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工程设计学报  2026, Vol. 33 Issue (3): 315-325    DOI: 10.3785/j.issn.1006-754X.2026.05.178
机械设计理论与方法     
考虑进给系统位姿误差与装配应力的机床导轨几何误差形态匹配设计方法
孙光明1(),高睿1,郭鑫2,3,张大卫2,佟圣淇1,苏喆2,3,李民生1(),阎兵1
1.天津城建大学 控制与机械工程学院,天津 300384
2.天津大学 机构理论与装备设计教育部重点实验室,天津 300072
3.沈阳机床中捷友谊股份有限公司,辽宁 沈阳 110044
Matching design method for guideway geometric error shape of machine tool considering pose error and assembly stress of feed system
Guangming SUN1(),Rui GAO1,Xin GUO2,3,Dawei ZHANG2,Shengqi TONG1,Zhe SU2,3,Minsheng LI1(),Bing YAN1
1.School of Control and Mechanical Engineering, Tianjin Chengjian University, Tianjin 300384, China
2.Key Laboratory of Mechanism Theory and Equipment Design of Ministry of Education, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
3.Shenyang Zhongjie Friendship Machine Tool Factory, Shenyang 110044, China
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摘要:

为了提高精密机床导轨的装配精度,提出了考虑进给系统位姿误差与装配应力的导轨几何误差形态匹配设计方法。首先,基于静力平衡法建立了导轨几何误差与工作台位姿误差之间的映射模型,分析了导轨的几何误差形态,并设计了几何误差形态匹配实验。然后,运用CRITIC(criteria importance through inter-criteria correlation,通过指标间相关性评估指标重要性)赋权法对工作台位姿误差进行赋权评价,获得了不同导轨几何误差形态组合下5项误差的综合得分,并得到了3组导轨几何误差形态的最优组合。在此基础上,运用Hertz接触理论建立了导轨滑块中滚柱的应力模型,并基于信息熵理论分析了不同导轨几何误差形态组合下的装配应力。最后,筛选出同时满足工作台位姿误差评价结果最优与装配应力分布最均匀的导轨几何误差形态组合,获得了考虑进给系统位姿误差与装配应力的导轨几何误差形态的最佳匹配,并通过实验验证了所提出方法的有效性。研究结果对机床的精度设计与导轨装配误差控制具有重要的指导意义。

关键词: 精密机床位姿误差装配应力导轨几何误差形态匹配    
Abstract:

In order to improve the assembly accuracy of precision machine tool guideways, a matching design method for guideway geometric error shapes considering the pose error and assembly stress of the feed system is proposed. Firstly, a mapping model between the geometric errors of the guideways and the pose errors of the worktable was established based on the static equilibrium method. The geometric error shapes of the guideways were analyzed, and the matching experiments on the geometric error shapes were designed. Then, the CRITIC (criteria importance through inter-criteria correlation) weighting method was used to assign weights and evaluate the pose errors of the worktable. The comprehensive scores of the five errors under different combinations of guideway geometric error shapes were obtained, thus obtaining the optimal combinations of three sets of guideway geometric error shapes. On this basis, the stress model of rollers in the guideway slider was established using the Hertz contact theory, and the assembly stress under different combinations of guideway geometric error shapes was analyzed based on the information entropy theory. Finally, the combinations of guideway geometric error shapes that simultaneously met the optimal worktable pose error evaluation results and the most uniform distribution of assembly stress were screened out, and the optimum matching of guideway geometric error shapes considering the pose error and assembly stress of the feed system was obtained. The effectiveness of the proposed method was verified through experiments. The research results have important guiding significance for the precision design and guideway assembly error control of machine tools.

