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JOURNAL OF ZHEJIANG UNIVERSITY 2017 Vol.3 Number 3
2017, Vol.3 Num.3
Online: 2017-05-10

Article
 
Article
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2017 Vol. 3 (3): 1- [Abstract] ( 358 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 1357KB] ( 714 )
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2017 Vol. 3 (3): 4- [Abstract] ( 190 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 0KB] ( 26 )
5 Guo Weidong
The Silk Road (Continued): The Export of ″Nanking Cotton Cloth″

″Nanjing Cotton Cloth″ is originally an English term coined by the Western businessmen in China in the Ming and Qing dynasties. Though called ″Nanjing Cotton Cloth,″ it was not made in Nanjing, but in the regions centering around Songjiang to the south of the Yangzhi River. Nanjing Cotton Cloth is a kind of colored cloth, and purple flowers were its dominant hue. The manufacturing of large quantities of purple-flower cotton cloth may have used nankeen (grey cotton) instead of colored cotton and may have been tinted at a later stage. Nanjing Cotton Cloth was mostly for export. The exporters were not the British, but the earliest Portuguese and other Westerners in China. This demonstrates the alternation in the Western colonists' control of sea trade: from the Portuguese and Spanish to the Dutch, and finally to the British.  Nanjing cotton cloth export is the continuation of the Silk Road, i.e., it involved the sales of textiles and Chinese products going global. The differences lie in the materials — from silk to cotton, and in the consumers — from the high officials and noble lords to the ordinary people. As the production level was low and the traffic was underdeveloped, international trade in those times mostly served the royals and nobles. In contrast, modern international trade serves the ordinary people. The rise and fall of the importance of silk and cotton trade is a typical example of the great changes taking place in that period of history. The business network of Nanjing Cotton Cloth facilitated closer lateral ties among the people across broader regions. However, while the ancient Silk Road was controlled by the Orientals, the export of Nanjing Cotton Cloth was mainly manipulated by the Westerners who controlled maritime transportation as well as the overseas market.  The shutdown of the thousand-mile ancient Silk Road is a major event in the history of Chinese and world transportation. The international trade of Nanjing Cotton Cloth, a first-class traditional hand-woven product of China, is a new contribution of the Chinese people to cotton cloth material after the shutdown of the Silk Road. This is a new choice of human beings to replace silk with cotton as a wearable kind of cloth material. The intelligent Chinese people have always headed the list when it comes to handicraft. However, when the industrial times dawned, the handicraft of the Chinese people was no rival of the machines and the situation was reversed.

2017 Vol. 3 (3): 5- [Abstract] ( 461 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 1528KB] ( 924 )
20 Li Qing Qi Yinping
Western Countries' Competitions and Conflicts on the Port of ″O Pinhal″ in the Late Ming Dynasty
O Pinhal or Mount Ya, situated at the mouth of Xijiang, was well known for the Naval Battle of Yamen in 1279. This made the mount a historical and cultural symbol in the heart of the Han Chinese. Few people could imagine that the Portuguese, Spaniards and Dutch had reached China Sea and competed to win a commercial port at this mount in three hundred years.
After the Portuguese were allowed to reside in Macao, they kept moving about among Guangdong islands and harbors. The Pinhal had become their important porto da veniaga, or port of trade. Catholic rituals were operated by Jesuits in Pinhal, which were regarded as blasphemous conducts to the Quanjie and Dazhong Temples and the Chinese faith. The Portuguese also purchased Chinese children for religious purposes. All these pushed Lin Huichun, the magistrate of Xinhui, to adopt military actions against the Portuguese of Pinhal, and expelled them in 1569. The fact that Portuguese merchants could reside in Pinhal illustrated Guangdong authorities' weak control of neighboring islands. Obviously it offered some opportunities to the the followers, such as the Spaniards and the Dutch.
At the end of 1598, the Spanish captain Don Juan Zamudio was authorized to anchor and merchandise temporarily in the port of Pinhal. Not long after, another Spanish captain Luis Pérez das Marias was also allowed to enter the port. With this, the Portuguese of Macao were anxious that the Spaniards would imitate their tricks and probably be allowed to reside in Pinhal just like them in Macao. In this case, military conflicts broke out between them, and ended with Luis Pérez das Marias' evacuating at the beginning of 1600.
In the next year, the valiant Dutch followed the Spaniards closely and participated in this combat of Pinhal. In September 1601, a Dutch fleet commanded by Captain Jáquez Van Neck attempted to reach the so called Pinal. However, owing to their ignorance of the Guangdong coastal regions, the Dutch reached Macao instead of Pinhal. The Portuguese had learned a lesson from the precedent incident of 1598-1600. They hastily executed seventeen Dutch sailors in case the Chinese government might extradite them. On the other hand, although there were different opinions inside the Guangdong government, Dai Yao the Governor-General of Guangdong & Guangxi adopted the policy of ″using one barbarian against the other″ and remained neutral on the surface. Jáquez Van Neck had to leave China Sea after failing to rescue his countrymen.
The pullout from Pinhal turned the attention of the Spaniards and the Dutch to Taiwan. In 1622, when the Dutch intercepted several Spanish documents, they discovered that the Spaniards of Manila were planning to construct a fortress in Taiwan. Thereby, they made decisions to take preemptive actions and succeed in constructing the Kasteel Zeelandia in 1624. The Spaniards built the fort San Salvador in Quelung two years later. Since then, the contention of the three forces transferred from Pinhal to the Island of Taiwan, and the former dismal and remote Taiwan began to play a significant role in the global economy and politics.
2017 Vol. 3 (3): 20- [Abstract] ( 703 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 1465KB] ( 974 )
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2017 Vol. 3 (3): 29- [Abstract] ( 204 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 0KB] ( 36 )
31 Yu Gongde Huang Jian'an
National Security Implications of U.S. Re-industrialization Strategy and Its Impact on China

