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JOURNAL OF ZHEJIANG UNIVERSITY 2026 Vol.56 Number 9
2026, Vol.56 Num.9
Online: 2026-10-28
Article
 
Article
5 Wang Yunlu
Revisiting the Classics: Focusing on Terms That Appear Ordinary but Carry Distinct Meanings—A Case Study of Wujian and Bujian Hot!
Firstly, Zhang Xiang once argued that cases involving “phrases that appear obscure or ambiguous in meaning” as well as those involving “ordinary wording that conveys a unique sense” all merit scholarly investigation. This is a highly insightful perspective. Consider two passages from the Analects: “Yu—I admire (无间) him” and “How filial is Min Ziqian! He always obeys (不间) the words of his parents and brothers”. Neither passage contains obscure characters or complex grammatical structures, yet both have been the subject of endless scholarly debate; the crux of the matter lies precisely in the fact that they employ “ordinary wording to convey a unique sense”.Two examples from the Analects where the literal wording appears ordinary yet the meaning are distinct as follows: (1) Both the phrases bujian (不间) and wujian (无间) function as negative constructions; in many contexts, they cannot be parsed by analyzing their individual morphemes but must be understood as a unified whole—much like constructions such as wucha (无差) or buya (不亚). (2) In the phrase “ren (人) obeys what his parents and brothers say about him”, the word ren does not refer to “others” or “outsiders” in the general sense; rather, it refers to “that person”—specifically, Min Ziqian himself. Interpreting ren as “that person” is another example of ordinary wording conveying a unique sense. (3) As canonical expressions from the Analects, these phrases have come to function as literary allusions; consequently, they should be categorized as allusions and certainly should not be parsed or explained by breaking down their individual components.Secondly, using spatial concepts to express abstract emotions is a shared cognitive pattern among humans. From the perspective of cognitive thinking, humans typically use concrete, tangible objects or relationships to express abstract and complex concepts and emotions. A fissure often disrupts a state of wholeness; thus, its presence can signify discord in interpersonal relationships, or even criticism and the breakdown of such relationships.Thirdly, the nature of the object involved is a primary factor driving changes in meaning. The terms wujian and bujian describe the alignment and consistency of concepts, yet their specific meanings differ depending on the objects being described: toward an admired figure, it implies praise; toward an elder, obedience; and toward a peer, intimacy.Fourthly, while wujian and bujian carry rich semantic nuances, they are best understood as holistic concepts. The crucial point is that these negative constructions must be viewed as integral wholes rather than being broken down into parts.In short, we advocate paying close attention to words that may appear ordinary on the surface yet possess distinct meanings when reading classical texts; this is the most fundamental and essential step towards accurately understanding these classics and genuinely inheriting and carrying forward Chinese culture.
2026 Vol. 56 (9): 5-19 [Abstract] ( 8 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 1037KB] ( 17 )
20 Li Hengwei, Kong Zijia
Re-examining the Path to the “Gold Standard” of Consciousness Measurement: From Closed-Loop Brain-Computer Interfaces to Metaphysical Foundations Hot!
Consciousness measurement aims to detect the presence and degree of first-person subjective experience through objective and reproducible third-person means. It stands as a fundamental core challenge in consciousness science and holds particularly significant importance in the clinical diagnosis and treatment of disorders of consciousness (DoC). Approximately 40% of patients behaviorally diagnosed with vegetative state/unresponsive wakefulness syndrome (VS/UWS) actually retain residual consciousness. This phenomenon of cognitive-motor dissociation (CMD) clearly reveals a fundamental flaw in traditional diagnostic paradigms reliant on external behavioral output: behavioral negativity does not equate to the absence of consciousness. The academic community has successively developed measurement approaches such as verbal reports, behavioral scales, and passive neuroimaging. However, these paradigms all lack built-in verification mechanisms to actively distinguish the source of signals: verbal reports and the Coma Recovery Scale-Revised (CRS-R) can only provide clinically sufficient evidence for the presence of consciousness, with negative results yielding numerous false negatives; fMRI, EEG, and other passive neuroimaging techniques bypass the limitations of peripheral motor pathways but cannot differentiate the sources of neural activity, making positive results questionable in sufficiency and negative results unable to confirm the absence of consciousness.In contrast, closed-loop brain-computer interfaces (closed-loop BCIs) establish a bidirectional real-time feedback pathway between the brain and the computer, achieving three methodological leaps: by employing active task design, they significantly enhance the confidence that positive results indicate the presence of consciousness; they replace transient state judgments with a multi-trial capacity-testing logic, providing a cautious interpretive framework for negative results; and they introduce feedback intervention mechanisms, upgrading correlational inference to intention-driven behavioral testing. Nevertheless, closed-loop BCIs still have several limitations: positive results are reliable but not logically necessary, while negative results cannot distinguish between “absence of consciousness” and “failure to manifest ability”; detecting neural modulation does not equate to achieving effective bidirectional communication, thereby failing to address the deeper metaphysical question of “why neural modulation necessarily corresponds to phenomenal consciousness”; and all measurement indicators are theory-laden, with the validity interpretation of the same result inevitably varying across different theoretical frameworks of consciousness.Thus, bridging the epistemological gaps requires ontological support. Dual-perspective monism proposes that conscious experience and neural dynamics are presentations of the same reality under the first-person experiential perspective and the third-person observational perspective, respectively, providing an ontological framework for consciousness measurement. Integrated Information Theory (IIT) adopts this stance, operationalizing it through the Perturbational Complexity Index (PCI), which directly probes the intrinsic causal structure of the brain independent of sensory input and motor output. Encouraging clinical data show that this indicator effectively distinguishes between conscious and unconscious brain states and identifies residual consciousness in behaviorally unresponsive patients. In summary, the “gold standard” for consciousness measurement is not a fixed technical tool but a dynamic complex formed through continuous calibration among metaphysical presuppositions, theories of consciousness science, and measurement methods. Future efforts should clarify the theoretical premises and applicable boundaries of various technologies, promote collaborative multi-scheme assessment, and ultimately advance precise clinical diagnosis of disorders of consciousness.
