This experiment was carried out to investigate the effects of drought stress treatments during the grain-filling stage on the malt main qualities of the two barley genotypes, Zheda No. 9 (ZU9) (a cultivar) and XZ166 (a wild Tibetan barley accession), which differed greatly in the drought tolerance and malt quality, and had the similar heading and maturing stages. The results showed that drought stress significantly increased the malt protein and α-amino nitrogen contents, and the Kolbach index, and reduced malt extract rate and viscosity, with ZU9 being more largely affected than XZ166. Drought treatment at the early grain-filling stage (7 d after anthesis) caused much larger changes of all the examined malt qualities in ZU9 than in XZ166, while for the drought treatment at the middle grain-filling stage (14 d after anthesis), the changes of these quality traits were much larger in XZ166 than in ZU9. It may be concluded that drought stress occurred during the grain-filling stage had a great impact on malt quality, which should be addressed in breeding and agronomic management of malt. In the actual production, appropriate varieties should be selected according to the occurrence time of the drought, so as to avoid the drought stress during the critical period of quality formation.

Taking pepper ‘Bola Hongshuai’, cucumber ‘Jinyan No. 4’ and lettuce ‘Batavia’ as experimental materials, the combinations of three groups of photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) [160, 200 and 240 μmol/(m²?s)] and three groups of photoperiod (12, 15, 18 h/d) were set up to form eight groups of different daily light integral (DLI) treatments to study the effects of DLIs of light emitting diode (LED) on the growth of their seedlings. The results showed that the optimal light conditions were PPFD of 160 μmol/(m²?s) with photoperiod of 15 h/d [DLI of 8.6 mol/(m²?d)] for ‘Bola Hongshuai’ pepper seedlings, PPFD of 200 μmol/(m²?s) with photoperiod of 15 h/d [DLI of 10.8 mol/(m²?d)] for ‘Jinyan No. 4’ cucumber seedlings, and PPFD of 200 μmol/(m²?s) with photoperiod of 18 h/d [DLI of 13.0 mol/(m²?d)] for ‘Batavia’ lettuce seedlings. The results provide optimized LED light environment parameters for vegetable seedling production.

Taking the berries of the new grape cultivar ‘Nantaihutezao’ and its maternal cultivar ‘Summer Black’ as experimental materials, the variation rule of volatile characteristic aroma compounds during the berry development processes was compared, and their berry quality indicators such as the mass of berry particles, solid-acid ratio were evaluated. The results showed that ‘Nantaihutezao’ matured about 7 d earlier than ‘Summer Black’. The contents of terpenes and ketones which distributed floral and fruity aroma in ‘Nantaihutezao’ were significantly higher than those in ‘Summer Black’, which increased by 162% and 233% in the peel and pulp, respectively. During the berry development process of ‘Nantaihutezao’, the contents of characteristic aroma compounds accumulated in peel first increased rapidly and then decreased slowly, and the peak values were higher and appeared earlier than those of ‘Summer Black’. There were significant differences in the contents of 1-octen-3-one, β-damascenone and limonene in the pulp of the two grape cultivars. The contents of ‘Summer Black’ maintained at a high level in the middle of maturity and rapidly degraded in the later period; by contrast, the contents of ‘Nantaihutezao’ increased slowly in the middle and less degraded in the later period. The above results provide a theoretical basis for the aroma genetic breeding of excellent and new grape cultivars.

In order to develop the key prevention and control technologies of bayberry decline disease, and grasp the regularity of the disease, one model of disease prediction and forecasting is needed to be established. In this study, orchards with bayberry decline disease were selected in nine locations of Zhejiang Province from 2018 to 2020, and the diseased trees were randomly selected. This study investigated the disease index, measured the nutrient elements of soil and leaves, vegetative growth parameters and fruit quality parameters. The results showed that the disease index of bayberry decline disease was significantly correlated with the available boron, available phosphorus, and available potassium contents of soil, and zinc, potassium, manganese, and boron contents of leaves, and twig length, twig thickness, leaf length, leaf width of vegetative growth parameters, and the mass of single fruit, titratable acid, soluble solid and vitamin C contents of fruits. The twig length and leaf width, which are easy to measure, were selected to fit with the disease index. SPSS software was used for data analysis, and the prediction model of bayberry decline disease was successfully established. Finally, we get the prediction equation of bayberry decline disease of Y=－0.058X₁－5.255X₂＋165.35 (R²=0.64, P=0.02), then we randomly chose three orchard samples for accuracy detection, and found the prediction precision rates were all more than 90%. The establishment of this model lays a foundation for monitoring forecasting and prevention of bayberry decline disease.

