Ameliorative effects of exogenously applied salicylic acid (SA) on salt-induced oxidative damage in gerbera (Gerbera jamesonii L . Amaretto ) at reproductive stage were investigated . At the onset of flower initiation,plants pretreated with the foliar spraying of 0,0.5 and 1.0 mmol.L^-1 SA were irrigated with100 mmol.L^-1 NaCl (three days after the SA pretreatment) and continued for two weeks . Control plants did not receive either NaCl or SA . As a response to salt stress,superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase (POD) activities,malondialdehyde (MDA) content,electrolyte leakage as well as the proline accumulation were increased . Nevertheless,SA pretreatment significantly reduced MDA content and electrolyte leakage .SOD and POD activities were significantly higher (1.4-fold and2.4-fold,respectively) in 0.5 mmol.L^-1 SA-pretreated salt-stressed plants compared to SA-unpretreated salt-stressed plants . These results indicate that exogenous SA involves,at least in part,in inducing antioxidative defense system in salt-stressed gerbera . In general,of the two concentrations tested,0.5 mmol.L^-1 SA concentration seemed to have greater effect throughout the experiment .Responses of salt-stressed plants pretreated with SA and significant correlation among them,predict its future potential as a pragmatic approach to improve salt tolerance in horticultural crops .

Genotypes of the 13 indica maintainer lines were detected by the Wx gene functional microsatellite marker 484/485" . The results showed that there was significant association between the Wx genotypes and amylose contents of rice . Analysis of progenies in the generations F₁ to F₃ derived fromⅡ-32B/Yixiang1B" confirmed that 484/485" microsatellite marker was tightly linked to and co-segregated with rice amylose content . After carrying out marker-assisted selection in F₂ generation,individual plants with the homozygous Wx-Ⅰgenotype selected from F₃ generation reached as high as 93.5 % . The phenotypes such as plant type,grain shape,chalkiness,transparency,gelatinization temperature,etc. were characterized either in the field or in the lab . Finally,a total of 114 target breeding lines with Wx-Ⅰg enotype,good plant types,slender grain type,low degree of chalkiness,high degree of transparency,intermediate gelatinization temperature and amylose contents were successfully obtained from the F₆ generation . Ninety-two point one percent of the breeding lines had the amylose contents between15% and 20% . Results of testcross showed that 74.5 % of the breeding lines were maintainer lines . It is suggested that developing indica maintainer lines with intermediate amylose contents by Wx microsatellite marker is feasible and effective .

The coding region of pre-pro-Acc-royalisin was amplified by PCR from cDNA library of the Chinese honeybee,Apiscerana cerana head,and was cloned into the vector pGEX-4T-2 for expression in Escherichia coli BL21 . The expressed fusion protein,glutathione S-transferase (GST)-pre-pro-Acc-royalisin of36 ku was obtained,which was cross-reacted with GST antibody accounting for up to16 .3% of bacterial protein . With the expressed products retrieved from the SDS-PAGE gels as antigen to immunize New Zealand white rabbits,the polyclonal antibody was prepared .With the purified recombinant GST-pre-pro-Acc-royalisin fusion protein as antigen,the high titers of the antibody was shown with ELISA analysis . The specificity of the antibody against the same antigens was then confirmed by Western blot .This study provides a new tool for the detection of antimicrobial of royal jelly,biological product quality of royalisin and resistance of honeybee .

One hundred and eighty-six endophytic actinomycetes strains isolated from nine kinds of plants were screened for chitinase production by showing the transparent zone on the selective media containing chitin,and a high-yield strain GKSHJA of chitinase isolated from the stem of Polygonatumsibirium was obtained,whose antifungal activity on some common plant pathogens was evaluated by using liquid shake culture . The results showed that strain GKSHJA had high inhibition efficiency not only on Sclerotinia sclerotiorum with 85.4 % inhibition rate to mycelial growth,but also on other 10 kinds of phytopathogens . The strain GKSHJA was identified as Streptomyces longisporoflavus based on morphological,physiological and biochemical,and cytochemical characteristics . The medium with initial pH 6,containing 1% floury chitin as carbon source and 0.3 0% beef extract as nitrogen source,incubated at32℃for 6 d with 150 r.m in-1,was recommended for chitinase production of the strain GKSHJA .