2026 Vol. 56 (9): 20-35 [Abstract] ( 12 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 815KB] ( 24 )
36 Hu Kexian
A Study on the Newly Discovered Tang Dynasty Epitaph of Lü Yu as the Prototype of Lü Dongbin Hot!
Lü Dongbin, one of the Eight Immortals in Taoism, is widely known in Chinese folk legend and was indeed an actual historical figure. Lü Dongbin, Lü Yan, and Lü Yu should be the same person. There have been various interpretations regarding his life and activities in academia. The newly discovered epitaph of Lü Yu provides further understanding of the prototype of Lü Dongbin.First, historical records indicate that Lü Dongbin was the grandson of Lü Yanzhi and the son of Lü Rang, which corresponds precisely with the lineage recorded in the epitaph of Lü Yu. The epitaph traces his ancestry through six generations: ancestor Lü Xu (6th generation), great-great-grandfather Lü Chongsi, great-grandfather Lü Yanzhi, grandfather Lü Wei, and father Lü Rang. By further consulting both excavated and transmitted texts, a genealogical table of Lü Yu can be constructed. The discovery of the epitaph of Lü Yu confirms his birth and death dates, ancestral home and native place, imperial examination, and his service as a secretary in Huaizhou, among other biographical details.Second, Lü Yu’s great literary reputation was closely related to his family’s status as a literary lineage. The Lü family maintained a continuous literary tradition throughout the Tang Dynasty. Having grown up and lived in this rich literary environment, Lü Yu himself became a literary figure.Third, Lü Yu excelled in literature throughout his life. At nine, his poetry displayed the refined style of the Daya; at thirteen, his fu carried the elegance of Qu Yuan and Song Yu; at fifteen, his prose reached the level of Ban Gu and Sima Qian. When he sat for the imperial examination in the early Xiantong era, his literary fame had already spread far and wide. He also collected his literary works into fifteen volumes. However, the collection of his literary works is not recorded in any classics or bibliographies from the post-Tang and Song periods onward, possibly because they were not circulated widely.Fourth, the life described in the epitaph of Lü Yu shares internal connections with the extant poetry of Lü Dongbin. As Lü Dongbin gradually became immortalized, most poems attributed to him in various Taoist texts were later forgeries. However, some extant poems of Lü Dongbin show consistency with the Lü Yu described in the epitaph, particularly in three aspects: filial piety, eremitism, and health cultivation. These themes are reflected in the extant poetry of Lü Dongbin.The discovery of the epitaph of Lü Yu holds significance in two respects: First, it reveals Lü Yu’s identity as a member of the Lü family of the middle and late Tang Dynasty, establishing him as a literary figure in his own right. The epitaph reveals key details about the imperial examination and religions, which will contribute to further research on the culture and literature of that period. Second, it further confirms the prototype of Lü Dongbin in the Eight Immortals legend, revealing how immortalized figures evolved from reality. The distinction between the prototype and the immortal is manifested in the process of accumulating and reshaping the immortalized image, and we can grasp the internal logic of Lü Dongbin’s evolution from a real person to a Taoist immortal.
2026 Vol. 56 (9): 36-46 [Abstract] ( 10 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 833KB] ( 24 )
47 Luo Changfan
The Evolution of the Parallel Tradition of Above-ground Stelae and Entombed Epitaphs in Tang-Song China Hot!