The main anthocyanin components in white tea (Baihaoyinzhen, Baimudan, Gongmei and Shoumei) were preliminarily identified by high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, and then the composition characteristics and contents of anthocyanins were analyzed. The results showed that the main components of anthocyanins were delphinidin-3-O-galactoside, cyanidin-3-O-galactoside, pelargonidin-3-O-galactoside, cyanidin, delphinidin-3-O-[6-(Z)-p-coumarin] galactopyranoside, delphinidin-3-O-[6-(E)-p-coumarin] galactopyranoside, delphinidin-3-O-rutinoside, cyanidin-3-O-[6-(E)-p-coumarin] galactopyranoside and pelargonidin-3-O-rutinoside. The anthocyanin composition of Baihaoyinzhen, Baimudan, Gongmei and Shoumei was quite different. The anthocyanin contents of top grade and first grade of Baihaoyinzhen, top grade and first grade of Baimudan, first grade of Gongmei, and first grade and second grade of Shoumei were 83.80, 88.70, 90.59, 70.67, 122.75, 126.04 and 122.28 μg/g, respectively. The anthocyanin contents of Gongmei and Shoumei were significantly higher than those of Baihaoyinzhen and Baimudan. The above research results provide a scientific basis for the analysis of white tea anthocyanin components.

To understand the spatial variability and influencing factors of soil properties developed from parent materials of red bed, taking Zhejiang Province as an example, the distribution, formation features and genetic characteristics of soils developed from parent materials of red bed in the subtropical region were examined, and the effects of paleoenvironment of red bed formation, modern topography and land-use mode on the physical and chemical properties of the soils were analyzed, and the classification of the soils was discussed. The results showed that the distribution of soils developed from parent materials of red bed was determined by the geological structure. The formation of the soils on red bed was a result of balance between physical weathering and surface erosion, while chemical weathering and decalcification led to soil acidification. The soils developed from parent materials of red bed tended to be juvenile, which was the common result of the special weathering characteristics of the parent material and the short soil forming time. The paleoenvironment of red bed formation had a profound impact on the material composition of the soils, and the modern topography affected the stage of soil development, and the land-use mode could change the vertical development of the soils. The color of soils developed from parent materials of red bed was not generally believed to always retain the color of the parent materials. In some cases, the former was different from the latter. Due to the complexity of red bed genesis and the diversity of material composition, the soils developed from parent materials of red bed were far more complex and changeable than generally believed. According to the “Chinese soil classification system”, the soils developed from parent materials of red bed in Zhejiang Province were only classified as purple soil group, and divided into calcareous purple soil and acid purple soil subgroups, which could not well reflect the changeable characteristics of soils developed from parent materials of red bed. According to the diagnostic horizons and diagnostic characteristics of “Chinese soil taxonomy”, the soils developed from parent materials of red bed in Zhejiang Province could be divided into two soil orders (Cambosols and Primosols), two suborders (Udic Cambosols and Orthic Primosols), seven soil groups and fourteen subgroups.