During 2007 to 2009,an extensive survey and morphological identification on root-knot nematodes,Meloidogynespp .,occurring in vegetable crops of Zhejiang,China,were carried out .Based on diagnostic characters and morphometrics of females,males,and second-stage juveniles,especially the perineal patterns of female,two species were identified,i.e. M.incognita and M. javanica,in which M. incognita was the preponderant species,widely distributed in vegetable crops of Zhejiang,whereas M. javanica was only found in Wenzhou of Zhejiang,and this was the first record of the species in Zhejiang .

The effects of cultural conditions on the biomass and exopolysaccharide (EPS) production of Lachnumcalyculiforme were studied by shake flask experiments .Batch and fed-batch cultures were held in5 L stirred fermentor,and the effects of the two culture methods on the biomass and EPS production of L . calyculiforme were compared . At 25℃,shake flask experiments indicated that the optimum conditions for biomass and EPS production of L . calyculiforme were as follows : glucose 30 g.L^-1,yeast extract5 g.L^-1 and the pH 6.0 . The 10 g.L^-1 olive oil significantly stimulated the mycelial growth,and 10 g.L^-1 soybean oil could enhance EPS production . The highest biomass and EPS production of L .calyculiforme in the batch fermentation were 6.4 0 and 8.2 8 g.L^-1 respectively,but those of the fed-batch fermentation by glucose feeding were7.7 2 and11.8 2 g.L^-1 respectively when the glucose concentration in the medium was lower than5 g.L^-1,showing that feeding glucose can enhance greatly the accumulation of biomass and EPS of L .calyculiforme .

The effect of creatine monohydrate (CMH) supplementation on growth performance,carcass characteristics and drip loss in Cherry Valley duck was investigated . A total of 360 healthy 25-day-old ducks were randomly divided into4 groups,and every group included 3 replications which contained30 ducks each . Experimental treatments were consist of :Ⅰ) a control diet;Ⅱ) a control diet with0.0 5% CMH for15 days;Ⅲ) a control diet with0.4 % CMH for5 days followed by a control diet with0.0 5% CMH for the next10 days;Ⅳ) a control diet with0.4 % CMH for15 days.The official test was last for 15 days before slaughtered . The result showed that,no matter which dosing regimen,CMH supplementation significantly increased the percentage of leg muscle,and all improved the pH45 min,pH24 h,decreased the drip loss,especially the percentage of lean meat significantly improved by4.5 7% ( P<0.0 5) and the drip loss in leg muscle significantly decreased by 34.6 0% ( P <0.0 5) with 0.4 % CMH for5 days followed by 0.0 5% CMH for the next 10 days supplementation . Besides,the blood creatine level also improved with different CMH supplementation,in which0.0 5% CMH was significant improved by 33.6 4% ( P < 0.0 5) . These results indicate that CMH supplementation may delay the postmortem pH decline,and have a raising trend of water-holding capability . As a consequence,Cherry Valley duck may be classified as a responder or quasi-responder to CMH supplementation,and adding 0.4 % CMH for5 days followed by0.0 5% CMH for the next10 days was better than others .