Re-industrialization is the integral part of the economic reconstruction since the Obama administration came into power and it marks the major transition and critical turn of U.S. economic policy after the financial crisis.The Chinese academia has shown great concern about the policy shift in the United States but researchers have different views on the U.S. re-industrialization. There are still some divergences about whether the policy adjustment in the United States is a temporary expedient to deal with the financial crisis or a strategic turn with a profound significance in Chinese academia. This is mainly because (1)most existing studies analyzed U.S. re-industrialization strategy from an economic perspective or are based on the plan and policies of the Obama administration and ignored the national strategic concerns behind it; (2)most existing studies analyzed the influences brought by the long-term de-industrialization on the United States only at the economic level and lack the overall grasp. In order to make up for the deficiencies in the existing studies,this paper makes a systematic exposition on the deep motivation and the decision logic of the policy adjustment in the United States through the introduction of the national security perspective. First, this paper begins with a survey of the logic and connotation of U.S. national security and the relationship between manufacturing and U.S. national security; Secondly, this paper systematically analyzes the challenges brought by the long-term de-industrialization upon U.S. national security from the four linked levels of economy,society,politics and ideology; Finally,this paper discusses the national security implications of U.S. re-industrialization strategy and its impact on China. This study reaches the following conclusions: (1)Safeguarding American leadership in the world is the main goal of U.S. national security strategy since the end of the Cold War. And national power is the force base to maintain American hegemonic position in the world; (2)It is the basic logic of U.S. national security that American national security is more like a cloak and the generalization of national security is just for pursuing its unreasonable national interests; (3)American power has been impaired systematically by the long-term de-industrialization as economic excessive virtualization,social differentiation and tensions,political polarization and ideological crisis of the American dream.This situation has brought comprehensive and structural challenges to the U.S. national security and has threatened American leadership in the world.So the U.S. government had to consider and deal with manufacturing problems from the national security level.And these are the deep-seated reasons for the Obama administration to push the re-industrialization strategy; (4)Far more than just an economic strategy, the re-industrialization is also a security strategy. It is the embodiment of the U.S. national security strategy adjustment. It contains the nature of strategic conflict and the meaning of strengthening trade protectionism to China; (5)Re-industrialization is not only a temporary expedient to deal with financial crisis ,but also a strategic turn with a profound significance. This is not to say that the U.S. government will achieve the goal of U.S. re-industrialization because planning to do it and the ability to do it are two entirely different things.

2017 Vol. 3 (3): 31- [Abstract] ( 866 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 1577KB] ( 1861 )
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2017 Vol. 3 (3): 39- [Abstract] ( 196 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 0KB] ( 35 )
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2017 Vol. 3 (3): 46- [Abstract] ( 113 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 0KB] ( 31 )
47 Brian Lander Ruth Mostern Sun Jinghao Xiong Yuanbao Lu Xiqi
A Conversation on the Study of Water in Environmental History
Based on shared concerns for water environment and water resources, five contributors in this symposium articulate their viewpoints from their respective case studies in the field of Chinese environmental history. In pre-modern China, how to deal with the Yangzi River and the Yellow River, the two largest rivers, were key environmental issues on national water resource solutions, and the Chinese played an active role in their constant interactions with nature.  Brian Lander’s research on the early environmental history of the Central Yangzi valley aims to understand the history of the Yangzi lowlands in the context of the destruction of the world’s wetlands by the spread of agricultural societies. The wetlands on the Lianghu Plain were originally one of biologically productive areas in the world. A rich variety of aquatic lives, plants and wildlife in this region earned it the reputation of “wealth of Yunmeng.” However, why has it mostly been converted to farmland? According to him, archaeological discoveries have revealed thousands of years of immigration, farming and dike building in this region. He argues that over the long run agricultural development and hydraulic construction by increasing population steadily reshaped the original regional ecological system.  Ruth Mostern introduces her large project of exploring the long-term and large-scale history of the Yellow River, covering three thousand years of time and integrating the history of middle-course erosion with the history of lower-course flooding, and highlights data approach from environmental science. Focusing on why the Yellow River shifted from a long-term condition of relative stability to a later state of frequent floods and course changes, she argues that such changes resulted from intensification of human activity in the grasslands of the Ordos basin. From the mid-eleventh century, mounting contention between Chinese and Tanguts led both sides to fortify the region. The fields, pastures and lumber operations of these remote and largely self-supporting outposts destroyed fragile ground cover and exposed erosion-prone sand and soil that made its way into the Yellow River through a process of wind and water deposition, thereby transforming the entire fate of the North China Plain. Chinese activism in nature was exemplified more intensively in the construction and maintenance of the Grand Canal hydraulic network. Sun Jinghao explores the managements of water resources to sustain the Grand Canal in late imperial China, by investigating the fluctuations of reservoirs in the Jining Region of western Shandong. The operation of the Grand Canal heavily relied on continual construction, reconstruction and maintenance of a comprehensive water conservancy system in which reservoirs played a vital role in the northern sections. In order to combat the tremendous problems of water shortage, as well as flooding in monsoon seasons, massive reservoirs were vigorously installed or modified in the Jining region to reserve and moderate water for canal navigation. Although the state’s manipulations of water resources by reconfiguring the regional hydrological network generally achieved its anticipated objective, this was an extremely difficult accomplishment due to the complex reactions from both nature and local society. Water is people’s basic necessities in everyday life, and in China the lack of drinking water in urban and rural areas and the lack of fresh water, related to how to survive, on the coast are lasting severe issues. Using the term “brackish water,” Xiong Yuanbao depicts water consumption in late imperial Beijing, involving natural conditions of water resources, water consumption by citizens, as well as municipal rules and institutions that regulated the extraction of underground water. Mostly shallow and close to the land surface, these “brackish water” wells were both a product of soil and mineral contents and a consequence of human activity. Besides the absence of basic infrastructures for water and sewage treatment and the government’s negligence of administrative and legal regulations, the urban residents of Beijing played significant roles in creating, disposing, and neglecting various kinds of waste that infiltrated the land to pollute the underground water. Lu Xiqi turns his attention to the livelihood of coastal fishers and salt-workers with regard to water environment. In his views, the mainstream scholarship on the history of the Chinese ocean has neglected the people living in the coastal regions and their livelihoods as well as the relations between those people and the sea. He focuses on sea food and sea salt, trying to reconstruct the livelihood of fishers and salt-workers living in the coastal regions during the medieval age from an ecological perspective. The structural shortage in the subsistence system of coastal fishers and salt-workers, especially in terms of necessities of living and production such as freshwater, cereals and shipbuilding timber, iron pans for boiling seawater and netting fabrics, forced them to acquire daily necessities from the external environment by means of trade and even robbery. Their lack of self-sufficiency contributed to the openness of the economy in the coastal region, and the fluidity of coastal society.
2017 Vol. 3 (3): 47- [Abstract] ( 513 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 1427KB] ( 1690 )
58 Wu Zhen
On Xinxue Orthodoxy: Focusing on the Argument ″Sacred Learning Ended with the Death of Yan Hui″