Ancient Chinese society has long attached great importance to posthumous reputation, which gave rise to a distinctive funerary practice: erecting stelae above ground along the spirit way and placing epitaphs below ground in the burial chamber—a custom known as the parallel tradition of above-ground stelae and entombed epitaphs. Enduring for over a millennium, this tradition became a defining characteristic of traditional Chinese funeral culture. Current academic research on this parallel tradition remains predominantly focused on case studies, particularly comparative textual analyses of stelae and epitaphs dedicated to the same individuals, while comprehensive macro-level studies are still relatively inadequate. As a funerary custom, it falls within the scope of historical research; at the same time, given its intrinsic connection to literary composition, it can also be incorporated into the realm of literary studies. This article primarily examines the tradition from the perspective of evolving funeral practices, while also exploring the evolution of concepts regarding its textual composition.The custom of using stelae and epitaphs in parallel had already emerged during the Northern and Southern Dynasties. In the Southern Dynasties, however, its development was less prosperous than in the Northern Dynasties, due to persistent restrictions on erecting stone inscriptions. By the late Northern Zhou period, this custom had basically taken shape, as evidenced by Yu Xin, who left behind several sets of parallel stelae and epitaphs. How did this tradition evolve during the Tang and Song dynasties? What impact did it have on the funeral customs of the Ming and Qing periods? These questions all deserve in-depth discussions. This article systematically collects and draws on transmitted documents, excavated materials, and contemporary research findings to sort out its developmental context.The Sui Dynasty lifted the previous ban on erecting stelae and established a system governing stelae and tablets, thereby promoting the further development of the parallel tradition of stelae and epitaphs. After the establishment of the Tang Dynasty, with the relaxation of restrictions on stelae erection and the rising status of civil officials, this practice expanded from the aristocratic and meritorious elite to the literati-official class. From the High Tang period onwards, this custom became even more widespread among the literati class; in addition, the trend of posthumous and retrospective erection of stelae and tablets became prevalent, leading the parallel tradition of stelae and epitaphs to flourish. By the Mid-Tang period, the concurrent use of epitaphs and stelae in funerals had become extremely prevalent among the civil official group. During the Late Tang and Five Dynasties, this custom persisted without interruption.By the mid-Northern Song Dynasty, policies governing stelae erection were further relaxed, and the parallel tradition of stelae and epitaphs reached its peak, particularly among the literati-official class. During this period, the trend of posthumous and retrospective erection of stelae became even more prevalent, and there were even many cases where multiple stelae were erected for a single individual—reflecting the bereaved families’ persistent pursuit of disseminating the deceased’s reputation. In the mid-to-late Northern Song Dynasty, although figures such as Sima Guang and Su Shi raised objections to the separate composition of texts for parallel stelae and epitaphs, they did not explicitly deny the funeral custom of the parallel use of stelae and epitaphs itself. By this time, the initial signs of the convergence of stelae and epitaphs had already emerged. During the Southern Song Dynasty, with the southward shift of the political and economic centers, the further dissemination of culture among broader social strata, and the development of printing, the parallel tradition of stelae and epitaphs exhibited the characteristics of social stratification and formal transformation. Specific manifestations included the blurring of stylistic boundaries between stelae and epitaph texts, their textual convergence, and evolving burial practices such as “using epitaphs as stelae”. Throughout the Yuan, Ming, and Qing dynasties, the system governing stelae and tablets remained largely unchanged, and the custom of the parallel use of stelae and epitaphs also persisted, especially among the middle- and upper-ranking official classes. However, from an overall perspective, its actual influence gradually declined during the Ming and Qing periods. By the late Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China period, the use of entombed epitaphs further declined, and the stone-carving-based funeral system generally shifted to focusing on above-ground stone carvings for commemoration.
2026 Vol. 56 (9): 47-63 [Abstract] ( 10 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 1037KB] ( 24 )
64 Zheng Jiehui, Chen Fadong, Zhu Zhi
Cognitive Processing Mechanisms in Multi-attribute Decision Making: Theoretical Evolution, Process Evidence, and Future Directions Hot!
The central question in multi-attribute decision making concerns not only what individuals ultimately choose, but also how different attributes are represented, compared, and integrated as preferences. Traditional as-if models use utility functions to describe attribute integration and predict choice outcomes. Yet distinct psychological mechanisms may generate the same behavioral result, making competing explanations difficult to distinguish from final choices alone. Combining bibliometric and theoretical analyses, this review examines the theoretical evolution, process evidence, application value, and research prospects for the cognitive mechanisms of multi-attribute decision making. Social and intertemporal decision making are used as representative domains for examining two foundational attribute conflicts: self-benefit versus other-benefit, and benefit magnitude versus temporal delay.Following the PRISMA framework, this review searches the Web of Science Core Collection database and conducts citation tracing, yielding a final sample of 236 publications. The bibliometric analysis suggests that the field has evolved through three broad stages: value representation and neural mechanisms, process measurement and contextual applications, and computational modeling and mechanistic refinement. Correspondingly, the field has progressed from asking how attributes are encoded as subjective values to examining how attention allocation, attribute-processing onset (attribute latency), and evidence accumulation jointly shape preferences.Theoretically, utility models provide a parsimonious account of attribute integration and choice outcomes. However, because they are evaluated primarily on the basis of final choices, they have difficulty distinguishing between different cognitive processes that may produce the same choice outcome. Dual-process theories explain choice differences through interactions between intuitive and deliberative processing, yet do not precisely specify when attributes enter processing or how they are compared and weighted. Evidence accumulation models treat choices and response times as joint products of dynamic accumulation and incorporate starting-point bias, attribute weights, attribute-processing onset (attribute latency), and decision thresholds into a testable computational