficiency was better than other two methods, while the 4hour Soxhlet extraction was better when considered the watersoluble constituents. The assay by HPLC showed that the fatsoluble constituents of S. paohsingensis were relatively high and the content of tanshinone IIA reached the level stipulated in Chinese Pharmacopoeia, nevertheless, the watersoluble constituents were relatively low. It is suggested that S. paohsingensis possesses certain medicinal value, however, whether it can be used as a substitute of S. miltiorrhiza needs further research.

A total of 480 7-day-old Avian broilers were randomly divided into eight groups with three replicates per group and twenty birds in each replicate (half male and half female). Single or multiple ones of three kinds of Bacillus preparation suitable for the birds were added to the daily diet of chicken to investigate the effects of Bacillus additive on the growth performance, carcass, immunity and intestinal microflora of broilers. The eight groups were the control group, BC1 (B. cereus with high ability of producing protease), BC2 (B. cereus with high ability of producing cellulase), BS3 (B. subtilis) group and BC1+BC2, BC1+BS3, BC2+BS3, BC1+BC2+BS3 group, respectively, and the additive amount of every kind of Bacillus preparation in daily diet of treatment groups was 3×10⁵ CFU·g^-1. The results showed that the daily mass gain and the feed-to-gain ratio of broilers fed diet with BC1+BC2 were affected significantly, with the daily mass gain increasing by 9.97% and the feed-to-gain ratio decreasing by 846%; the leg muscle rate of broiler in BC1 and BC1+BC2 groups was increased significantly by 8.46% and 7.95% respectively, compared with the control group; the abdominal fat rate in BC1, BC1+BC2 and BC1+BC2+BS3 groups was decreased significantly by 26.6%, 30.2% and 258% respectively, and the spleen index of broiler in BC1+BC2 and BC1+BC2+BS3 groups was improved significantly, as well as the bursa index in BC1+BC2, BC1+BS3 and BC1+BC2+BS3 groups, compared with the control group. Adding BC1+BC2, BC1+BS3 and BC1+BC2+BS3 in daily diet could reduce significantly the number of Escherichia coli in broiler caecum. These results above indicate that the optimal Bacillus preparation for broiler is BC1+BC2.

Early detection of gray mold on eggplant leaves using hyperspectral imaging technique was proposed. Hyperspectral images of 120 eggplant samples were captured by hyperspectral imaging system, and the spectral region was from 380 to 1031 nm. The pictures on three feature wavelengths were selected by principal component analysis (PCA), which was a good method to reduce the dimension of hyperspectral data. Eight feature variables were extracted by texture analysis based on gray level cooccurrence matrix (GLCM) after choosing the region of interest (ROI) of 200 × 150, which were mean, variance, homogeneity, contrast, dissimilarity, entropy, second moment, correlation respectively, thus 24 feature variables in total for three feature images. Successive projections algorithm (SPA) was executed on 24 feature variables, 13 feature variables in which were extracted as the input of the least square support vector machines (LSSVM) model, and the accurate rate of the model was 97.5%. It is showed that it is feasible for early detection of gray mold on eggplant leaves by hyperspectral imaging technique.

The effects of phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) fertilizers on dry matter accumulation, distribution and yield of soybean were studied by randomized block design in relay strip intercropping system of maizesoybean. The results showed that dry matter accumulations of whole plant and each organ (root, stem, leaf and legume) at the full mature stage all increased with increasing K application amount, while increased at first and then decreased with the increase of P application amount, and the dry matter accumulations of whole plant and each organ all reached the highest under the P₂K₃ (P₂O₅ 17 kg·hm^-2，K₂O 112.5 kg·hm^-2) treatment. The changes of dry matter accumulations of stems and leaves in the whole period showed a single peak curve, and the changes of dry matter accumulation in whole period with the increase of K and P application amount were all similar to that of dry matter accumulation of whole plant (except seedling stage). The distribution proportion of the dry matter from plant to legumes increased with the increase of K application amount, while the distribution rate increased at first and then reduced with the increase of P application amount. But the changes of the distribution rate of the dry matter from plant to stems and leaves with the increase of P and K application were all opposite to that of legume. Increasing the P and K applications could improve the dry matter translocation amount and translocation ratio from vegetative organs to legumes, the contribution of dry matter accumulation amount to legumes and yield. The P₂K₃ treatment had the highest yield with 2832.04 kg·hm^-2, which was significantly higher than that of other treatments.

