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浙江大学学报(理学版)  2022, Vol. 49 Issue (6): 726-733    DOI: 10.3785/j.issn.1008-9497.2022.06.011
化学     
克孜尔石窟壁画颜料研究
周智波1,2()
1.西北大学 文化遗产学院,陕西 西安 710069
2.新疆维吾尔自治区克孜尔石窟研究所,新疆 乌鲁木齐 830000
A study on the painting pigments from the cave of Kizil Grottoes
Zhibo ZHOU1,2()
1.College of Cultural Heritage,Northwest University,Xi'an 710069,China
2.The Kizil Grottoes Institute of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region,Urumqi 830000,China
 全文: PDF(3697 KB)   HTML( 5 )
摘要:

采用扫描电子显微镜X-射线能谱(SEM-EDS)、拉曼光谱(Raman spectra)和傅里叶红外光谱(FTIR)对收集自克孜尔石窟第69窟的14个壁画颜料样品进行检测与分析鉴定。结果显示:蓝色颜料为青金石;绿色颜料主要为氯铜矿,在表面泛黄的绿色样品中检出了藤黄;红色颜料为赤铁矿;在白色颜料样品中检出了磷氯铅矿-砷铅矿和石膏;在灰色颜料样品中检出了石膏与炭黑。表明初唐时期藤黄已被用作绘画颜料;在矿物颜料上罩染有机染料,体现了古人对矿物颜料和有机染料的高超使用技巧。研究有助于了解壁画的用材、绘制方式等信息,为壁画的研究、保护和修复提供参照和依据,同时也佐证了古丝绸之路沿线贸易、经济、文化的繁荣和昌盛。

关键词: 克孜尔石窟壁画颜料分析藤黄    
Abstract:

Scanning electron microscopy with element energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), Raman spectra and Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FTIR) were used to analyze and identify the 14 painting pigment samples collected from the 69th cave of Kizil Grottoes. The results show that all the blue pigments are lapis lazuli, the green ones are atacamite, the yellowish coating over the green is gamboge, the red ones are red ochre and gypsum, the white samples are Pyromorphite-Mimetesite and gypsum, the grey samples are carbon black mixed with gypsum. The discovery of gamboge shows that it was widely used in the paintings of Kizil Grottoes in the early Tang Dynasty. The green atacamite layer covered with the yellowish gamboge shows that ancient painters are skillful in using mineral pigments and organic dyes. The results help to understand the materials and techniques of wall paintings, provide reference and scientific basis for cultural relics conservation and art research, so as to provide some evidence for the prosperity of trade, economic and cultural along the ancient Silk Road.

Key words: Kizil Grottoes    wall painting pigment analysis    gamboge
收稿日期: 2020-03-03 出版日期: 2022-11-23
CLC:  K 879.41  
基金资助: 国家哲学社科基金重大项目(14DB054)
作者简介: 周智波(1987—),https:// orcid.org/0000-0002-0309-065X,男,硕士,副研究员,主要从事石窟寺壁画保护与研究,E-mail:545620520@qq.com.
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引用本文:

周智波. 克孜尔石窟壁画颜料研究[J]. 浙江大学学报(理学版), 2022, 49(6): 726-733.

Zhibo ZHOU. A study on the painting pigments from the cave of Kizil Grottoes. Journal of Zhejiang University (Science Edition), 2022, 49(6): 726-733.

链接本文:

https://www.zjujournals.com/sci/CN/10.3785/j.issn.1008-9497.2022.06.011        https://www.zjujournals.com/sci/CN/Y2022/V49/I6/726

图1  第69窟精美壁画
序号样品编号收集位置可能脱落位置外观描述
169B-1右壁佛像前佛发髻的蓝色部位蓝色片状颜料
269B-2左壁佛像前佛发髻的蓝色部位酥松的蓝色片状颜料
369G-1后甬道地面后甬道顶伎乐天裙裤绿色部位绿色片状颜料,表面泛黄
469G-2后室西壁涅槃台上涅槃像背光绿色火焰纹部位绿色片状颜料,表面泛黄
569R1-1前壁鹿野苑说法图下方主尊佛像袈裟红色部位红色片状颜料
669R1-2前壁鹿野苑说法图下方佛座下法轮浅红色部位酥松的粉红色片状颜料
769R2-1佛龛佛龛内放置壁画残块上掉落的红色颜料酥松的红色片状颜料
869R2-2左壁燃灯佛下方左壁燃灯佛袈裟红色部位红色片状颜料
969R3-1右甬道内侧右甬道内侧纹饰部分浅红色部位粉红色片状颜料
1069R3-2右甬道中部右甬道中部壁画红色背景色部位浅红色颗粒状颜料
1169W-1主室右侧壁右侧壁前端供养人白色部位白色颗粒状颜料,微泛黄
1269W-2后甬道后甬道顶部白色底色部位白色片状颜料
1369H-1涅槃台左端涅槃台左端人物黄绿色裙裤的灰底灰色粉末状颜料
1469H-2涅槃台左端涅槃台左端人物黄绿色裙裤的灰底灰色粉末状颜料
表1  第69窟壁画颜料样品信息
样品编号NaMgAlSiSCaClPbAsFeCuP
69B-114.302.4324.6942.1511.172.542.72
69B-211.502.0723.3941.5812.583.545.34
69G-11.983.145.662.3227.450.9558.50
69G-20.911.603.021.7629.600.9162.20
69R1-12.183.9431.4941.641.494.421.843.859.15
69R1-23.242.8725.4535.021.435.302.768.6415.29
69R2-12.824.0920.8642.202.364.212.8320.230.40
69R2-21.902.9116.4934.732.224.952.2433.101.46
69R3-10.456.919.8926.7728.196.453.126.649.881.52
69R3-21.393.034.5128.8630.245.131.965.4318.690.77
69W-122.7230.765.8420.345.7514.59
69W-21.541.033.5446.9146.98
69H-11.680.892.0411.7311.1823.944.8243.72
69H-21.502.0745.9845.824.63
表2  样品中各元素的原子数百分比 (%)
图2  蓝色颜料样品的拉曼光谱和傅里叶红外光谱
图3  绿色颜料样品分析结果
图4  红色颜料样品的拉曼光谱
图5  白色颜料样品拉曼光谱和傅里叶红外光谱
图6  灰色颜料样品的拉曼光谱
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