framework. Specifically, the drift diffusion model (DDM) jointly generates choices and response times; the starting-time DDM (stDDM) further incorporates attribute latencies; and attentional DDMs (aDDM/maaDDM) embed trial-level fixation data into the accumulation process. Available evidence further suggests that option-wise and attribute-wise processing are not mutually exclusive; decision makers may switch between these paths depending on task structure and cognitive resources.Response times, mouse trajectories, eye movements, and neural activity provide information about processing duration, behavioral dynamics, attention allocation, and neural representation, respectively. When combined with choice outcomes, experimental manipulations, and computational models, these measures offer incremental evidence for comparing competing models and identifying attribute weights, attribute-processing onset, and decision thresholds. Research on social and intertemporal decisions indicates that attributes do not necessarily enter processing simultaneously or receive equal weight. Differences in attribute weighting, attention, and processing onset alter evidence accumulation and final choice.The main contribution of this review lies in organizing the literature around attribute processing. It connects utility models, dual-process theories, and evidence accumulation models with process data, and compares social and intertemporal decisions to show how attribute weights, attention allocation, and attribute processing onset jointly shape preference formation. By integrating theoretical developments with empirical process evidence, this review provides an integrative framework for understanding and testing the dynamic cognitive mechanisms of multi-attribute decision making. In addition, the review compares different types of process data in terms of their typical measures, strengths, and interpretive boundaries, thereby clarifying the conditions under which each type of evidence is informative. It also has implications for information presentation, attentional guidance, differentiated intervention, and the prediction of preferences and behavior from process data, and it further discusses cross-domain tests, high-dimensional modeling, multimodal data integration, human-AI collaboration, and research grounded in Chinese contexts.
2026 Vol. 56 (9): 64-86 [Abstract] ( 7 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 3959KB] ( 19 )
87 Tan Jie, Yu Jianxing
How Does Enterprise-centered Business Environment Optimization? Hot!
Enterprises are the perceivers of business environment optimization. Whether reform is genuinely enterprise-centered, and whether the real demands of enterprises can be effectively incorporated into the policy agenda, constitute key criteria for evaluating the effectiveness of business environment reform. Enterprise-centered business environment construction is in inherent tension with the traditional path through which local governments previously relied on selective and supply-oriented policy instruments to intervene in the microeconomic sphere. Although the model in which governments’ directly-selected industries and enterprises and allocated factor resources once played a role in the catch-up stage of growth, it also produced problems such as unequal government-enterprise relations, distortions in the order of market competition, and the accumulation of fiscal pressure. It can therefore be seen that business environment reform poses challenges to the way local governments perform their economic functions across multiple dimensions, including the logic of government-enterprise interaction, the instruments of economic governance, and the adaptability of governance approaches to different stages of development.Although the academic community has widely recognized the direction of enterprise-centered reform and has accumulated a large number of case descriptions of local practices, existing studies have mostly started from specific reform measures. They tend to examine how local governments optimize services and enhance enterprise satisfaction, while paying less attention to whether the setting of the reform agenda originates from the real needs of enterprises. If market actors are unable to participate in the construction of issues, improvements in the business environment can hardly demonstrate an enterprise-centered governance orientation. Existing literature still lacks a sufficient explanation of how local governments define reform priorities, how enterprise demands are transformed into policy agendas, and what the underlying logic of behavior behind this process is.Zhejiang’s reform practices from 2017 to 2024 provide an explanatory framework of vertically-layered governance to address these questions. The provincial government began with the standardization of government services. Focusing on matters such as enterprise investment project approval, business registration, and tax and fee payment, it has built unified online platforms that transformed fragmented and differentiated administrative procedures into traceable, comparable, and accountable administrative processes. By using digital evaluation mechanisms such as “non-intrusive monitoring” to automatically collected administrative service data, the provincial government set bottom-line constraints on local governments’ micro-level intervention in economic activities through vertical control. On the basis of standardized constraints, local governments established response mechanisms that begin with enterprise demands. From fallback service windows at the district and county levels, to government-enterprise consultation meetings in prefecture-level cities, online circulation of enterprise-related problems, and provincial mechanisms for classified and tiered coordination, enterprise demands have gone through an institutionalized process from case collection and time-limited handling to the formulation of rules and systems based on recurring high-frequency issues. Under the constraints of fair competition and public interest, repeatedly emerging difficulties faced by enterprises are transformed into reform agendas.The empirical investigation of 3 085 enterprise demands from H City and L District also reveals that enterprises’ expectations of governments at different levels show a clear structural differentiation, further confirming the internal logic of vertically-layered governance. Enterprises expect prefecture-level city governments to undertake agenda-setting and strategic planning functions in areas such as industrial layout, labor supply, and improvement of the market environment, and they expect such governments to guide industrial development through strategic capacity and resource coordination capacity. By contrast, enterprises’ demands toward district and county governments concentrated on supporting functions such as approval services, industrial park infrastructure, land-use coordination, public services, and the maintenance of legal order. It can therefore be seen that local governments should not adopt a one-size-fits-all solution of “responding to all changes by remaining unchanged”.when optimizing the business environment in an enterprise-centered manner. Instead, they should flexibly adjust their actions according to such dimensions as vertical allocation of authority and basic governance capacity, and formulate business environment action plans that are more suited to local conditions.
