In order to explore the role of horizontal gene transfer in the divergence of genomes within the genus Prochlorococcus,the genomes of five high light-adapted strains of Prochlorococcuswere compared . Firstly,both bidirectional best BLASTP search and the conservation of gene order against each other were employed to predict orthologs;then the alien genes in one Prochlorococcusstrain were identified by examining how many orthologs its each gene had in the genomes of the four other strains . As for a genomic island,it refers to a region composed of one or more contiguous alien genes . The results showed that the number of genomic islands in the five genomes ranged from16 to52 .Many of the genes in these islands showed similarity to genes found in viral genomes or sequences derived from virus-enriched environmental samples . These results suggest that viruses may have mediated horizontal gene transfer,resulting in genomic divergence amongst Prochlorococcus genomes .

Cucumber green mottle mosaic virus (CGMMV) is one of important viruses from cucurbit crops . Using purified CGMMV particles as immunogens,the polyclonal antibody (PAb) was prepared in New Zealand rabbits . The ELISA titer of the PAb was 1∶512000 . The PAb could specifically react with the 17.5 ku coat protein of CGMMV but not with the Tobacco mosaic virus,Odontoglossum ringspot virus and healthy plants . The PAb could detect successfully CGMMV in plant sap at1∶40960 dilution in indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ACP-ELISA) . On the basis of the prepared PAb against CGMMV,a dot-ELISA and an immunocapture-RT-PCR (IC-RT-PCR) were established for CGMMV detection . The dot-ELISA could detect CGMMV from infected leaf extract at dilution limit of1 ∶10240 .A specific band with an expected size (480 bp) was amplified from the virus infected leaves by the established IC-RT-PCR,and the IC-RT-PCR could detect the viruses from the virus infected leaf extract at dilution limit of 1∶163 840 . The two detection methods using the prepared PAb provide technical supports for the diagnosis and control of the CGMMV disease .

A method of immuno-capture reverse transcript real-time(IC-RT real-time) PCR assay was developed for detection of Cowpea severe mosaic virus (CPSMV). By introducing standard CPSMV strains from ATCC and DSMZ as materials,RT real-time PCR method was constituted firstly,which showed good amplification reaction and specificity . Based on the RT real-time PCR,IC-RT real-time PCR detection method for CPSMV was set up . The sensitivity of the assay could reach 500 pg leaf tissues . Meanwhile,the IC-RT real-time PCR assay was characteristic of good specificity,high sensitivity,convenient operation,and avoided RNA extraction,which was suitable for rapid detection of CPSMV from legume seeds and seedlings such as cowpea .

Protoplasts of tobacco suspension cultured BY-2 cells and broad bean (Vicia faba) mesophyll cells were prepared by enzyme digestion . The microfilament cytoskeletons in protoplasts were labelled by TRITC-phalloidin staining . Laser scanning confocal microscopy (LSCM) revealed delicate microfilament networks which evenly distributed in the protoplasts . LSCM also recorded the dynamic process of microfilament depolymerization and distribution after respective treatment with 10 and 20μm ol.L-1 latrunculin B . This study of protoplast preparation,microfilament staining,latrunculin B treatment and LSCM sets the experimental foundations for further studies of microfilament cytoskeleton in plant cells .

In order to investigate the ecological changes caused by the conversion of wasteland to tea plantation in the low mountains and hills in Mingshan County,western Sichuan,the differences between tea and mixed plantations in terms of soil fauna,its community structure composition and vertical spatial distribution were studied in four seasons . A total of11720 individual soil animals were collected by the hand sorting,Baermann and Tullgren methods . They belonged to5 phyla,15 classes,32 orders and36 groups . The dominant groups in both plantation types were Acarina,Nematoda and Collembola . The number of groups,the Shannon-Wiener index,the evenness index,the density-groups index and complexity of the tea plantation were less than those of the mixed plantation,and the difference in the Shannon-Wiener index was significant ( P < 0.0 5),and the difference in the number of groups and evenness index were highly significant ( P<0.0 1) . The number of individuals and the Simpson index of the tea plantation were higher than those of the mixed plantation,and the difference in the Simpson index was highly significant . The seasonal fluctuation of the soil fauna in the tea plantation was more than in the mixed plantation . The numbers of groups and individuals,the community diversity and the homogeneity of soil fauna decreased with the increase of sampling depth . There were significant differences in group numbers and Shannon-Wiener index of soil fauna in different layers in the tea plantation,and were significant differences in number of groups and individuals,community diversity and homogeneity of soil fauna in the mixed plantation .In the microenvironment of the tea plantation,the soil organic matter,natural water content,available nitrogen and total nitrogen showed significant or highly significant partial correlations with soil fauna community indices . However,there was no significant partial correlation of the bulk density,field capacity,pH,CEC,available potassium or available phosphorus with the soil fauna in the tea plantation ( P>0.0 5) .