Pot experiments of lettuce in nine different typical types of soils, combined with multiple linear regression and static capacity model of soil environment, were conducted, and the effects of different ratios of substituting chemical nitrogen fertilizer by organic fertilizer on soil environmental quality, yield, and the safety of agricultural products and soil environmental capacity were studied. The results showed that partial substitution of chemical nitrogen fertilizer with organic fertilizer increased the total nitrogen and organic matter contents of the soil (except fluvio-marine yellow loamy soil), and significantly increased the yield of lettuce. The accumulations of heavy metals in different soil types and lettuce shoots under different fertilization treatments were significantly different. The application of organic fertilizer significantly increased the Cd contents in powdery-loamy paddy soil, silt-clayey yellow mettled paddy soil and hapl fluvo-aquic loamy soil. The contents of Cd, Cr, As, and Pb of lettuce planted in silt-clayey yellow mettled paddy soil, powdery-loamy paddy soil and hapl fluvo-aquic loamy soil all increased significantly after applying organic fertilizer, but decreased significantly in yellow-red soil. For the pot experiment with lettuce, the safety application ratios of organic fertilizer in hapl fluvo-aquic loamy soil, blue clayey paddy soil, silt-clayey yellow mettled paddy soil, powdery-loamy paddy soil, fluvio-marine yellow loamy soil, yellow-red soil and paddy field on desalting clayey polder were 10%, 20%, 30%, 10%, 30%, 20%, and 40%, respectively. The soil heavy metal environmental capacity decreased with the increase of application years of partial substitution of chemical nitrogen fertilizer with organic fertilizer, so it is important to strictly limit the application amount of organic fertilizer to protect the soil environment.

In order to comprehensively improve the soil quality of Chinese hickory (Carya cathayensis Sarg.) plantation and promote the sustainable and healthy development of hickory industry, a typical C. cathayensis plantation area (Lin’an District, Zhejiang Province) was selected for this study. Fractional vegetation cover, slope, soil fertility and soil pollution condition as evaluation indexes for soil degradation were considered. The spatial analysis of soil degradation degree for Chinese hickory plantation was carried out by fuzzy logic comprehensive evaluation method combined with geographic information system (GIS), global positioning system (GPS), and remote sensing (RS) technologies, and the corresponding management suggestions were put forward. The results showed that the soil fertility of plantation in the study area mainly belonged to the moderate degradation, and only 1.65% of the area was in a high degradation, which was centered in the north of Longgang Town and the southwest of Qingliangfeng Town. The overall soil pollution of the hickory plantation area was at a low level, only 6.35% of which was at a moderate to high degradation, mainly distributed in Daoshi and Tuankou towns. The comprehensive soil degradation of the hickory plantation mainly belonged to moderate and low degradation degrees, accounting for 66.50% of the study area. The high, moderate to high, moderate and low degradation areas accounted for 0.15%, 2.44%, 27.45% and 3.46% of the study area, respectively. The highly degraded hickory plantation was mainly distributed in the southwest of Qingliangfeng Town and the west of Longgang Town. The results will provide a theoretical basis for improving soil quality and the sustainable development of hickory property.

The identification and zoning of complex ecological functions is the research focus and application difficulty of territorial spatial planning, and it is also the ecological security guarantee for the green and sustainable development model. Taking Huzhou City of Zhejiang Province as the study area, we analyzed and evaluated the connotation and intensity of complex ecosystem services from the perspectives of ecological regulation, material production and landscape culture, and used a “three-dimensional Rubik’s cube” model to partition the space, and put forward control suggestions. The results were as follows: 1) The spatial agglomeration of ecosystem services in Huzhou City was significant. The high value area of ecological regulation service was concentrated in the central and western regions and the northern mountainous areas. The high value area of material production service was concentrated in the western water network plain areas. The high value area of landscape culture service was concentrated in the east-west axis regions and the northern mountainous areas. 2) According to the importance of ecological protection, the study area was divided into three levels and seven subareas based on ecological functions. The first level was the key ecological protection, including the core ecological protection zone and the important natural resource protection zone. The second level was ecological function guarantee, including general ecological protection zone, ecology-production economy compound zone and ecology-tourism economy compound zone. The third level was comprehensive utilization, including town-tourism economy zone and town-production economy zone. It is suggested that in the new era, the regional development should be considered as a bottom line for ecological protection and an upper limit for urban development. In the ecological protection space, we should actively explore the path to realize the value of ecological products, and give full play to the ecological function of natural resources in the rational layout of urban development space.