Genetic diversity among38 oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) cultivars originated from China,European and Canada were evaluated using random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers.Nine representative cultivars and their 36 F₁ hybrids,obtained by half diallel cross design,were used to analyze the relationship between molecular distances and yield heterosis.The results showed that polymorphic bands were obtained from 18 RAPD primers,and cluster analysis classified these 38 cultivars into4 clear-cut groups.Correlation analysis indicated that genetic distance was no significant positive correlation with mid-parent heterosis (MP),over-parent heterosis (HP) and yield per plant among 36 F₁ combinations. However,when dividing them into 10 combination types according to dendrogram of parents,it was revealed that genetic distances were highly significantly correlated with MP ( r = 0.7 89,P < 0.0 1),HP ( r = 0.6 59,P < 0.0 5),respectively,and there was also positive correlation between yield per plant and HP at P <0.0 5 level.In addition,most China/European F₁ hybrids had more visible heterosis and higher yield performance than other combination types,especially in those produced from China/European-spring crosses.Dissection of yield heterosis for the top 10 F₁ hybrids disclosed that9 and8 combination exhibited the positive heterosis of siliques per plant and1000-seeds mass,respectively,while 4 combination showed complementary relationships between seeds per silique and1000-seeds mass.These results indicate that it is not sufficient to accurately predict heterosis and yield performance alone according to molecular distance between parental lines.It is more possible to achieve successful F₁ hybrids in China/European crosses.Comprehensively considering heterosis,yield performance,seed quality and growth habit,it might be prior suggested to choose spring type rapeseed cultivars from European or Canada as parental or breeding materials in rapeseed hybrid developments in China.In addition,the combination types of the significantly positive heterosis of siliques per plant and 1000-seeds mass,or strong complementary heterosis between seeds per silique and 1000-seeds mass were recommended to obtain high yield of F₁ hybrids.

Based on the indoor experiments,the influences of soil bulk density on distribution and uniformity of soil moisture,NO3--N and NH4 +-N under film hole irrigation with fertilizer liquid free infiltration were studied . The results showed that soil moisture and NH4 +-N decreased around the film hole;NO3--N first increased and then decreased around the film hole;the lager the soil bulk density was,the smaller the distribution distance of soil moisture,NO3--N and NH4 +-N in horizontal and vertical direction were,and the smaller the accumulative infiltration quantity of fertilizer liquid was . The lager the soil bulk density was,the smaller the uniformity coefficient of soil moisture and NO3--N were,but the lager the uniformity coefficient of NH4 +-N was .The results lay a foundation for further research of film hole fertilizer liquid irrigation technology .

Five bacterial strains with strong phosphate-solubilizing ability were mixed fermentation by C53 composite design,and the co-fermentation systems consisted of the strains Bc,Bs,Ap1 were obtained . The optimum inoculation in degradation of insoluble phosphate in soil was developed through orthogonal design,and the best inoculation ratio was Bc 2%,Bs 6%,Ap1 6% . It was a phosphate-dissolving bacteria agent that the three strains were inoculated in the phosphate-dissolving bacteria fermentation medium according to above-mentioned inoculation ratio and cultured at 30℃and shaking speed 140 r. min^-1 for 28 h . Pot experiment results illustrated that the phosphate-solubilizing bacteria had a good advance on the plant height,root length and shoot fresh mass of Chinese cabbage .

The proximate composition of Camellia chekiangoleosa Hu fruit was determined by chemical analysis,and its oil fatty acids were measured by capillary gas chromatography . The morphological structure of C . chekiangoleosa cotyledon cells was observed under the microscope . The results showed that C . chekiangoleosa kernel contained 60.3 % crude fat,8.8 % crude protein and 10.3 4% camellia saponin on dry basis . C .chekiangoleosa testa held2.5 % crude protein,73.4 % crude fiber,and4.0 8% camellia saponin on dry basis . C .chekiangoleosa pericarp had4.0 % crude protein,31.3 % crude fiber,and20.0 5% camellia saponin on dry basis . The average size of C . chekiangoleosa cotyledon cells was 64.2μm×60.8μm . The average thickness of their cell wall was 3.0 3μm and the ratio of cell wall thickness to cell size was 7.7 6×10-4 . The lipid bodies observed in C.chekiangoleosa cotyledon cells were elliptic with a particle size of1.0 to1.3μm . The data suggested that C .chekiangoleosa fruit could contribute to the industries of food,chemistry,cosmetic,etc. In addition,the analysis of capillary gas chromatography showed that C . chekiangoleosa seed oil belonged to oleic acid-type oil with 84.8 3% unsaturated fatty acids,indicating its fatty acid composition was coincided with the modern standards for a healthy vegetable oil .

The characteristic of ESR spectrum of rose tea irradiated by 60Co-γray at different doses was studied . The relationship of ESR signal intensity with irradiation doses,and storage time with peak value,respectively,was also discussed . The result showed that the ESR spectrums were obviously different at the presence or absence of irradiation . The ESR signal intensity increased with the increasing of irradiation dose,but decreased with the expanding of storage time with a linear correlation . The ESR signal intensity was weakened gradually during the store at room temperature for120 days,but the ESR signal could be still detected,which could be used to easily distinguish irradiated rose tea samples from those unirradiated .