2026 Vol. 56 (9): 87-100 [Abstract] ( 7 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 912KB] ( 24 )
101 Chen Linlin, Yang Lumeng
Governance of Algorithmic Personalization from the Perspective of the Proportionality Principle Hot!
Legal personalization uses data profiling, algorithmic prediction, and real-time feedback to transform abstract rules addressed to unspecified subjects into differentiated decisions and arrangements of obligations. This provides new technical conditions for addressing the overinclusiveness and underinclusiveness of general rules, improving the adaptability of legal norms, and achieving individualized justice. In the practice of algorithmic governance, however, platforms and public authorities can rely on precise identification, risk classification, and behavioral tracking to impose more targeted obligations and restrictions on specific subjects. Rights protection, by contrast, still depends largely on uniform provisions, standardized appeal procedures, and abstract declarations of rights. The allocation of obligations is becoming increasingly precise, while rights protection has not been refined to the same extent. This gives rise to a “reverse value” tendency in legal personalization and may cause it to depart from its original institutional purpose of pursuing individualized justice.This imbalance follows a relatively stable logic of formation. Historical data may absorb existing institutional biases and reproduce them through variable selection, model training, and risk classification. Differentiated decisions based on statistical correlations can also turn group characteristics into adverse inferences about particular individuals, causing correlation to be mistaken for causation. Technological and institutional black boxes further obstruct explanation, challenge, and review. The entrenchment of labels and liability by association in credit sanctions, the construction of a “high-risk” persona in predictive policing, behavioral manipulation and differentiated pricing in consumer settings, and the quasi-legislative structures created by platform rules all display similar asymmetries between rights and obligations.Traditional legality review focuses on legal basis, legitimacy of purpose, and the appropriateness of means, but pays insufficient attention to whether a reasonable relationship is maintained between the capacity for technological intervention and the capacity for rights protection. The proportionality principle provides a basic analytical framework of legitimacy of purpose, necessity, and the balance of interests. Symmetry review further brings the relationship between technological intervention capacity and rights protection capacity into the proportionality analysis. The legitimacy of purpose requires that burdens imposed on specific subjects be supported by reasons commensurate with the degree of specificity of those burdens, and that the relevant risks and their substantive connection to the differentiated measures be explained. The assessment of necessity should not only examine whether equally effective but less restrictive alternatives are available. It should also examine whether existing technological capabilities can be used at the same time to improve mechanisms for explanation, evidence presentation, and review, and should distinguish whether inadequate remedies result from “technical inability” or “commercial unwillingness”. Proportionality in the strict sense should compare the actual burden imposed on the individual with the demonstrable gains in governance. The more general the asserted public interest is, the more fully its importance, likelihood of realization, and connection to the differentiated measures need to be explained.A corresponding accountability framework should cover the entire process of algorithm design, operation, and remediation. Before an algorithm is put into operation, impact assessments and the retention of design documentation should be used to identify bias and potential impairment of rights. During the operation, algorithmic outputs should be continuously checked through dynamic monitoring, third-party audits, tiered transparency, and individualized explanations. After the harm occurs, substantive human review, a reasonable allocation of the burden of proof, and external judicial and administrative oversight should be used to change the pattern of self-review created by closed internal appeals on platforms. The legitimacy assessment of legal personalization should accordingly move from asking “whether differentiation is permissible” to asking “whether precision governance is matched by rights protection of equal precision”, so that the growth in technological capacity is translated into the corresponding growth in rights protection capacity.
2026 Vol. 56 (9): 101-114 [Abstract] ( 12 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 754KB] ( 31 )
115 Feng Yang
The Functions of Temporary Legislation Hot!