Mastitis is a frequent disease of dairy cows and results in significant economic losses for dairy producers. In this study, Establishment of inflammation was performed by using different concentrations of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). After that, mammary alveolar cell-T (MAC-T) were randomly cultured in the standard medium (CK), standard medium with 100 μg/mL LPS (LPS₁₀₀), standard medium with 10 mmol/L rapamycin (RAP₁₀), and standard medium with 100 μg/mL LPS＋10 mmol/L RAP (LPS₁₀₀＋RAP₁₀) for 24 h. Cells and culture supernatant were collected at the end of the treatment. The results showed that incubation with LPS for 24 h significantly increased the concentrations of interleukin-8 (IL-8), interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and tumor necrosis factor- α (TNF- α) in MAC-T cells (P＜0.05) without affecting the cell viability and apoptosis. Rapamycin addition individually had no significant effects on baseline concentrations of IL-1β and TNF-α (P＞0.05), but abolished the increased production of inflammatory cytokines stimulated by LPS (P＜0.05). Culturing with LPS increased the phosphorylation and translocation of p65 protein in nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) signaling pathway, while this elevation was disappeared with the rapamycin supplementation (P＜0.05). Phosphorylation levels of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and p38 proteins in mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway were lower in LPS₁₀₀＋RAP₁₀ group than that in LPS₁₀₀ group (P＜0.05). These results indicate that rapamycin alleviates LPS-induces inflammatory response in MAC-T cells through the NF-κB/MAPK pathway, which gives a reference for the therapeutic potential of rapamycin in mastitis.

This experiment aimed to construct a cDNA library of Haemonchus contortus, which could provide the basis for further research on the protein interaction mechanism and screening out the interactive proteins of H. contortus. The L3 stage larvae of H. contortus were used to extract the total RNA by the TriZol method. Besides, the kit was adopted to construct a cDNA library of H. contortus and the cDNA was normalized. Then, the purified cDNA were transformed into yeast Y187 cells together with the linear pGADT7-Rec, and a yeast two-hybrid cDNA library of H. contortus was constructed by homologous recombination. The results showed that a homogenized yeast activation domain (AD) library with the recombinant rate of 100%, average inserted fragment length of 1 000 bp, and working fluid cell density of more than 3.5×10⁷ CFU/mL was constructed. The constructed expression library met the requirements of yeast two-hybrid screening. This library lays a foundation for the molecular mechanism study and vaccine development of H. contortus.

As one of the important members of the NOD-like receptor (NLR) family, NLRC5 plays an important role in the recognition of invading microorganisms, immune signal transmission and innate immune response regulation in vivo, but there are relatively few researches on NLRC5 in poultry. In this study, the Yangzhou goose was selected, and the sequence characteristics of NLRC5 was analyzed, and the expression profile of NLRC5 gene was detected by real-time fluorescent quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). The expression levels of NLRC5 in the liver, spleen and kidney of goslings infected with Salmonella enteritidis at 0, 1, 2 and 4 d post-infection were examined. The results showed that the amino acid sequence of goose NLRC5 was highly conserved in vertebrates, and shared high homology with duck (89.12%). The NLRC5 mRNA was widely expressed in the heart, liver, spleen, lung, kidney, duodenum, gizzard, brain and muscle, and its expression level was the highest in the spleen. In addition, the expressions of NLRC5 in the liver, spleen and kidney of goslings infected with S.enteritidis were significantly upregulated during 1-2 d, and then returned to normal at 4 d post-infection. The above results are helpful to understand the role of NLRC5 in the immune response of goose infected with S. enteritidis.

Liver-enriched gene 1 (LEG1) is a newly identified gene that plays an important role in the liver development of zebrafish and the innate immunity of platypus. However, little is known about LEG1 in eutherians such as mice and humans. In this study, we explored the molecular characteristics of the LEG1 protein in a pig model (pLEG1a). A rabbit polyclonal antibody against pLEG1a was produced and validated. Then, we detected the pLEG1a protein in both the salivary gland and lung. Moreover, pLEG1a could be detected in the saliva, suggesting its secretory nature. Ectopic expression of pLEG1a in HEK293T cells further confirmed that pLEG1a was a secretory protein. In addition, glycosylation tests showed the existence of glycosylated bands which could be enzymatically removed, indicating that the secreted pLEG1a was N-glycosylated. In conclusion, the pLEG1a protein is similar to the LEG1 proteins of other species, especially eutherian LEG1s, in terms of expression profile, glycosylation, and secretion ability, suggesting that pLEG1a is a good model to further study the function of eutherian LEG1s.