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工程设计学报  2025, Vol. 32 Issue (1): 51-61    DOI: 10.3785/j.issn.1006-754X.2025.04.126
机器人与机构设计     
成簇沙果采摘末端执行器的设计及实验研究
李三平1(),王琦宇1,吴立国2(),袁龙强1,齐佳美1,孙腾佳1
1.东北林业大学 机电工程学院,黑龙江 哈尔滨 150040
2.国家林业和草原局 哈尔滨林业机械研究所,黑龙江 哈尔滨 150086
Design and experimental study of end-effector for picking clustered crabapple
Sanping LI1(),Qiyu WANG1,Liguo WU2(),Longqiang YUAN1,Jiamei QI1,Tengjia SUN1
1.School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
2.Harbin Forestry Machinery Research Institute, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Harbin 150086, China
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摘要:

针对在成簇沙果机械采摘过程中采摘成功率低、果实易损伤及采摘方式不合理等问题,设计了一种刚柔耦合的成簇沙果采摘末端执行器。用硅胶制作软体手指以包裹沙果,采用对切的方式对果梗进行剪切。通过单因素试验确定了剪切气压、刀片厚度、驱动气压对采摘成功率的影响及其取值范围,在此基础上进行三因素三水平的响应面分析,研究各因素对采摘成功率的交互影响。以四果、五果采摘成功率为响应值建立二次项回归模型,以采摘成功率为评价指标对各因素进行优化,结果表明:对采摘成功率的影响从大到小依次为剪切气压、刀片厚度、驱动气压;当剪切气压为0.260 MPa、刀片厚度为0.4 mm、驱动气压为0.09 MPa时,末端执行器具有最高的采摘成功率,三果、四果、五果采摘成功率可分别达到100%、100%、91.29%。对参数优化结果进行实验验证,结果表明,该采摘末端执行器能完成采摘任务,且三果、四果、五果采摘成功率可分别达到100%、100%、91%,满足了采摘预期要求。采用该末端执行器可以减少沙果采摘劳动力,这为其他成簇水果的采摘提供了新的思路。

关键词: 成簇沙果采摘末端执行器响应面优化采摘成功率    
Abstract:

In order to solve the problems of low success rate, easy damage to fruits and unreasonable picking methods in the process of mechanical picking of clustered crabapple, a rigid-flexible coupling end-effector for picking clustered crabapple was designed. The soft fingers made of silica gel were used to wrap the crabapple, and the crabapple stalks were cut using the method of cutting. The effects of shear air pressure, blade thickness and driving air pressure on the picking success rate and their value range were determined through single factor test. On this basis, the response surface analysis of three factors and three levels was conducted to study the interactive effects of each factor on the picking success rate. The quadratic regression model was established with the success rate of picking four- and five-fruits as the response value, and the picking success rate was used as the evaluation index to optimize each factor. The results showed that the influence on the picking success rate was shear air pressure, blade thickness and driving air pressure in order from large to small. When the shear air pressure was 0.260 MPa, the blade thickness was 0.4 mm, and the driving air gas pressure was 0.09 MPa, the end-effector had the highest picking success rate, and the success rate of picking three-, four- and five-fruits could reach 100%, 100% and 91.29%, respectively. The results of parameter optimization were verified by experiment, and showed that the picking end-effector could complete the picking task, and the success rate of picking three-, four- and five-fruits could reach 100%, 100% and 91%, respectively, meeting the expected picking requirement. The use of the end-effector can reduce the labor force of picking crabapple and provide a new idea for the picking of other clustered fruit.

Key words: picking clustered crabapple    end-effector    responsive surface optimization    picking success rate
收稿日期: 2024-03-24 出版日期: 2025-03-04
CLC:  TH 69  
基金资助: 中央级公益性科研院所基本科研业务费专项资金资助项目(CAFYBB2020MB010);中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金资助项目(2572014BB06)
通讯作者: 吴立国     E-mail: bluelii73@163.com;wlg0041@163.com
作者简介: 李三平(1981—),女,副教授,博士,从事农林业机械装备技术研究,E-mail: bluelii73@163.com, https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6355-9133
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引用本文:

李三平,王琦宇,吴立国,袁龙强,齐佳美,孙腾佳. 成簇沙果采摘末端执行器的设计及实验研究[J]. 工程设计学报, 2025, 32(1): 51-61.

Sanping LI,Qiyu WANG,Liguo WU,Longqiang YUAN,Jiamei QI,Tengjia SUN. Design and experimental study of end-effector for picking clustered crabapple[J]. Chinese Journal of Engineering Design, 2025, 32(1): 51-61.