Temporary laws are those that incorporates a sunset clause specifying its own expiration or repeal date, and they are manifested in diverse forms in the legislative practices. The study of temporary legislation holds significant theoretical and practical value. In-depth research on its functions can enrich and perfect legislative theory, deepen the understanding of the diverse forms of legislation and their mechanisms, and fill the gap in the existing academic literature regarding the "temporary" element of temporary legislation. From a practical perspective, by analyzing the functions of temporary legislation, we can provide theoretical guidance for its use in China and other countries, thereby promoting the development of the rule-of-law practice. This article comprehensively employs the methods of comparative research and case study. The comparative research is reflected in the comparative analysis of the temporary legislation practices in China and Western countries, summarizing the commonalities and differences of temporary legislation in different countries, so as to refine the general functional characteristics of temporary legislation. The use of case analysis method is reflected in the selection of representative cases such as the enactment of interim regulations and authorized legislation in China since the reform and opening-up, as well as the Terrorism Risk Insurance Act in the United States, to deeply analyze the specific application of temporary legislation in these cases as well as the functions it demonstrates. The core concern of the article is the internal and external functions of temporary legislation. The internal functions of temporary legislation are mainly reflected in acquiring new legislative information, building legislative consensus, regulating frequently changing matters, and promoting the optimization of social rules. First, it can acquire new legislative information. Through phased implementation, it can obtain valuable information in a timely manner for its use in the next stage of legislation, including correcting errors and deviations, eliminating cognitive biases, and reducing information asymmetry. Second, it helps to build legislative consensus. When there is controversy within the legislative body, it serves as a compromise product to break the deadlock and expand the space for seeking common ground while reserving differences. Third, it can regulate frequently changing matters and temporary matters, such as dealing with sudden social crises, filling the vacuum in the legal system, and alleviating the impact of drastic legislative changes. Fourth, it can promote the optimization of social rules. Faced with suboptimal equilibrium states such as bad customs, temporary legislation can break the balance through legislative means and promote the development of social rules in a better direction. The external functions of temporary legislation are mainly manifested in political functions and rule- of- law functions. In terms of political functions, the temporal legislation can adjust the power allocation between state institutions, enhance the democratic nature of the legal system, accelerate the renewal of the legal system, and reflect the will of contemporary people. It can also reshape the relationship between the legislative and administrative institutions, strengthen the legislature’s supervision over the administrative institutions, and curb the expansion of these institutions.At the same time, it adjusts the relationship between the current and the future legislative institutions, affecting the distribution of legislative planning power. In terms of the rule of law functions, temporary legislation promotes the implementation of legislative principles. Although it has potential tension with the principles of stability and equal treatment, if used properly, it will not only not erode these principles, but also better practice them. For example, it can serve as an important means to maintain the dynamic balance of the legal system and enhance the stability of the legal system in the specific periods and regions.
2026 Vol. 56 (9): 115-129 [Abstract] ( 9 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 856KB] ( 27 )
130 Hu Weibin, Li Xiaxin, Yang Qiming, Song Wenhao, Ruan Jianqing
High-quality Development of Rural Industries in China: Index Construction, Measurement Analysis, and Spatial Evolution Hot!
The high-quality development of rural industries is crucial for building a strong agricultural nation and achieving common prosperity. Currently, China’s rural industries face multiple challenges, including a homogeneous industrial structure, inefficient organizational systems, and constrained factor mobility. Accurately assessing the current state of high-quality development in rural industries, precisely identifying the key bottlenecks and pathways for upgrading, and subsequently breaking through these development constraints constitute a significant task for advancing the rural revitalization, accelerating the construction of an agricultural powerhouse, and steadily promoting common prosperity in the new era. Existing research has largely been confined to the preliminary stage of designing indicator systems for the high-quality rural industrial development, lacking systematic measurement and spatial evolution analysis. Moreover, constrained by the timeliness and granularity of traditional macro-level statistical data, it has been difficult to accurately reveal the complex connotations, regional heterogeneity, and dynamic evolutionary characteristics of high-quality rural industrial development.To address this gap, this study constructs a comprehensive evaluation indicator system for the high-quality development of rural industries, encompassing nine dimensions. Utilizing meso- and micro-data from the China Academy for Rural Development-Qiyan China Agri-research Database (CCAD) of Zhejiang University and publicly available national data, the study analyzes the level and spatiotemporal evolution characteristics of the high-quality rural industrial development in China. The findings indicate that from 2018 to 2022, the comprehensive index of high-quality rural industrial development in China showed a steady increase, demonstrating strong developmental momentum. However, significant regional disparities persist, with eastern regions maintaining a leading position in rural industrial development, while central and western regions exhibit considerable potential for the improvement. Furthermore, the high-quality development at the county level in China has achieved growth in both quality and scale, yet imbalances remain among the three systems of “industry, production, and management”. Spatial agglomeration and convergence analyses reveal positive spatial clustering characteristics in rural industrial development, but regional disparities in the level of high-quality development are being widened. Additionally, a structural contradiction of “strong divergence but weak catch-up” exists at the county level, indicating that county-level rural industrial development remains constrained by resource endowments, industrial foundations, and the capacity for factor inflows.The innovations of this study are mainly reflected in the following three aspects. First, regarding the theoretical framework, focusing on the industrial, production, and management systems within the agricultural modernization process, this paper innovatively constructs a comprehensive evaluation system encompassing nine dimensions: integration, clustering, specialization, greening, technologization, servitization, branding, organization, and efficiency. This system expands the evaluation dimensions found in existing research and more systematically reflects the quality level of China’s rural industrial development. Second, in terms of data collection, this study overcomes the limitations of traditional macro-statistical data by utilizing meso- and micro-data from the CCAD database to calculate core indicators. This database offers advantages such as a large sample size, rich indicators, and strong timeliness, providing more reliable data support for the precise measurement of high-quality rural industrial development. Third, in measurement and analysis, by applying scientific measurement methods like integrated subjective-objective weighting and spatial econometric models, this study thoroughly reveals the spatial differentiation characteristics and dynamic evolution patterns of rural industrial development in China. This not only provides a data reference for a comprehensive and accurate understanding of the state of high-quality rural industrial development in China but also offers policy insights for supporting the rural industrial development.