Confucian Orthodoxy, or the orthodox Dao of Confucian saints, is the symbol of the spirit and values of Confucianism. In Tang Dynasty, Han Yu proposed the proto-Confucian Orthodoxy which claimed that the Dao which had been passed from generation to generation since Yao-Sun was discontinued after Mencius. In Southern Song Dynasty, Zhu Xi systematized and genealogized this Orthodoxy in Assembled Commentaries of the Four Books, proposing Neo-Confucian Orthodoxy which Zhou Dunyi and Cheng Yi recovered after its discontinuity one thousand years earlier. This version of Orthodoxy, based on the idealist philosophy of the Confucian school, had the exclusiveness which repelled the heresies of Buddhism and Daoism as well as continuity in constant discontinuity. It had a clear genealogical note of continuity, leaving people the impression of ″single inheritance.″ However, Wang Yangming proposed a new version of Orthodoxy from the Xinxue (School of Mind) perspective in his ″A Farewell to Zhan Ganquan,″ claiming that ″the Sacred Learning ended with the death of Yan Hui.″ This version broke down the genealogical framework of the Lixue (Study of Rites) version and the prototypical one, which according to Wang Ji was a major controversial claim in the thousand-year history of Confucianism. The core of the issue lies in how this claim could be reconciled with another claim — ″The Consistence Doctrine was passed down from Zeng Zi to Mencius, and then Zhou Dunyi and Cheng Yi resumed it two thousand years later.″ The latter claim is a well-known classic exposition of the Confucian Orthodoxy of Lixue School and is in irreconcilable conflict with the former. If the Sacred Learning had ended with the death of Yan Hui, then how could Confucian Orthodoxy be passed down from Zeng Zi to Mencius? From his Xinxue perspective, Wang Yangming maintained that Yan Hui was able to see the completeness of Sacred Learning. Furthermore, he concluded that the two ″knows″ in the lines ″when he (Yan Hui) does anything wrong, then he knows it|and when he knows it, he will not do it again″ (in Commentaries on Yi Jing) undoubtedly refer to the intuitive knowledge of conscience. Thus he argued that Yan Hui could ″learn the doctrine of intuitive knowledge of conscience all by himself″ and should be considered as representing the ″orthodoxy of Sacred Learning.″ However, Wang Yangming did not raise the status of Yan Hui to belittle Mencius|rather, by doing so he intended to distinguish his Xinxue of intuitive knowledge of conscience from Cheng-Zhu’s Lixue and to trace it back to the Confucius-Yan Hui orthodoxy. Wang Yangming’s disciple Wang Ji further elaborated on Xinxue Orthodoxy with reference to the innate learning of Xinxue. By reinterpreting Yan Hui, he concluded that learning should be modeled after Yan Hui. Wang Ji further claimed that Wang Yangming’ was the lifeline that connected Yao-Shun and Confucius-Yan Hui, which ended the huge controversy over the claim that ″Sacred Learning ended with the death of Yan Hui.″ In short, the Xinxue Orthodoxy that Wang Yangming and Wang Ji reconstructed was characterized by openness, practicality and independence. That is to say, the Orthodoxy should above all be based on the ″notion of heart and body,″ which was universal, so the Orthodoxy was not limited by time or space and had the continuity of being passed on endlessly. But this continuity was not an individualized secret tradition, but was open to all people. This spirit of Confucian tradition was a product of history and culture, but it also existed in the process of human life, hence its practicality. Since Confucian Orthodoxy was by no means controlled solely by the authorities on Confucian classics or Political Orthodox, it was independent from the realm of knowledge and politics.

2017 Vol. 3 (3): 58- [Abstract] ( 598 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 1463KB] ( 1759 )
71 Shen Manhong Chen Jun Zhang Lei
A Review on the Economic Institution of Water Resources

The situation of China's water resource management has become extremely serious and tends to be worse. The lack of system is one of the reasons that water resource management becomes extremely difficult. As an important part of water resource system, the economic institution of water resources plays a key role and its literature review could highlight the reference meanings for further studies. The theory of water resource economic system is based on the external theory and public goods theory. Public goods theory is an extreme case of external theory. The fiscal/tax arrangement and the property right arrangement of water resources are considered as two directions to solve the problems caused by externality and public goods attribute. Pricing strategy is a specific means. The economic institution of water resources includes fiscal/tax arrangement, property right arrangement, and pricing strategy. The fiscal and tax institution of water resources in accordance with the Pigou theory mainly consists of payment for water resources and eco-compensation arrangement. The property right institution of water resources in accordance with Coase theory contains water right arrangement and water pollution right arrangement. Payment for water resources is to solve the problem that the value of water resources has been underestimated for a long time. Eco-compensation arrangement of water resources is to solve problems in water resource utilization, emission and other aspects of the externalities. Water right arrangement and water pollution right arrangement are designed to solve the problems of ownership of water resources (including the right of ownership, use right, pollution right and emission right). Meanwhile, pricing strategy is a market-oriented means to solve the problems mentioned above. The price institution of water resources is the fusion and extension of both the fiscal/tax institution and the property right institution. This paper is made up of three parts which can be described as a ″1+4+1″ framework. The first ″1″ is the theoretical basis and framework of water resources economic institution, ″4″ means the special institution including payment for water resources, eco-compensation arrangement, payment for water resources and eco-compensation arrangement. The second ″1″is a comprehensive review of water resources economic institution. This paper focuses on the core issues of water resources economic institution and discusses some practical problems in the field of water resources management in China. Finally, the result of this paper shows that there is inadequate attention on researches on single institutions, theoretical researches and management systems. Meanwhile, combinations and optimizations of institutions, case studies of institutional practices and public water governance are finally pointed out and suggested as further research topics.

