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工程设计学报  2025, Vol. 32 Issue (3): 359-366    DOI: 10.3785/j.issn.1006-754X.2025.04.177
可靠性与保质设计     
热处理对铝合金自冲铆接头裂纹和力学性能的影响
邢保英1(),陈锦聪1,阎治铭2(),张洪申1,曾凯1,邹春芽3
1.昆明理工大学 机电工程学院,云南 昆明 650500
2.昆明理工大学 工程训练中心,云南 昆明 650500
3.广州亨龙智能装备股份有限公司,广东 广州 510990
Influence of heat treatment on cracks and mechanical properties of self-piercing riveted joint in aluminum alloy
Baoying XING1(),Jincong CHEN1,Zhiming YAN2(),Hongshen ZHANG1,Kai ZENG1,Chunya ZOU3
1.Faculty of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
2.Engineering Training Center, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
3.Guangzhou Heron Intelligent Equipment Co. , Ltd. , Guangzhou 510990, China
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摘要:

针对2024铝合金自冲铆接头底部易出现裂纹的问题,通过铆接实验来分析裂纹形成机理,并结合2024铝合金板材先退火再铆接的工艺开展裂纹抑制研究;同时,对比了接头剖面的显微组织和力学性能,并采用扫描电镜(scanning electron microscope, SEM)对接头断口特征进行分析,以探究其失效机理,进而分析热处理工艺对接头力学性能和失效形式的影响。结果表明,2024铝合金板材经360 ℃退火处理后,其塑性和延伸率显著提高,硬度下降了23.6%。当2024铝合金板材未经退火处理直接进行铆接时,裂纹萌生点位于铆钉管腿尖区域,接头底部出现沿径向分布的宏观裂纹;退火处理后接头底部无明显裂纹,连接点的密封性、抗腐蚀性能显著增强。未退火处理组接头剖面的晶粒结构粗大、不规则,且铆钉管腿尖区域的变形较大,而退火处理组接头剖面的晶粒结构细化且更匀称。退火处理组接头的静强度下降了12.93%,但失效位移和能量吸收值分别提高了27.3%和19.31%,其失效形式由上板完全断裂转变为下板撕裂,且连接点底部被铆扣拉穿,断口由脆性断裂转变为韧性断裂。研究结果可为自冲铆接工艺在汽车、航空航天等领域的应用提供重要参考。

关键词: 2024铝合金自冲铆接头裂纹热处理工艺力学性能失效形式    
Abstract:

Aiming at the problem that cracks were prone to occur at the bottom of the self-piercing riveted joint in 2024 aluminum alloy, the crack formation mechanism was analyzed through riveting experiments, and the crack suppression was investigated by combining the annealing and riveting processes of the 2024 aluminum alloy sheet. Meanwhile, the microstructure and mechanical properties of the joints were compared, and the fracture characteristics of the joints were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to explore their failure mechanism, thereby analyzing the influence of heat treatment process on the mechanical properties and failure forms of the joints. The results showed that the plasticity and ductility of the 2024 aluminum alloy sheet increased after annealing treatment at 360 ℃, while the hardness decreased by 23.6%. In the case of riveting the 2024 aluminum alloy sheet without annealing treatment, the crack initiation occurred at the rivet tube leg tip area, and macro cracks appeared along the radial direction at the joint bottom. After annealing treatment, there were no obvious cracks at the joint bottom, which significantly improved the sealing performance and corrosion resistance of the connection point. The grain structure of the joint section in the unannealed group was coarse and irregular, and the deformation at the rivet tube leg tip area was significant. In contrast, the grain structure of the joint section in the annealed group was refined and more uniform. Although the static strength of the joints decreased by 12.93% after annealing treatment, the failure displacement and energy absorption values increased by 27.3% and 19.31%, respectively. The failure mode transformed from complete fracture of the upper plate to tearing of the lower plate, with the bottom of the connection point being pulled through by the rivet clinch. Additionally, the fracture mode changed from brittle fracture to ductile fracture. The research results can provide important references for the application of self-punching riveting process in fields such as automobiles and aerospace.

Key words: 2024 aluminum alloy    self-piercing riveted joint    crack    heat treatment process    mechanical property    failure mode
收稿日期: 2024-10-28 出版日期: 2025-07-02
CLC:  TG 166.3  
基金资助: 国家自然科学基金资助项目(52065034);云南省基础研究计划资助项目(202401AT070350)
通讯作者: 阎治铭     E-mail: xbb0808@163.com;yanman2904@qq.com
作者简介: 邢保英(1986—),女,副教授,硕士生导师,博士,从事薄板连接技术研究,E-mail: xbb0808@163.com,https://orcid.org/0009-0002-2888-9860
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引用本文:

邢保英,陈锦聪,阎治铭,张洪申,曾凯,邹春芽. 热处理对铝合金自冲铆接头裂纹和力学性能的影响[J]. 工程设计学报, 2025, 32(3): 359-366.

Baoying XING,Jincong CHEN,Zhiming YAN,Hongshen ZHANG,Kai ZENG,Chunya ZOU. Influence of heat treatment on cracks and mechanical properties of self-piercing riveted joint in aluminum alloy[J]. Chinese Journal of Engineering Design, 2025, 32(3): 359-366.

链接本文:

https://www.zjujournals.com/gcsjxb/CN/10.3785/j.issn.1006-754X.2025.04.177        https://www.zjujournals.com/gcsjxb/CN/Y2025/V32/I3/359

性能参数数值
屈服强度/MPa128
抗拉强度/MPa243
弹性模量/GPa72
延伸率/%10
表1  2024铝合金板材的力学性能
图1  自冲铆接设备和凸台凹模、铆钉、铆接冲头
图2  自冲铆接头搭接示意
退火温度/℃屈服强度/MPa抗拉强度/MPa延伸率/%
34095.7394.6124.38
35094.61194.1625.44
36095.05195.4226.31
37092.71192.3826.59
38090.21191.2426.92
表2  不同温度退火处理后2024铝合金板材的力学性能
图3  不同温度退火处理后接头的裂纹分布
图4  接头底部裂纹示意
图5  铆钉管腿尖部位材料流动示意
图6  未退火与退火处理接头的底部裂纹对比
图7  未退火与退火处理接头的剖面形状对比
对比项钉头高度残余底厚内锁长度
未退火处理0.321.160.96
退火处理-0.130.520.64
表3  未退火与退火处理接头剖面的几何参数对比 (mm)
图8  接头剖面显微组织的观察区域
图9  未退火与退火处理接头剖面处的显微组织对比
图10  未退火与退火处理接头的载荷—位移曲线对比
图11  未退火与退火处理接头的失效位移和能量吸收值对比
图12  未退火与退火处理接头的失效形式对比
图13  未退火处理接头失效断口的微观形貌
图14  退火处理接头失效断口的微观形貌
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