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浙江大学学报(理学版)  2022, Vol. 49 Issue (1): 85-95    DOI: 10.3785/j.issn.1008-9497.2022.01.012
地球科学     
明代长江流域人口大量死亡事件时空特征及原因分析
毋子玉1(),殷淑燕1(),刘静2,赵宇莲1
1.陕西师范大学 地理科学与旅游学院,陕西 西安 710119
2.宝鸡文理学院 地理与环境学院,陕西 宝鸡 721003
Analysis on the temporal and spatial characteristics and causes of mass deaths in the Yangtze River Basin in the Ming dynasty.
Ziyu WU1(),YIN Shuyan1(),Jing LIU2,Yulian ZHAO1
1.School of Geography and Tourism,Shaanxi Normal University,Xi'an 710119,China
2.College of Geography and Environment,Baoji University of Arts and Sciences,Baoji 721013,Shaanxi Province,China
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摘要:

通过检索古籍文献,整理了明代(公元1368—1644年)长江流域人口大量死亡事件(mass death events,MDE)10 a尺度的频次与县次序列,利用自然断点分级法、空间分析法等分析了MDE的时空特征及发生原因。结果表明:276 a间,长江流域有158 a发生MDE,明代后期发生频次和影响规模最大;季节上,表现为夏季多发(44.3%),春、秋季次之;空间上,集中分布于长江中下游、尤其是长江三角洲地区,且呈从各省交界处向各省中心扩散的趋势。“未记录原因的饥荒”和“旱灾+其他灾害-饥荒”是造成明代长江流域MDE的主要原因。气候冷干期发生频次多,影响范围广,暖湿期相反,与温度和湿度呈显著负相关;人口规模和社会脆弱程度是主要的社会影响因素。在人口规模大和社会脆弱的明代后期,MDE发生频次高,波及范围广,是气候变化与社会因素共同作用的结果。

关键词: 人口大量死亡事件时空分布气候变化明代长江流域    
Abstract:

By retrieving ancient books and documents, the frequency and county sequence of the mass death events occured in the Yangtze River Basin in the Ming dynasty on the 10 a scale were sorted out, and their temporal and spatial characteristics and causes were analyzed using correlation analysis, natural breakpoint method and space analysis. The results show that during the 276 years of the Ming dynasty, there were a large number of deaths in the Yangtze River Basin in 158 years, the frequency and scale of such events reached the maximum in the later period; if sorted by season, it occurred mostly in summer (44.3%), followed by spring and autumn; if the spatial distribution of the events is concerned, it was concentrated in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, especially in the Yangtze River Delta, and it tended to expand from the junction of the provinces to the center. It is found that "undocumented cause of famine" and "drought + other disasters-famine" were the main reasons for the large number of deaths in the Yangtze River Basin in the Ming dynasty. The cold-dry period had a large number of occurrences with a wide range of effects. On the contrary, the warm-humid period had a significant negative correlation with temperature and humidity. Population size and social vulnerability were also the main social reasons. In particular, in the late period of Ming dynasty, the population was large and the society was fragile, a large number of deaths occurred frequently and spread widely, which was due to the combined effect of climate change and social factors.

Key words: mass deaths event    temporal and spatial distribution    climate change    Ming dynasty    Yangtze River Basin
收稿日期: 2021-07-08 出版日期: 2022-01-18
CLC:  K 901.9  
基金资助: 教育部人文社会科学规划基金项目(18YJA770021);国家自然科学基金资助项目(41771110)
通讯作者: 殷淑燕     E-mail: 963971996@qq.com;yinshy@snnu.edu.cn
作者简介: 毋子玉(1997—),ORCID:https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6787-4189,女,硕士研究生,主要从事气候变化与自然灾害研究,E-mail:963971996@qq.com.
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引用本文:

毋子玉,殷淑燕,刘静,赵宇莲. 明代长江流域人口大量死亡事件时空特征及原因分析[J]. 浙江大学学报(理学版), 2022, 49(1): 85-95.

Ziyu WU,YIN Shuyan,Jing LIU,Yulian ZHAO. Analysis on the temporal and spatial characteristics and causes of mass deaths in the Yangtze River Basin in the Ming dynasty.. Journal of Zhejiang University (Science Edition), 2022, 49(1): 85-95.

链接本文:

https://www.zjujournals.com/sci/CN/10.3785/j.issn.1008-9497.2022.01.012        https://www.zjujournals.com/sci/CN/Y2022/V49/I1/85

图1  长江流域MDE 10 a频次和10 a县次变化
图2  明代长江流域MDE各季节的灾害结构比例小于4%的灾害类型合并为其他。
图3  明代长江流域MDE发生县次空间动态分布
图4  明代长江流域MDE灾害空间结构
图5  明代长江流域MDE的引发因素分析
图6  明代长江流域MDE发生频次、县次与温度距平对比(温度距平据文献[14]改绘)
10 a频次10 a县次
温度距平-0.588**-0.471*
表1  明代长江流域MDE发生频次、县次与温度距平的相关系数
图7  明代长江流域MDE发生频次、县次与江南干湿指数对比(江南干湿指数据文献[9]改绘)
10 a频次10 a县次
江南干湿指数-0.481**-0.404*
表2  明代长江流域MDE发生频次、县次与江南干湿指数的相关系数
图8  明代长江流域各地人口规模与MDE发生县次对比(人口数引自文献[25])注:各地区人口数是指包含在研究区内的人口数。
阶段10 a频次10 a县次
前期人口数0.802**0.875**
中期人口数0.691*0.685*
后期人口数0.645*0.680*
表3  明代长江流域人口规模与MDE发生频次、县次的相关系数
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