2017 Vol. 3 (3): 71- [Abstract] ( 466 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 1496KB] ( 927 )
84 Qiu Ge
Beyond Professional Ethic: The Moral Foundation of Media Self-discipline
At present, the Chinese mass media are suffering serious crisis of confidence because of anomie. A typical case is ″New Express reporter taking bribes event″ in 2013. It is widely believed that the media should strengthen self-discipline. However, based on analysis of the social structure, Chinese media lack of real independence. The News media also lack relatively complete legal norms and ethics. And traditional media are facing the grim challenge of existence, cannot consider ethical issues. So,the root of the media anomie are the changes of social system and information ecology. These transformations also are changing the rules of the media ″self″. We have to in-depth study the possibility and real connotation of ″media self-discipline″. In fact, the media self-discipline arises from a large number of social interactions between individuals. These communication activities are the basis for the community. This is similar to the floating ″molecular cloud″, the future is not clear, at this moment, the value and significance of existence are located between the ″molecules″: close, collision or far away from each other. If people are too dense, molecular cloud will collapse. If people are too distant, it will dissipate. Society is a kind of self-discipline efforts to maintain the delicate balance of molecular cloud. Self-discipline is also a kind of individual initiative ability derived from moral intuitions. Charles Taylor believed that the individual moral intuition is the inner voice. Listening to the voice, people can know right or wrong, and the more important thing is to keep contact with true moral self. Kant early had called this moral ability ″self-discipline″. He had asserted that self-discipline is derived from free will, belongs to a congenital and synthetical judgment. However, Kant had gave the concept(self-discipline)too many privileges and made it empty. Emmanuel Levinas had described a moral attitude: facing the need of others. The idea liberates the theory of Kant's self-discipline, explain the basic motivation of moral behavior, also had expressed the final frontier of individual moral: endless moral inquire for others. So, the real foundation of media self-regulation is that individual moral awakening. In the specific period of social transformation and moral confusion, people have to face their situation. Facing others and rediscovering their moral self would help social reconstruction. First, Individual morality is the original source of power in public life. Secondly, Individuals have value of basic moral judgment and adjustment for human society. Third, People's moral judgments have universality and convergence. Finally, Individual moral always leads to the possibility of a kind of common human life. Therefore, we need to continue to explore the source of human morality, and to find a better way to build a good public life. This is also the direction of the future media and communication education.
2017 Vol. 3 (3): 84- [Abstract] ( 454 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 1395KB] ( 810 )
93 Gu Jinxi
Communication Mechanisms of Internet Rumors in the Micro Era: A Case Study

Rumor is a complex social phenomenon, usually referring to ″a specific (or topical) proposition for belief without secure standards of evidence being present.″ With the development of media revolution both in depth and width, the current information communication in China has entered the so-called ″micro era,″ that is, an era of ″micro-miniature″ media communication which is marked by the rise of new media or we-media such as micro-blog, WeChat and mobile terminal. As a by-product of the ″micro era,″, internet rumor spreads so rapidly that it breaks through the linear communication of traditional media and netlike communication of network media, and then forms its distinctive chain-like, orbicular and arborescent communication structure, which makes possible the polymerization and fission of internet rumors. It turns out that the outbreak and the viral diffusion of internet rumors increasingly disturb the social order, leading to the enlargement of social risks and their malignant development. Therefore, in order to cope with those social risks and threats brought by the high-risk society, it is necessary to carry out the research on internet rumors and to improve the capability in managing them. It needs to be pointed out that in the micro era the network rumor must have certain features to spread far and wide. It must involve topics concerned by the public and meet the receivers' psychological expectations. The importance of the issues or the degree of public concern is a necessary condition for rumors to breed and spread. In the era of information explosion, once the mythical importance of an event, the universalized social risk and the information vacuum in risk status and public anxiety are mixed together with the revolutionary function of new media and we-media, internet rumors will inevitably breed and spread quickly. Of course, the wide-spread of internet rumors in the ″micro era″ is also closely related to the decline of the government's credibility and the marginalization of mainstream media. The transmission mechanism of Internet rumors refers to the systematic function of rumor spreading in the network society, in which they adapt to the constantly changing internet environment so as to spread in a regular and distinctive mode combined with self-coordination, integrated development, and expansion of influence. In this paper, a case study method is adopted to analyze the ″Zhongtai Incident″ in Yuhang, Hangzhou. The findings of the transmission mechanisms of Internet rumors are mainly shown as follows: First of all, the fact that the netizens' rights and benefits are aggrieved or deprived, combined with the indignation and anxiety caused by such deprivation, is the triggering mechanism of internet rumors, especially when the indignation of netizens opens the information cascades of rumor. Secondly, information cascades and conformity psychology are the reinforcement mechanism of Internet rumor transmission, among which the conformity behavior in the network society and ″the spiral of the silence effect″ inflames the spread of rumors. Thirdly, the group polarization based on conformity behavior is the social contagion and diffusion mechanism of Internet rumors. Fourthly, biased absorption and netizens' exaggeration are the distortion mechanism of Internet rumors. Finally, the dissipation mechanism of Internet rumors relies on the active and effective measures of the government, such as holding press conferences, releasing live videos, and penalizing the rumormongers. Therefore, quick government response, information transparency of emergency, efforts to relieve public panic and punishment of the rumormongers are all the necessary components for rumor dissipation.