2026 Vol. 56 (9): 130-151 [Abstract] ( 10 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 1063KB] ( 23 )
152 An Ting
A Review of Research on the Origin of Rice Agriculture in the Middle and Lower Reaches of the Yangtze River Hot!
The middle and lower Yangtze River region is internationally recognised as a core centre of rice agricultural origins, and research on rice domestication therein is fundamental to understanding the subsistence base and early social evolution of East Asian civilisations. Over more than a century, scholarly consensus has shifted markedly—from the Indian origin hypothesis and the South China hypothesis to the prevailing view favouring the middle and lower Yangtze. Discoveries at sites such as Hemudu, Pengtoushan, Yuchanyan, Xianrendong-Diaotonghuan, and Shangshan have pushed the history of rice cultivation in China back to before 10,000 BP, and have preliminarily established a spatiotemporal framework spanning wild rice utilisation, incipient domestication, and the establishment of rice-based agriculture.Current research, however, faces three major bottlenecks. First, early Neolithic sites have yielded extremely scarce macro-botanical remains due to limitations imposed by poor preservation and early excavation dates. This has resulted in significant chronological and spatial gaps in our understanding of domestication rates and subsistence patterns across the middle and lower Yangtze, and has hindered the integration of cross-regional lines of evidence. Second, ongoing debates persist over whether rice cultivation arose independently in different sub-regions or spread from one centre, and over whether domestication rates were uniform; the regional modes of development thus remain to be systematically clarified.To address these challenges, micro-CT analysis of plant imprints in charcoal-tempered pottery offers a novel pathway. Such pottery—fabricated with plant temper including rice husks and stalks—is abundant at early and middle Neolithic sites in the region. The plant imprints preserved within the ceramic fabric can be examined non-destructively through high-resolution three-dimensional reconstruction at a resolution of 0.01 mm, allowing precise retrieval of morphological details of rice grains, spikelet bases, and non-crop plants (e.g., acorns and barnyard grass), thereby effectively compensating for the scarcity of macro-botanical remains. Using this approach, the team from Zhejiang University has identified imprints of awned rice grains in early Shangshan cultural pottery sherds, confirming that rice domestication was underway in the lower Yangtze by approximately 10,000 BP. The concurrent discovery of numerous acorn and barnyard grass imprints further indicates that early farmers adopted a mixed subsistence strategy that combined rice cultivation with broad-spectrum resource use, and offers critical evidence for understanding the complex driving mechanisms of agricultural origins.Looking ahead, future work should focus on three aspects: (i) standardising domestication indicators by establishing quantifiable and comparable morphological and statistical criteria that integrate spikelet base, phytolith and imprint data; (ii) systematically undertaking micro-CT scanning of charcoal-tempered pottery from different periods and subregions of the middle and lower Yangtze, coupled with luminescence dating and archaeological cultural sequences, to finely reconstruct the spatiotemporal trajectories and regional variations in domestication rates; and (iii) strengthening interdisciplinary collaborations among archaeobotany, palaeoenvironmental studies, and settlement archaeology, so as to explore the driving mechanisms—environmental stress, demographic pressure, and cultural choice—underlying rice domestication
2026 Vol. 56 (9): 152-161 [Abstract] ( 6 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 837KB] ( 14 )
162 Yu Genxiong
Marx’s Critical Reimagining of “State Personality” and Its Relationship with People’s Democracy: Based Primarily on Critique of Hegel’s Philosophy of Right Hot!
The “state personality” is, in fact, the true entry point for Marx’s exploration of people’s democracy. In his Critique of Hegel’s Philosophy of Right, Marx redefined Hegel’s concept of “state personality” and established the fundamental theoretical framework for people’s democracy. The state is, by definition, unified sovereignty. Marx did not oppose the essential connection between the state and sovereignty, what he questioned was the way Hegel derived sovereignty from the state. He argued that the concept of sovereignty should not be derived from the concept of the state. Marx’s argument on the unity of the state and sovereignty focuses on all real subjects and the personality that unfolds in the form of multiplicity. In its fundamental sense, the “state personality” is a collective sovereignty. It is personified sovereignty or the personification of sovereignty. This necessitates that the foundation of sovereignty be based on human characteristics and their activities. The true essence of the “state personality” lies in human social activities, i.e., social traits. These social traits are inevitably connected to each individual as a “fundamental characteristic of the individual”. The reality of the “state personality” is reflected in social groups, families, and other legal entities. What legal entities embody are the social traits of real individuals, not their private traits. The “state personality” is redefined as a popular sovereignty that exists as a whole, and is the highest embodiment of the social traits of human beings grounded in definite relations of material intercourse.From the integrality of sovereignty and the popular nature of sovereignty, Marx concluded that democracy is “the self-determination of the people and the specific content of the people”. Only by engaging with the material life processes of the people can the state system necessarily and effectively connect with them. This existential orientation simultaneously defines the direct and inevitable link of popular democracy with non-political domains. Marx emphasized that “in a democracy, the principle of form is also the principle of material”. The unity of the principle of form and the principle of material merely involves defining the social characteristics—namely, people’s social relations—constructed in material life as universally significant state institutions through legal forms. The axiological orientation of “state personality” lies in the fact that the state is “the highest social reality of humanity”. Human social reality exists in sensory-objective activities. Human social reality and the state system are unified. All material activities of people can only be realized under the guarantee of the state system and its functional activities, and the state system and its functional activities can only achieve “true statehood” by centering around human social reality.To establish a practical “state personality” grounded in popular sovereignty, a thoroughgoing revolution is necessary. This revolution entails not only immersing oneself in the people’s daily lives but, more crucially, transcending all previous revolutionary endeavors. This revolution is the liberation of humanity itself. The establishment of popular sovereignty and the liberation of people follow the same path. People’s democracy seeks to reduce politics to the material realm, striving to infuse political forms of state institutions with material content and to adopt this material content as the principle of state institutions. The continuity of “state personality” encompasses the integrity of sovereignty, the stability of political power, and the unity of social consciousness. The proletariat, as the “whole people”, bears the responsibility of sustaining “state personality”.
