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浙江大学学报(人文社会科学版)  2023, Vol. 53 Issue (2): 40-52    DOI: 10.3785/j.issn.1008-942X.CN33-6000/C.2022.03.151
主题栏目:宋学研究 最新目录| 下期目录| 过刊浏览| 高级检索 |
论宋代建筑营造业中的劳役制度
李合群
河南大学 历史文化学院,河南 开封 475000
Labor System in the Song Dynasty Construction Industry as Evidenced by the Labor of Craftsmen
Li Hequn
School of History and Culture, Henan University, Kaifeng 475000, China

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摘要 宋代建筑营造业中的劳作人员,史料中多称为“丁匠”,包括无技术的丁夫(又称“杂役”)与有技术的工匠。丁匠的服役地点可分为京师与地方。京师的丁匠隶属于八作司等京师营造机构,其工匠主要从地方征调而来;地方上的丁匠主要来源于厢军以及按籍而征的差雇者。和雇丁匠与刑徒亦活跃于当时的建筑营造业。宋代工匠可分为木匠、砖匠、石匠、竹匠、彩画匠等,并被划分为作头、都作头、都料匠等不同等级,且与报酬多少挂钩。丁匠的劳动报酬包括米粮与货币两种,并享有休假、医疗、养老等劳保待遇。而在奖罚方面,主要是针对工匠的,奖励包括赏赐与升官等,处罚主要是针对质量事故。宋代史料中多有“役兵”“兵匠”“军匠”之称,表明他们已经脱离了原来的军事职能,演变为京师与地方上一支重要的建设力量。
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李合群
关键词 宋代建筑营造业劳役制度丁匠工匠厢军    
Abstract:The Song Dynasty is a prosperous period of the construction industry which formed a set perfect labor system. The laborers in the construction industry were often called “dingjiang” (丁匠) in historical documents, including unskilled laborers and skilled craftsmen. The latter is the focus of this paper because it is related to building quality and the prosperity of the industry. Based on abundant historical and archaeological data, this paper systematically discusses these dingjiang who served in the capital and local areas of the Song Dynasty, in terms of their source, dispatch, labor, payment, vacation, medical treatment, old-age care, rewards, and punishment, etc. This is an important part of the labor system of the Song Dynasty, and it can also be used as reference for today’s project management. In the Northern Song Dynasty, Jiangzuo jian (将作监), a central building management agency, was formed. There were also some building construction agencies, such as the East and West Eight Construction Institutions (东西八作司), Imperial Palace Construction Institution (提举修内司), Building the Capital City Wall Organization (修完京城所), etc. as well as building material processing organizations, such as Shicai chang (事材场) and the East and West Kiln Administration (东西窑务) and so on. The dingjiang of these institutions had lifelong employment in the capital. Some of these craftsmen were leftovers from the Later Zhou period of the Five Dynasties, and some came from the destroyed Ten States. Others were recruited from all over the country. The criteria for recruitment were youth, strength, and skill. In addition to the lifelong craftsmen of these official institutions, local craftsmen were also recruited every year to supplement them, as well as temporary recruitment in case of large projects. The employment period should not go beyond the completion of the project and overtime employment was not allowed. In addition, the criminals and the Imperial Guards (禁军) also participated in the construction of the capital Kaifeng, which complicated the identity of dingjiang.In comparison, the main force of local construction was xiangjun (厢军), among which zhuangcheng jun (壮城军) specialized in building the city wall. In addition, there were also local recruits, temporary hiring, and some criminals serving exile, etc. How these local craftsmen were recruited was not directly recorded in the official history. However, according to some personal records of that time, the craftsmen were mostly recruited according to the craftsmen’s register. They implemented a rotation system, which was different from the craftsman households of the Tang Dynasty and the Yuan Dynasty. In the Song Dynasty, there was a clear division of labor among craftsmen in the construction industry, such as carpenters, bricklayers, stonemasons, bamboo workers, painters, etc. In addition, the craftsmen in the same type of work were divided into grades to highlight their skills and were linked with their remuneration. Carpenters, the bulk of construction craftsmen, had a more detailed division. According to the available historical data, from lower grade to higher grade, they may possibly be divided into craftsmen, zuotou (作头), duzuotou (都作头), and duliao jang (都料将).The title of this article uses the word “labor”, which indicates that they were paid, including rice and copper money. The payment differed greatly in terms of region and time. Moreover, dingjiang enjoyed a labor protection system, such as winter and summer vacations of a certain kind. They also had holiday leave, sick leave, rain leave, funeral leave, etc. The government also had treatment measures for patients during work and the assignment. When they were old and weak, some could also enjoy pension treatment. In addition, in the construction process, if a dingjiang encountered a casualty accident, the supervisor would be punished.
Key wordsthe Song Dynasty    construction industry    labor system    dingjiang    craftsmen    xiangjun   
收稿日期: 2022-03-15     
基金资助:国家社科基金重大项目(21ZDA081)
作者简介: 李合群(https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1927-3853),男,河南大学历史文化学院教授,博士生导师,历史学博士,主要从事宋史、宋代建筑史以及建筑文献研究;
引用本文:   
李合群. 论宋代建筑营造业中的劳役制度[J]. 浙江大学学报(人文社会科学版), 2023, 53(2): 40-52. Li Hequn. Labor System in the Song Dynasty Construction Industry as Evidenced by the Labor of Craftsmen. JOURNAL OF ZHEJIANG UNIVERSITY, 2023, 53(2): 40-52.
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https://www.zjujournals.com/soc/CN/10.3785/j.issn.1008-942X.CN33-6000/C.2022.03.151     或     https://www.zjujournals.com/soc/CN/Y2023/V53/I2/40
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