2017 Vol. 3 (3): 93- [Abstract] ( 1160 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 1441KB] ( 1371 )
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2017 Vol. 3 (3): 103- [Abstract] ( 196 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 0KB] ( 35 )
104 Yang Ming Yang Feihua
A Study on the National Policy Oriented Ideas Pertaining to National Education Development
Educational idea is the rational insight into educational innate characters and the ideality and belief of it. Some educational ideas include national policy oriented ideas which guide and monitor national educational development, while other educational ideas are irrelevant of the national policy and only deal with localities', schools' and stakeholder's educational activities, so they are called non-national-policy ideas. The national policy oriented ideas are basic educational ideas pertaining to educational policy formulation and implementation, embodying national educational wills, they would affect the process of national education modernization. Since the Reform and Opening up in China, a new system of national policy oriented ideas guiding national education development has been formed, and they includes six basic educational ideas: the idea of prior development of education, the idea of human-centered education, the idea of educational equity, the idea of educational excellence, the idea of quality education, the idea of lifelong education.  The idea of prior development of education deepens the idea of emphasis of the precedence of education, and it includes four kinds of precedence such as precedence of formation of educational guideline, implementation of educational development strategies and planning, increase in financial input and enlargement of talents storage. The policy implication for the idea of prior development of education is recognizing the key function of education development in the rising of country and in strengthening national power and competitiveness. The idea of human-centered education is the embodiment of the core ideas included in scientific development viewpoints, it regards human development as the central aim of educational activities, emphasizing the meeting of both social needs and individual's needs, both individual's development and collective's development, both improvement of human happy life and enhancement of citizen's national pride and esteem. The policy implication for the idea of human-centered education focuses on guaranteeing human educational rights and benefits, meeting people's demand of learning, facilitating individual's harmonious development. The idea of educational equity is the basic requirements of actualizing social equity and justice, it denotes the equity in three aspects: educational starting point, educational process and educational outcome, and emphasizes the protection of educatees' equality of educational opportunity, the fair treatment of educatees, the equality of educatees' scholastic achievements. The policy implication for the idea of educational equity focuses on supply-centered reform, balancing educational development and popularization of fundamental education. The idea of educational excellence is the embodiment of the strategic idea that quality is the lifeline of business, it emphasizes the all-around quality and high quality, take development of core competencies and enhancement of quality as the basic educational standards. The policy implication for the idea of educational excellence focuses on implementation of policies in terms of educational quality standards, quality engineering, quality monitoring and quality assurance. The idea of quality education is a modern educational idea with salient Chinese characteristics, and it aims at correcting the drawback of examination-centered education, and it also emphasizes the all-round development of all educatees. The idea of lifelong education is a new idea, future-oriented and closely following social and technological development, and it emphasizes the transformation of traditional educational system and regards individual's lifelong learning and sustainable development as the basic educational target. The policy implication for the idea of lifelong education focuses on law-making of lifelong education, reform of educational system and change of ways of learning.  The six educational ideas have been regarded as important policy guidelines for educational reform and development .The connotation of these six educational ideas would be richened as the economic, political and cultural development speeds up in China.
2017 Vol. 3 (3): 104- [Abstract] ( 505 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 1516KB] ( 1243 )
121 Tian Zhengping Pan Wenyang
Zheng Xiaocang and National Chekiang University
During the 21 years between Zheng Xiaocang’s arrival at National Chekiang University and its renaming as Zhejiang University, Zheng made indelible contributions to the development of National Chekiang University. In 1929, Zheng Xiaocang became a professor of National Chekiang University, when he founded the Department of Education. He invited many remarkable scholars such as Meng Xiancheng, Yu Ziyi, Zhuang Zexuan, Shen Youqian, Huang Yi, etc. to teach at the department and he also set up a nursery school with Huang. During the December 9th Movement to Resist Japan and Save the Nation, students at National Chekiang University took an active part to support the protest movement, while their patriotic movement was suppressed by the former president Guo Renyuan, which triggered off a student protest against Guo. Then provost Zheng did his utmost to keep the school affairs in operation and actively contacted the related parties to settle the problem, which prevented the situation from getting worse. Meanwhile, Zheng acted the role of president during the period between Guo’s resignation and Chu Coching’s inauguration. In 1936, Chu Coching took over as the president of National Chekiang University and Zheng, who was arguably a key member of the university’s leading group, did his best to assist Chu in running the university. When Chu first arrived at the university, Zheng helped Chu get familiar with the university affairs. In 1937, the Sino-Japanese War broke out, the university had to move inland for safety. On the tough move from Hangzhou to Jiande in Zhejiang Province, then to Taihe and Ji’an in Jiangxi Province, then to Yishan in Guangxi Province and finally to Zunyi in Guizhou Province, Zheng assisted President Chu in organizing students’ trek and fulfilling the university’s mission of teaching and research despite the hardship. In 1938, Normal School, National Chekiang University was founded on its way westward to Yishan, and Zheng served as the first dean. In 1939, Zheng went to the east of Zhejiang to prepare for the establishment of the university’s branch on the orders of Chu and later he became Director of Longquan Branch, National Chekiang University. Zheng’s educational thoughts were put into practice and Longquan Branch became a favorite university for the youth in the southeastern provinces in China. In 1943, Zheng returned to the main campus in Zunyi and served as the dean of the graduate school. During his period as dean, Zheng promoted the university’s research progress and was committed to young researchers’ development. In 1946, National Chekiang University moved back to Hangzhou after the war. Zheng continued to work at the university and during President Chu’s oversea visits, he was deputed to act as the president at the critical moment when the university needed him. As a university in exile, National Chekiang University miraculously went all the way through difficulties and adversities in wartime conditions and grew from a local university to one of the leading universities in China during the eight years of the war. It was honored as “Oriental Cambridge” by the famous British scholar Joseph Needham. In this painstaking process, Zheng’s contributions were irreplaceable. The educational thought Zheng reflected in his educational practice as well as the qualities of modesty, warmness, diligence and optimism the revered educator showed left valuable spiritual wealth for Zhejiang University and higher education in China.
2017 Vol. 3 (3): 121- [Abstract] ( 863 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 1445KB] ( 1095 )
131
2017 Vol. 3 (3): 131- [Abstract] ( 167 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 0KB] ( 42 )
132 Qian Wenrong An Haiyan
Analysis on the Influence of Interest Rate on the Willingness of Peasant Households' Participation in the Rural Land Contracting Mortgage Right Loan