2026 Vol. 56 (9): 162-173 [Abstract] ( 8 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 849KB] ( 15 )
174 Lei Xiaoli
A Comparative Study on the Satipa??hāna Sutta in Pāli and Chinese Canon: Centered on the Mindfulness of the Body Hot!
Against the backdrop of exchanges and mutual learning among Buddhist civilizations, Buddhist textual research has increasingly been based on comparative research on parallel texts representing different schools of Buddhism and preserved in various languages, including Pāli, Chinese, Sanskrit, Tibetan, and others. The Satipa??hāna Sutta (or Sm?tyupasthāna Sūtra in Sanskrit) is an important parallel text that has always been regarded as one of the most important meditation manuals. Meditation techniques taught by popular meditation masters from different lineages today are normally developed based on this scripture. Both the Satipa??hāna Sutta, the 10th discourse of the Majjhima Nikāya in Theravada Tipitaka, and the Sm?tyupasthāna Sūtra, the 98th discourse of the Madhyama ?gama in Chinese Tripitaka, focus on Satipa??hāna practice, but there are some differences in their contents. However, scholars pay insufficient attention to these differences, especially the unique meditation techniques in the Chinese version translated by Sa?ghadeva from the Sarvāstivāda school in 397. This is worth analyzing from the perspective of the historical context of the translation and the cultural heritage of Chinese translator Devadatta.The difference between the Pāli and Chinese versions mainly lies in the mindfulness of the body. Besides, if we investigate the prevalent meditation techniques taught by the main meditation lineages in modern society, they also differ in their choice of meditation subjects for the mindfulness of the body. Before the mindfulness of the body, the Chinese Sm?tyupasthāna Sūtra first simplified the conditions to attract more practitioners, for example, it does not impose specific requirements on the place, posture, etc. It also adjusts the order of meditation techniques to make them more in line with the progressive model of the Satipa??hāna practice. The Pāli Satipa??hāna Sutta recorded six meditation techniques for the mindfulness of the body, while the Chinese version added eight extra meditation techniques, such as the four jhanas and the perception of light (āloka-sa??ā), and replaced the reflections of the four elements of the body with the reflection of six elements. From the perspective of meditation techniques, the adjustments in the Chinese version are not appropriate. Strictly speaking, the fourth jhānas are an internal realization attainable through the practice of mindfulness, whereas the internal space element among the six elements of the body has no arising or passing away and is therefore unsuitable as an object of meditation. However, after studying the Theravada and Mahayana Buddhist scriptures, we find that there are already many precedents for listing the four jhanas and other items—which appear in excess in the Chinese translation—as methods of meditation, and such scriptures are not few in number.The Chinese Sm?tyupasthāna Sūtra should be the result of assimilating other practice techniques under the title of Satipa??hāna. As an important meditation guidebook, the Chinese Sm?tyupasthāna Sūtra takes into account the integrity and balance of meditation subjects and thus absorbs important meditation techniques mentioned in other scriptures, especially those prevalent in China at that time. In addition, borrowing good meditation techniques from other scriptures to expand the content is closely related to the characteristics of the dissemination and development of early Chinese Buddhism. For example, in early Chinese Buddhism, the four jhanas were often regarded as a method of meditation, and deep meditation could help to obtain supernatural power (abhi??ā). In the early days of Buddhism’s introduction to China, supernatural power was an important tool for attracting new followers and won support from rulers. Moreover, the society at that time also attached great importance to supernatural talents. During the Wei and Jin dynasties when Sa?ghadeva translated the Sm?tyupasthāna Sūtra into Chinese, the practice of immortals, holy people, and the idea of the ultimate human were prevalent, and in Buddhism, we could only find the idea of abhi??ā to meet the needs of the mainstream. Finally, although the Sm?tyupasthāna Sūtra provides a wealth of meditation subjects and techniques, practitioners generally do not need to practice the techniques mentioned in this scripture one by one, but may choose one or freely combine several ones according to their capacities and practice habits
2026 Vol. 56 (9): 174-184 [Abstract] ( 8 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 915KB] ( 12 )
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