To provide more evidence for selection of plant species with strong formaldehyde (HCHO)-absorbing and-purifying capacity,the HCHO-absorbing and-metabolizing capacity and the physiological characteristics of two ornamental plants,Philodendron panduriforme and Cymbidium grandiflorium,under2 and4 mmol.L-1 HCHO stress conditions were studied by the method of FTIR combined with conventional physiological approach . The results showed that the HCHO-absorbing and-metabolizing capacity of C . grandiflorium leaves was about 2 fold greater than that of P . panduriforme . P . panduriforme and C. grandiflorium had different physiological pattern in response to HCHO stress . P . panduriforme had a dramatic response to HCHO stress in a very short period (1 d) after HCHO treatment and augmented its HCHO-metabolism and-resistance ability by increasing the synthesis of substances in leaf cells .Contrary,the response of C . grandiflorium to HCHO stress was not obvious and the HCHO-metabolism and-resistance ability was increased by consuming the storage materials in leaf cells . There was a better relativity between the time for completely absorbing HCHO by P panduriforme and C. grandiflorium leaves after2 and4 mmol.L-1 HCHO treatment and the time for the recovery of each band height to normal level in FTIR spectra . Under HCHO stress conditions,the change trends of total soluble protein and soluble sugar contents in the two plant leaves basically corresponded with those shown by FTIR data,suggesting that FTIR data could reflect the physiological characteristics of the two plant leaves in response to HCHO stress . Therefore,FTIR analysis can be applied to investigate the changes in physiological characteristics of plants under HCHO stress conditions and the ability of plants to absorb and metabolize HCHO .

The Al-tolerance of two different varieties (Chun-Hong1,Chun-Hong4) of buckwheat was analyzed and identified by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and conventional experimental method of root elongation . By comparison of root,stem and leaf characteristics of the infrared spectra peaks3353,2 923,1 734,1 643,1 453,1 367,1 250 and1055 cm-1 between the two varieties under the different Al concentrations,most of the characteristic peaks in Chun-Hong1 were higher than that in Chun-Hong4 .Characteristics of the FTIR peak for the root,stem and leaf in Chun-Hong1 and Chun-Hong4 were increased with increase of Al concentrations . FTIR peak of Chun-Hong 1 reached the maximum when the Al concentration increased to50μm ol.L-1,while that of Chun-Hong4 reached the maximum at the Al concentration of20μm ol.L-1 .Besides,the results showed that the FTIR spectra of Chun-Hong4 varied much greater in roots,stems and leaves than aluminum-resistant cultivar Chun-Hong1 under different Al concentrations,implying that Chun-Hong4 metabolism was evidently affected by Al . The results of root elongation experiment showed that the root growth of Chun-Hong 1 was promoted and the amount of root elongation reached the maximum of140% compared with the control,while that of Chun-Hong4 was greatly inhibited and its elongation was only80% of the control with the treatment of20μm ol.L-1 Al . These findings demonstrate that Al endurance of Chun-Hong1 is stronger than Chun-Hong4,and FTIR spectra can be developed as a new,rapid and accurate method for the endurance identification of different buckwheat cultivars to Al .

There are more than one thousand islands in One-thousand Island Lake region . To study plant speciesβdiversity,10 typical small islands in the centre of lake were selected . Plant species were investigated on each island,andβdiversity among islands were calculated . Then relationships between distances (among islands) and corresponding value ofβdiversity were analyzed .Results showed that :1) distance had a remarkable effect on the distribution of species . The value ofβdiversity was lower when the distance among islands was closer,indicating high species similarity;2) area effects were found by analyzingβdiversity values on larger islands . For the larger islands,theirβdiversity values increased along with the area decreasing of corresponding islands .βdiversity values of plant species had no fixed rule when the larger islands were mated with smaller islands . The study ofβdiversity of plant communities is benefit to the conservation of plant species diversity,and to guide the construction of biological diversity protected areas .