The research on the influence of interest rate on peasant households' credit demand has always been concerned by the scholars at home and abroad. Theoretically speaking, interest rate as the price of borrowing and the measure of risk should have effect on peasant households' borrowing behaviors, but the conclusions drawn from related literature are different. Rural Land Contracting Mortgage Right Loan(RLCMRL) is one of China's rural financial reforms by increasing peasant households' financial collaterals to alleviate their capital requirements and to improve their investment on agriculture. The research on whether the interest rate affects peasant households' willingness to participate in the RLCMRL has two implications: on the one hand, it can explore the peasant households' sensitivity to interest rate; on the other hand it can provide reference for promoting RLCMRL in China. This paper used 1 091 survey data and adopted the ordered logistic regression model to test the impact on the peasant households' willingness to participate in the RLCMRL from the micro perspective. Compared with the existing research, this article distinguishes itself in the following aspects: (1)It has demonstrated the impact of interest rates on the willingness of peasant households' to participate in the RLCMRL. (2)It has broken the bottleneck of quantifying data sets of interest rates. (3)The samples are controlled in an exact manner which greatly improved the accuracy of the conclusion. The empirical results have showed the following conclusions: (1)Interest rate impacts positively on the peasant households' willingness to participate in the RLCMRL. Real interest rate influences negatively on their willingness, with the flexibility value of 0.09. Replacement rate positively affects their willingness, with the elasticity value of 0.038. (2)Interest rate has a stable influence on peasant households' willingness to participate in the RLCMRL regardless of their income group. (3)The high-income group of peasant households are more sensitive than the low-income groups. Regardless of the value of actual lending rate or replacement rate, the interest rate elasticity of high-income group is superior to that of the low-income group. As for the real interest rate, the elasticity of high income was 0.119, and that of the low-income group was 0.073. As for the replacement rate, the elasticity of high income was 0.079, and that of the low-income group was 0.022. (4)The peasant households' willingness to participate in the RLCMRL is also influenced by their educational level, their agricultural management acreage, and their knowledge and cognition of the RLCMRL. Namely, the higher level of education the farmer received, the larger acreages of agriculture the farmer will manage, the more cognition of the RLCMRL the peasant household will obtain, and the more prone the peasant household will be to participate in. It has been further proved that peasant households' economic behavior is rational, and the interest rate has different influences on different groups. Therefore, when formulating and implementing the mortgage policy, the local government can improve the peasant households' willingness to participate in RLCMRL by changing lending rates and putting other influential factors within control. Besides, it is suggested that the government should attach great importance to the influence of interest rate while advancing the implementation of the RLCMRL and promoting the marketization of interest rate; that financial institutions should increase agricultural credit products and enrich the peasant households' choices of borrowing loans; that the Local government should perfect the RLCMRL policy as soon as possible, and set up institutions for the property right transaction and let the contracted management of land mortgage play their role, with the aim to effectively increase the feasibility of peasant households' requirements of the RLCMRL.

2017 Vol. 3 (3): 132- [Abstract] ( 407 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 1456KB] ( 825 )
144 Dong Yinguo Li Zhen
Effects of SPS Measures on Agricultural Products Trade: An Empirical Analysis Based on Heckman's Two-step Method

Sanitary and phytosanitary (SPS) measures are the main non-tariff measures for the trade of agricultural products under the framework of WTO. The importing countries set SPS measures, based on the consideration of preventing risks, protecting consumers, and protecting plants and ecological environment from being damaged by the exotic pathogens, biology and insect pest carried by agricultural products. However, SPS measures can easily be overused as trade barriers restricting foreign products. Therefore, the impact of SPS measures on the export of agricultural products has been the focus of scholars' research, but there has been scant research on the impact of the same SPS measures on the country of different levels of development. In fact, as a product quality threshold, the compliance cost of SPS first affects an enterprise's market entry behavior, followed by the impact of trade flow, i.e. SPS measures affect the binary boundary, the breadth and the depth of agricultural products. Confronting the SPS measures of importing countries, especially developed countries, the export enterprises of developed countries have more compliance advantages than those of developing countries in terms of capital, talent, technology and supply chain system. Trade may divert from developing countries to developed countries. The trade diversion effect in theory has not been verified in empirical analysis yet. Based on the firm heterogeneity assumptions of new-new trade theory, this paper analyzes the difference impact of SPS measures on heterogeneous firms, and then empirically test the trade diversion effect of SPS measures by adopting China's import trade data of agricultural products (HS01-24) between 1995 and 2013, and the data from such developed countries as EU, Australia, Japan, the United States, and Canada, and by employing the Heckman's two-step method. It has found out that in the first and second years when SPS measures are implemented, trade diversion effect is ambiguous because of the principles of differential treatment for developing countries in SPS agreement, and the resource endowment of agricultural production. However, in the third and fourth years of implementation, the import source of agricultural products from developing countries switches to developed countries. Based on the weaknesses of developing countries in the SPS measures, international organizations such as the standard and trade development facilities have been helping the traditional industries in developing countries since 2004 to adapt to the SPS measures of developed countries. The trade diversion effect of SPS measures will be beneficial to China, the world's largest importer of agricultural products, who can increase import quality and safety level of agricultural products by implementing SPS measures. But this will challenge China as an exporter of agricultural products as it requires China's export enterprises to take the opportunity of complying with the foreign SPS measures to improve product quality by upgrading their technological level and increasing the fixed investment in the industrial chain of agricultural products.