To determine the major natural enemies of pests,the tea pests and their natural enemies were investigated systematically,and the survey data of the pests and natural enemies were further studied using grey correlation analysis,ecological niche analysis and spatial pattern of aggregation intensity index analysis to identify the major kinds of major pests in Jianghuai hilly tea plantation . The synthetic ranking result indicated that the main natural enemies of Empoasca vitis were Theridion octomaculatum,Tetragnatha maxillosa and Xysticusephippiatus;the main natural enemies of Toxoptera aurantii were Propylaea japonica,Harmonia axyridis and Mantis religiosa;and the main natural enemies of Pealius akebiaewere Neoscona theis,Chrysopa septempunctata and Harmonia axyridis . Gathering averages of E . vitis and P . akebiae of major three pests were greater than two due to the aggregated nature of the insect,while that of T . aurantii was less than two due to the certain environmental factors .

A bacterial strain BD-24,which was able to use decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209) as the sole carbon and energy source,was isolated from activated sludge in an oil refinery at Hangzhou,China by selective enrichment method .Based on morphological,physiological and biochemical characteristics,phylogenetic analysis of 16S rDNA gene sequence similarity,and (G + C) mol%,strain BD-24 was identified as Bacillussp . High performance liquid chromatograph analysis showed that the residue rate of BDE-209 (20 mg.L-1 ) in mineral medium decreased to75.1 % and65.6 % after the incubation of strain BD-24 for15 and25 days,respectively . Addition of second carbon sources generally enhanced the BDE-209 degradation by strain BD-24,especially in which maltose could result in 20 mg.L-1 of BDE-209 decreasing quickly to83.5 % within5 days . No active effect of different kinds of nitrogen sources on the BDE-209 biodegradation was observed .

A field experiment was carried out to investigate the effects of new foliar iron amino acids fertilizer [Fe(Ⅱ)-AA] on iron content and nutrition quality in polished rice of different varieties under split plot design . Eight varieties of high iron content rice were applied . The results demonstrated that foliar Fe(Ⅱ)-AA could promote significantly iron content in polished rice of different varieties . After Fe(Ⅱ)-AA spraying,the total average iron content in polished rice of eight varieties was3.9 9 mg.k g-1,increased significantly by 19.4 6% compared with control . The highest polished rice iron content was 4.9 7 mg.k g-1,increased significantly by34.6 2% compared with control,and observed in rice mutant Nipponbare" . In addition,foliar Fe(Ⅱ)-AA could also increase significantly protein content and essential amino acids including lysine in polished rice . The total amino acid contents were simultaneously increased . In conclusion,foliar Fe(Ⅱ)-amino acids provided an effective and economic strategy to enrich iron content and nutrition quality in rice grain .

Rhizobox experiments were carried out to study the effect of nitrogen depot with saturated ammonium (NDSA) fertilization on the spacial distribution of corn roots and N uptake . The results indicated that the growth of the roots and shoots of corn were significantly promoted by NDSA fertilization . The fresh mass of roots and shoots was increased by18% and37% respectively compared with that of the conventional fertilization . The corn roots distributed mainly in the soil layer away from the center of NDSA6 to8 cm and formed a root ball around the fertilized spot in NDSA treatment . N uptake of corn roots,stems and leaves was increased by43%,30%,31%,respectively,and apparent N utilization was increased by15% in NDSA treatment compared with that of the conventional fertilization treatment . The ammonium content of NDSA treatment was more than two times higher than that of conventional fertilization,while the nitrate decreased to a half,indicating that the NDSA inhibited the transformation of ammonium to nitrate . Therefore,it can be concluded that under NDSA fertilization,a root ball" formed by inducing root growth,altering its spacial distribution and architecture in the soil and inhibition to nitrification may refers to one of most important mechanisms for NDSA fertilization reducing nitrogen loss,increasing N utilization rate and promoting plant growth .