Key words: precision machine tool    pose error    assembly stress    guideway geometric error    shape matching
收稿日期: 2025-08-27 出版日期: 2026-06-27
CLC:  TH 122  
基金资助: 国家自然科学基金联合基金资助项目(U23B20102);天津市自然科学基金青年项目(22JCQNJC01000);沈阳市科技重大专项(23-401-1-01);天津市自然科学基金资助项目(25JCYBJC00260)
通讯作者: 李民生     E-mail: gmsun@tju.edu.cn;liminsheng@tcu.edu.cn
作者简介: 孙光明(1987—),男,副教授,博士,从事精密机床误差测量、分析与补偿技术研究,E-mail: gmsun@tju.edu.cn,https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0961-9964
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引用本文:

孙光明,高睿,郭鑫,张大卫,佟圣淇,苏喆,李民生,阎兵. 考虑进给系统位姿误差与装配应力的机床导轨几何误差形态匹配设计方法[J]. 工程设计学报, 2026, 33(3): 315-325.

Guangming SUN,Rui GAO,Xin GUO,Dawei ZHANG,Shengqi TONG,Zhe SU,Minsheng LI,Bing YAN. Matching design method for guideway geometric error shape of machine tool considering pose error and assembly stress of feed system[J]. Chinese Journal of Engineering Design, 2026, 33(3): 315-325.

链接本文:

https://www.zjujournals.com/gcsjxb/CN/10.3785/j.issn.1006-754X.2026.05.178        https://www.zjujournals.com/gcsjxb/CN/Y2026/V33/I3/315

图1  工作台受力示意图
图2  导轨几何误差
图3  导轨几何误差形态
组合导轨1的几何误差形态导轨2的几何误差形态
x方向y方向x方向y方向
1正拱形正拱形正拱形正拱形
2正拱形负拱形负拱形负拱形
3正拱形正弦形正弦形正弦形
4正拱形负弦形负弦形负弦形
5负拱形正拱形正拱形负拱形
6负拱形负拱形负拱形正拱形
7负拱形正弦形正弦形负弦形
8负拱形负弦形负弦形正弦形
9正弦形正拱形负拱形正弦形
10正弦形负拱形正拱形负弦形
11正弦形正弦形负弦形正拱形
12正弦形负弦形正弦形负拱形
13负弦形正拱形负拱形负弦形
14负弦形负拱形正拱形正弦形
15负弦形正弦形负弦形负拱形
16负弦形负弦形正弦形正拱形
表1  导轨几何误差形态组合情况
图4  不同导轨几何误差形态组合下工作台的位姿误差
图5  单滑块导轨系统力学模型
组合应力熵
水平载荷工况竖直载荷工况
11.001.00
20.911.00
30.881.00
40.881.00
50.910.91
61.000.91
70.880.98
80.880.98
90.880.99
100.880.99
110.830.99
121.000.99
130.880.99
140.880.99
151.000.99
160.830.99
表2  滚柱应力熵计算结果
参数数值
床身尺寸/(mm×mm×mm)1 800×600×485
工作台尺寸/(mm×mm×mm)570×550×102
滑块跨距/mmx方向:474;y方向:443
表3  实验平台具体参数
名称用途备注
千分尺测量塞尺厚度和工作台位移分辨率为1 μm
光电准直仪测量滑块位移偏差精度为0.1'',分辨率为0.01''
应力应变测试仪采集应力、应变数据分辨率为0.1 μm/m
水平仪测量基准度精度等级为00级
塞尺调整误差形态规格为10~50 μm
扭矩扳手拧紧螺栓扭矩量程为28~210 N·m
电阻应变片测量应力、应变灵敏系数为2.11,相对误差为±1%
表4  实验设备与测量工具
图6  导轨几何误差形态调整方法
图7  导轨和工作台的直线度误差测量现场
图8  工作台应力测量现场
图9  左导轨直线度误差(参考组)
图10  右导轨直线度误差(参考组)
图11  工作台应力熵(参考组)
图12  测试板应力熵(参考组)
图13  左导轨直线度误差(原始组)
图14  右导轨直线度误差(原始组)
图15  工作台应力熵(原始组)
图16  测试板应力熵(原始组)
图17  左导轨直线度误差(最佳组)
图18  右导轨直线度误差(最佳组)
图19  工作台应力熵(最佳组)
图20  测试板应力熵(最佳组)
  
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