2017 Vol. 3 (3): 144- [Abstract] ( 419 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 1455KB] ( 749 )
156 Lu Jianping Wang Xiaoxue
The Characterization and Function of the Procuratorial Powers in the Trial-centered Criminal Procedure

The systemic reform in litigation with the trial at the center is initiated by the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China; however there are different understandings and reactions in both theoretic and practical fields. Chinese judicial organs share the same opinion positively, while public security organs and procuratorates are not very active, which hinders the development of the reform negatively. This paper analyzes the meanings and extensive functions of the trial-centered criminal procedure reform, and explores the procuratorate's responsibilities in this reform, and aims to push the reform under the background of the existing legal framework and judicial practice in China. First of all, the basic meaning of the trial-centered criminal procedure reform is: transforming the original one-way criminal litigation process of ″investigation, prosecution, adjudication and execution″ to isosceles triangular criminal litigation structure of ″equal participation of the accusing and defending parties and the impartial judge;″ thus to strengthen the central role of the trial and move back the court to the position of criminal judgment subject. This paper holds the opinion that the trial-centered criminal procedure reform should offer two extensive function. The first one is case filtration. The number of cases that enter trial must be seriously controlled in order to ensure that necessary cases for trial are intensively cultivated. Facts and evidences of the cases being investigated and examined for prosecution can stand the test of the law. The second one is the so-called ″end control.″ The litigation supervision mechanism of ″dating back from investigation, prosecution to adjudication,″ must be built in order to change the grimace of investigation combined with the approval of arrest making the prosecution and the adjudication mere figureheads. The former and the latter is progressive. The latter restricts the former, while at the same time the end control of the adjudication is emphasized in the whole proceedings. Secondly, the characterization of prosecutorial powers should be a combination of executive, judicial and legal supervisory powers: normalize the accusation power by making it more prudential and strict; expand the non-prosecution power centered on relative and conditional non-prosecutions; strengthen the power of legal supervision by keeping the independence and passivity during approving arrest. Finally, the procuratorate should choose the right trial procedures for the cases by means of the dividing mechanism of the complex and the simple with the standard of crime stratification. Petty crimes are processed through non-prosecution, the system of leniency based on peccavi or fast-track sentencing procedure; misdemeanors are disposed by fast-track sentencing or summery procedure; felonies are pushed to the ordinary procedure. By means of the above, we can improve the quality of the treatment of crimes with the judicial resources saved from the former ones.

2017 Vol. 3 (3): 156- [Abstract] ( 652 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 1452KB] ( 815 )
168 Li Youxing Xu Pengjiong
Research on Materiality Standard of the Insider Information
Along with the rapid development of capital market in China, the standard of materiality, the primary factor in the definition of insider information, has increasingly reflects the confusion in different legal norms since the crackdown on insider trading in the 1990s, and the confusion apparently caused the difficulty of Legislation and application in practice. The problems include how to choose the Reasonable Investors Decision-making Standard(RIDS) or Price Sensitivity Standard(PSS), how to define the price of the securities ″may″ be effected or ″actually″ being effected, and how to make clear the way and the projects in enumeration etc. Through the analysis based on the three legislative modes, including the abstract type(RIDS and PSS), enumeration type and comprehensive type, and considering the context of the current legal framework and actual conditions of China, these problems are proposed to be solved from the following three aspects. Firstly, we should combine the RIDS and PSS. These two standards seem highly different but actually share some deep connections. On the one hand, with the disclosure of information, the reasonable investors will make decisions after analyzing information, and the decisions will affect the price, then the price will also affect the decision-making. Investment decisions and price volatility are of the same essence at different levels and different stages; On the other hand, there is inherent defects in applying no matter which standard alone. From a global perspective, whether in the United States, or in the EU or the Taiwan region, integration of RIDS and PSS has become a trend. Secondly, clarify Subjective Sensitivity Standard. The 75th article in securities law — ″have a material influence on the price of the securities″ should be interpreted into ″may have a material influence on the price of the securities,″ and this is consistent with literal interpretation and system interpretation. According to the real cases and punishment that Securities Regulatory Commission once carried out, the disclosure of the listed information does not inevitably cause price fluctuations due to the complexity of market. What 's more, according to the Effective Market theory, the security market in China is not yet a strong form of efficiency market, which means that to absorb information completely is beyond its capacity. It 's apparently unreasonable that doer needs to wait for a period of time to determine whether his behavior is an insider trading. Thirdly, perfect the list of insider information. In one respect, it needs a scientific classification, dividing security insider information into three categories: internal information, external information and other relevant information. Internal information is material fact that is concerning the company 's own decisions, financial and operations. External information includes market information that influence specific securities ' supply and demand relationship and information impact all market players. Other relevant information involves material facts related to securities issuers ' operation, business or property etc, which may have a material impact on the security price or investor 's investment judgment. Besides, it will be more realistic to improve the existing matters about insider information by implementing Subjective Sensitivity Standard thoroughly.
2017 Vol. 3 (3): 168- [Abstract] ( 856 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 1492KB] ( 1242 )
183 Jin Xiangmu Chen Xiao
The Holdout Problem in the Process of Land Assembly in America and Its Implications

Integration of land is usually involved in the process of industrialization, urbanization and urban renewal by integrating the dispersed property right for development. Through combing the connotation, mechanism and solution of the holdout problems in the United States, it is found that land integration in the US mainly relies on the market mechanism and the holdout problems occur mainly in market transactions which is an important reason causing inefficient land use, such as American urban sprawl, central city decline and real estate value loss. In order to solve the holdout problem in the process of land integration, overcoming the threat of dispersed land ownership to land integration, American society has carried out fruitful exploration and practice of classification, that is: Private projects being handed over to the market with introduction of″secretagent mechanism″ and introducing expropriation power to public project. In addition to these two practices, the United States has also explored breaking the holdout problem through private ownership structure innovation, governance innovation, public-private cooperation and collective collaboration. Based on the experience of private rights innovation and governance innovation, Michael Heller further proposed the LAD program. In contrast, the integration of land in China mainly depends on the expropriation power of government and the holdout problems also occur mainly in the process of expropriation and administration-led transformation of the old city. The function expansion of expropriation power and the obscure nature of expropriation power result in the frequent holdout problems in China. The way out for holdout problems in China lies in the ease of expropriation power and achieving a clear nature state of it. That is: on the one hand, land attainment and integration for public interest belong to expropriation power, strengthening public power nature of it, restoring the true nature and forming the due respect from the whole society for the right to levy, thus to completely clear up the holdout behaviors; on the other hand, business land acquisition and integration belong to the market by strengthening the use of market mechanism in land development and integration. But as Americas experience shows, when narrowing the scope of land expropriation, and allowing business land being transacted directly in the market, and introducing the market mechanisms to promote urban renewal, the encounter of market oriented land integration with stubborn resistance will also be inevitably. At this time, the land integration mechanism and holdout problems both in China and the US will have a similar logic. Therefore, the experience and lessons of the United States with regard to solve holdout problems of householders is highlighted later on.