To understand the effects of human activity on accumulation of black carbon in soils,251 surface soil samples were collected from Zhejiang Province .The soil samples had different land uses,including urban green space,road in urban area,manufacture area,vegetable land in suburban area,upland in countryside,and paddy field in countryside . The contents of black carbon in the samples were characterized by chemical method . The contents of black carbon in the soils ranged from0 to15.2 2 g.k g-1,and averaged3.8 3 g.k g-1 .Most samples (70.9 2%) had black carbon ranging from 1 to 5 g.k g-1 . Mean contents of black carbon in the soils for different land uses decreased in the sequence of manufacture area > vegetable land in suburban area > road in urban area > upland in countryside area > green space in urban area> paddy field in countryside . Proportion of black carbon in total organic carbon ranged from0% to53.2 0% with mean of 24.8 3% . The proportion decreased in the sequence of manufacture area > road in urban area > vegetable land in suburban area > urban green space > upland in countryside > paddy field in countryside .Correlation analysis showed that contents of soil black carbon were positively and significantlycorrelated with its total organic carbon,and the proportions of black carbon in the soil total organic carbon were positively and significantly correlated with their black carbon contents,and insignificantly correlated with the total organic carbon content .

Through a filter-paper disc method and pot-cultivation experiments,the allelopathy and physiological responses of extraction solution of Eupatorium adenophorum leaves to wheat and rape were studied,and the allelopathic mechanism of this plant invader was discussed primarily . The results showed that rape seeds were most hypersensitive to the extraction of E . adenophorum leaves;and the higher concentration was,the higher degree of the repression resulted from the extraction,and the seedlings also were repressed with the higher allelopathic coefficient .When the percentage of extraction of E . adenophorum leaves to sands achieved to1∶ 50,the repressive effect of the extration to rape seedlings was obvious . The root activity of wheat seedlings decreased observably after treated with the extractions of E .adenophorum leaves compared to the control,and the contents of malondial-dehyde (MDA) of treated plants also decreased significantly,however,the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase (POD) increased strongly,and the chlorophyll contents of treated wheat were remained before and after the treatment . This research showed that E . adenophorum influenced the normal physiological processes of circumambient plants through allelopathic effect,and repressed the processes of growth and development of these plants and further showed the stronger competition superiority,which make it prevailing in some ecosystems .

A total of 240 39-week-old Lingnan Yellow broiler breeders were randomly allocated to two groups,which were fed with the basal diet containing0.0 4 mg.k g-1 Se with the supplement of0.3 0 mg Se.k g-1 sodium selenite (SS) and DL-selenomethionine (SM),respectively,and each group was replicated three times with forty birds per replicate . The eggs were collected of each replicate and hatched . The total360 chicks were fed with the basal diet containing 0.0 4 mg.k g-1 Se without other selenium supplementation for56 days,to evaluate the effects of different maternal selenium on selenium deposition,antioxidant indices and growth performance of the progeny .Results indicated that,compared with the SS group,SM group increased significantly the selenium contents in liver,kidney,muscle tissue of the1 and 56-day-old progeny,as well as the selenium contents in thymus of the 1-day-old chicks,serum of the 56-day-old chicks and eggs ( P <0.0 1) . Compared with the SS group,in the 1-day-old chicks of the SM group,the activities of GSH-Px in muscle and SOD in muscle and kidney increased significantly ( P < 0.0 5),and the T-AOC in muscle and liver and the level of GSH in kidney also increased significantly ( P<0.0 1),while the content of MDA decreased significantly ( P<0.0 5) in muscle and pancreas;and in the56-day-old chicks of the SM group,the activities of GSH-Px in serum and muscle,SOD in serum,T-AOC in muscle and pancreas increased significantly ( P<0.0 5),while the death rate and the ratio of feed to mass decreased significantly ( P <0.0 5) . The results above indicate that DL-SM is more effective in improving the tissue selenium contents and antioxidant capabilities,decreasing the death rate of the offspring broilers,helping to their growth and increase of the feed conversion rate than SS,when the broiler breeders were fed with different selenium sources .