An incubation experiment over three years was conducted to investigate the effects of water regimes (unsaturated and alternating saturatedunsaturated conditions) and differences in black carbon (BC) materials, produced by carbonizing corn residues and bamboo at different temperatures (300, 450, and 600 ℃ ) on biocharC degradation. Changes of residual biochar materials in the incubated soil under different conditions were characterized. The results showed that the biochar materials in the soil were very stable. The halflife time of the biochar materials was about 20 times higher than that of corn stalk material, but it was lower than that of activated carbon. The stability of the biochar materials in the soil was related to the chemical compositions of the biochar materials, and increased with increasing C contents in the added materials. The stability was higher under the alternating watersaturatedunsaturated conditions than under waterunsaturated condition, which suggested that paddy soil had more benefit condition to fixation of carbon sequestration. As duration of the added biochar in the soil increased, distribution of black carbon from the biochar materials in the soil was gradually transformed from coarse particle into fine one, and from light fractions into heavy ones. These results are of practical value to those considering biochar as a tool for atmospheric C sequestration.

A series of multi-soil-layering systems (MSL) in a lab scale was employed to study the efficiency and the mechanism of chemical oxygen demand (CODCr) of organic matter, N and P removal in the wastewater generated from piggery at the hydraulic loading rates of 50, 100, 200, and 300 L·m^-2·d^-1. The results showed that the mean removal rates of organic matter were 74.8%, 72.6%, 59.5% and 33.4% under the four hydraulic loading rates, respectively, microbial decomposition process being the main mechanism of organic matter removal. The mean removal rates of ammonium nitrogen were 82.1%, 71.0%, 30.0%, and 18.9%, respectively, and the nitrification / denitrification process could remarkably account for total nitrogen removal. The mean removal rates of phosphorus were 61.4%, 56.0%, 39.1% and 23.0% under the four hydraulic loading rates, respectively, and phosphorus removal was own to its strong adsorption onto substrates. This experiment also showed that hydraulic loading rate was an important factor affecting piggery wastewater treatment efficiency, especially the removal of nitrogen, suggesting that an appropriate hydraulic loading rate was maintained to obtain an optimum efficiency of COD_Cr, N and P removal. Results above indicate that an MSL system with little energy consumption could be practically adopted to treat piggery wastewater.

Polyclonal anti-serum of cholinesterase with dilution ratio of 1∶8000 was obtained by immunizing BALB/c mice with purified cholinesterase （ChE） from Daphnia magna． An indirect and non-competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), which used mice antiDaphnia ChE as antibodies to react with the Daphnia ChE, was established to quantify immunoreactive content of ChE in D. magna. The minimal detection limit of the method was estimated to be 24 ng·mL^-1. Specificity of antiserum was high, with cross reaction of <0.25%, <0.25%, 2.13%, 10.19%, 3.88%, 3.56%, 2.81%, 3.93%, 5.00% and 2.75% towards non-ChE marker (5, 10 μg·mL^-1), Chironomus kiinensis, Alona sp. , Brachydanio rerio (the brain, the whole body without brain), Bombyx mori, Apis mellifera L., Eisenia foetida, and tadpoles of Xenopus laevis, respectively. It is indicated that the established method can be used to quantify immunoreactive content of ChE in D. magna so as to measureme accurately in vivo activity of the ChE in pesticide exposure.