2017 Vol. 3 (3): 183- [Abstract] ( 720 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 1552KB] ( 1047 )
194 Miao Wenqing
On the ″Three Balances″ of Local Social Governance and its Practical Orientation

In view of the research of social governance, ″social governance essence″ is the logic basis of local social governance. This paper using the theoretical analysis framework of ″three balances″ explores the ″social governance essence″ and its logical kernel. This paper has proposed that orderly governance and effective governance is indispensable, orderly governance is the necessary premise of effective governance, and effective governance is the value orientation of orderly governance; no orderly governance, effective governance can not exist; and no effective governance, orderly governance will lose its value and significance. The successful social governance must be the organic unity of orderly governance and effective governance. In the theoretical analysis framework of ″three balances,″ ″the first balance″ is the most basic, under the premise of the overall order of local governance,it should keep the dynamic balance of partial governance order and partial governance disorder; ″The second balance″ based on ″the first balance,″ under the premise of the overall effectiveness of local governance,it should keep the dynamic balance of partial governance effectiveness and partial governance inefficiencies; ″The third balance″ is based on the previous two dynamic balances, namely achieving the overall order of local governance and the overall effectiveness of local governance, it is also the highest level of dynamic balance in local governance. Based on the theoretical analysis framework of ″three balances,″ the local government should vigorously promote the innovation of social governance concept and social governance system.In order to realize ″three changes,″ the local government should shift the goal of social governance from ″maintaining social stability″ to ″the pursuit of social vitality and social harmony″; the local government should shift the entity of social governance from ″the sole government leading and controlling″ to ″collaborative governance of pluralistic governance entity″; the local government also should shift the means of the social governance from ″the administrative and executive order″ to″rule of law.″ Specifically, the local government should promote the innovation of social governance concept and social governance system in five practical areas. These five areas are: to achieve the organic unity of orderly governance and effective governance, the use of ″rule of law″ in social governance, to provide more and better public services, to develop social organizations with governance capabilities,the effective control and resolution of social risks. Putting forward the theoretical analysis framework of ″three balances,″ will not only provide a novel theoretical analysis framework for academic colleagues, provide them a new perspective to understand the nature of local social governance; but also will provide some corresponding theoretical support for social governance practices, and help local governments understand clearly the specific requirements and objectives of social governance practices.

2017 Vol. 3 (3): 194- [Abstract] ( 325 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 1372KB] ( 1093 )
202 Gu Guoda Li Jincheng Zhang Hongsheng
Will Informatization Enhance the Comparative Advantage of a Country's High-tech Industries?——An Empirical Test Based on Informatization and Value-added Trade Data from 39 Countries in 1995—2011

This paper analyzes whether and how informatization influences the comparative advantage of a country's high-tech industries. Informatization may reduce the cost of information elements and enhance the endowment of information elements of a country. The enrichment of information elements may promote manufacturing exports in two ways: Firstly, it will directly reduce the cost of the product per unit by accelerating a firm's speed of response, saving the cost of dealing with uncertainty, strengthening the synergy of industrial chains, and reducing the trade cost related to information. This is the Factor Endowment Effect. The second is the Technological Innovation Effect. It promotes manufacturing exports indirectly through promoting technological innovation by the accumulation of related information factors, human capital and R&D capital. For the manufacturing industry, the information elements of high-tech industries are more intensive than those of the mid-tech and low-tech industries, so that the upgrading of informatization may have a greater impact on high-tech industries, which may advance the comparative advantage of a country's high-tech manufacturing industry. The panel data of 39 countries in 1995—2011 are used for the empirical analysis. The result shows that, firstly, high-tech industries are 9.28 percent point higher, and mid-tech industries are 0.91 percent point lower than low-tech industries respectively in information intensity on average. Secondly, the change of a standard deviation of informatization level has a 0.26 standard deviation's effect directly on manufacturing export, and a 0.073 standard deviation's effect on it indirectly by increasing R&D expenditure, which suggests that Factor Endowment Effect and Technological Innovation Effect both work, and the former plays a leading role. Thirdly, the impact of the two effects both decline gradually for high-tech, mid-tech and low-tech industries, which proves that informatization may strengthen the comparative advantage of high-tech industries. This paper may contribute to the existing research in the following ways: Firstly, it casts some light on the mechanisms of how informatization may affect manufacturing exports and the comparative advantage of high-tech industries. Secondly, previous researches proved the existence of the effect of informatization on exports, but this research provides experiential evidence for the existence and importance of its two mechanisms. Thirdly, to eliminate the statistical illusion from repeated calculation and the division of the world industry chains, this research used value-added trade data to calculate trade indices, which may be more exact than the previous studies which mainly used customs trade data. Language unification and the large population provide China with a huge network which developed countries do not have, endowing China with rich information resources. With a solid foundation in manufacturing, China has greater capacity to absorb information technology and greater first-mover advantage than other large developing countries in the age of information. China should make use of the wealth of information elements to accelerate the transformation and upgrading of manufacturing industries, especially high-tech industries.

2017 Vol. 3 (3): 202- [Abstract] ( 275 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 1567KB] ( 567 )
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