Four hundred and eighty-one pigs including Laiwu Black,Lulai Black,Licha Black,Luyan White,New Yimeng Black,Yorkshire,Landrace and Duroc were selected to detect genetic variants of BMP15 and BMPR-IB genes by PCR-SSCP . The genetic effects of the two genes on litter size were analyzed by least squares method . The results showed that the polymorphic sites of both BMP15 and BMPR-IB genes were found in all populations tested . The genotype distribution,however,revealed great differences between Shandong local breeds and foreign pig breeds . The effects of genotypes on total number born (TNB) and number born alive (NBA) were significant ( P<0.0 5) . For BMP15 gene,in AA genotypic sows,the average TNB and NBA of foreign pig breeds were1 .20 and1.6 4 more than that of Shandong local breeds,respectively ( P<0.0 5);in CC genotypic sows,the average TNB and NBA of foreign pig breeds were 1.2 0 and 0.8 2 more than that of Shandong local breeds,respectively ( P < 0.0 5) . For BMPR-IB gene,in Shandong local breeds,the average TNB and NBA of AA were0.4 9 and 0.5 1 more than that of BB,respectively ( P>0.0 5);while the average TNB and NBA of BB was1.0 5 and0.9 0 more than that of AA in the foreign pig breeds,respectively ( P<0.0 5) .

An electronic nose (e-nose,PEN 2) was employed to classify the pork groups with different storage times (0-6 d) . To acquire the optimum experimental procedure,the method of analysis of variance (ANOVA) was adopted . The results showed that the mass of the pork samples affected highly significantly the result of discrimination,and next was the headspace-generated time . By applying one-way ANOVA and discrimination power (DP),the optimum experimental parameters were acquired :10 g sample with 5 min headspace-generated time . The later experiment was taken under the optimum experimental parameters,and the principle components analysis (PCA),as well as linear discriminant analysis (LDA) were employed . The result showed that e-nose with the optimum parameters could classify the samples stored0-6 d well .

ECR reflectometer was used for quantitative determination of four colors in Jinyun duck-eggshells . Fifty eggs with three points were measured for every color .Results showed that there existed extremely significant differences ( P<0.0 1) in the average values of the reflection coefficient among four group eggshells,and the quantized interval of color reflectance was80.6 4-84.4 2,77.7 4-80.6 4,74.8 5-77.7 4 and64.6 9-74.9 5 in white,light blue,blue and deep blue eggshells,respectively .Statistic analysis indicated that the middle of the eggshell was the best measurement point of eggshell color,which accuracy reached0.8 394 . The regression analysis showed that there was no significant differences ( P> 0.0 5) between the reflection coefficient of the eggshells and different measurement time .

A special sampler was made to drill out long and integrated sediment samples from Xi-xi national wetland of Zhejiang Province,and the contents of Cu,Pb and Zn in the sediments at different depths were tested to evaluate pollution degree of the heavy metals,as well as to determine their distribution along depth in the wetland using the method of geoaccumulation index . The tests and evaluation results showed that the sediments were moderately polluted within0.6 m below the river bed,and not polluted at the depth deeper than 0.6 m . The concentration of heavy metals in the shallow sediments was found to be higher than that in pore water,which was in turn much more than that in the above water . Heavy metals in pore water of sediments could be released into the above water due to the concentration gradient,indicating that the water quality in the wetland could not be completely recovered only by replacing the polluted water with clean water,but needed to dredge the contaminated sediments in the wetland . The top0.6 m sediment should be dredged from an economic point of view .

Static bioassay tests were conducted to investigate the effects of Alexandrium minutum and Gymnodinium sp . on the growth and development of Sparus macrocephalus . The eggs of S . macrocephalus were incubated in enamel basin at different density of cells (30 000 cell.m L-1,15 000 cell.m L-1,7500 cell.m L-1 and0 cell.m L-1) of two planktons,at the temperature (20 .2±2 .0)℃and 60 percent of dissolved oxygen saturation . The same conditions were carried out to culture the larvae . The results showed Gymnodinium sp . was more toxic to the eggs and larvae of S . macrocephalus than A .minutum,and both species restrained the growth of body length and mass increasing of the larvae . There was significant difference in the influence of A .minutum and Gymnodiniumsp .on the ATPase of the larvae of S . macrocephalus,and Gymnodinium sp . inhibited more strongly to its ATPase enzyme activities . The results above show that Gymnodiniumsp .has greater impact on the early development of S .macrocephalus than A .minutum .