链接本文:

https://www.zjujournals.com/gcsjxb/CN/10.3785/j.issn.1006-754X.2025.04.126        https://www.zjujournals.com/gcsjxb/CN/Y2025/V32/I1/51

图1  沙果
沙果编号直径果梗长度沙果编号直径果梗长度
143.2037.601141.2236.98
243.4441.361246.3429.90
346.9837.201343.7248.34
446.7027.661447.1042.34
542.7039.001542.9038.52
641.9844.001641.0030.94
741.3839.301741.9043.50
838.3828.821844.0233.52
943.9036.961942.8634.72
1039.9031.442042.6641.88
表1  单个沙果直径和果梗长度 (mm)
组别一果二果三果四果五果
143.291.991.2115.3106.2
242.047.891.1104.3121.6
341.547.093.2107.586.0
448.191.486.1116.399.7
544.283.287.6111.7119.6
表2  成簇沙果直径 (mm)
沙果编号剪切力沙果编号剪切力
122.2981117.179
223.9691225.999
324.5191316.705
416.6281421.142
515.4431517.592
616.8261623.733
712.5671726.167
824.8591820.764
913.5741918.009
1020.1332021.381
表3  果梗剪切力 (N)
图2  沙果采摘末端执行器结构1—伸缩板;2—小桥铁;3—钨钢刀片;4—底座;5—气缸;6—推拉板;7—连接轴;8—连杆;9—剪切外壳;10—软体手指;11—软体手指支撑架;12—采摘腔。
图3  软体手指应变层结构
参数数值
a13
b13
l1113
m117
r113
r126
r139
表4  软体手指应变层结构参数 (mm)
参数数值
引力方向-y
引力大小/(mm/s2)9 806.65
气缸拉力/N82.4
刀片厚度/mm0.3
表5  运动算例中的参数设置
图4  成簇沙果剪切过程运动学仿真结果
图5  软体手指弯曲角度与驱动气压的关系曲线
因素取值
剪切气压/MPa0.175, 0.200, 0.225, 0.250, 0.275, 0.300
刀片厚度/mm0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5
驱动气压/MPa0.07, 0.08, 0.09, 0.10
表6  单因素取值
图6  剪切气压单因素试验结果
图7  刀片厚度单因素试验结果
图8  驱动气压单因素试验结果
编码剪切气压/MPa刀片厚度/mm驱动气压/MPa
10.2500.30.08
00.2750.40.09
-10.3000.50.10
表7  试验因素及水平
序号剪切气压/MPa刀片厚度/mm驱动气压/MPa三果采摘成功率/%四果采摘成功率/%五果采摘成功率/%
10.2500.300.0910098.388.3
20.3000.300.0910091.785.0
30.2500.500.0910095.081.7
40.3000.500.0910090.075.0
50.2500.400.0810091.790.0
60.3000.400.0810083.385.0
70.2500.400.1010098.388.3
80.3000.400.1010091.783.3
90.2750.300.0810095.088.3
100.2750.500.0810090.080.0
110.2750.300.1010098.385.0
120.2750.500.1010093.378.3
130.2750.400.0910010090.0
140.2750.400.0910098.390.0
150.2750.400.0910010091.7
表8  基于BBD法的试验方案及结果
来源平方和自由度均方Fp显著性
模型293.89932.6510.660.009 0**
A88.45188.4528.870.003 0**
B28.13128.139.180.029 1*
C58.32158.3219.040.007 3**
AB0.6410.640.210.666 8-
AC0.8110.810.260.629 0-
BC0.00010.0000.0001.000 0-
A268.01168.0122.200.005 3**
B27.1517.152.330.187 1-
C255.92155.9218.250.007 9**
残差15.3253.06
失拟值13.3934.464.630.1826-
纯误差1.9320.96
总和309.2114
R20.950 5
矫正R20.861 3
预测R20.293 1
变异系数1.86
表9  四果采摘成功率响应面模型方差分析结果
来源平方和自由度均方Fp显著性
模型322.06936.9071.88<0.000 1***
A50.00150.0097.400.000 2**
B124.821124.82243.16<0.000 1***
C8.8218.8217.180.009 0**
AB2.8912.895.630.063 7-
AC0.00010.0000.0001.000 0-
BC0.6410.641.250.314 9*
A217.20117.2033.510.002 2**
B2128.891128.89251.09<0.000 1***
C211.42111.4222.240.005 3**
残差2.5750.51
失拟值0.6430.210.220.8755-
纯误差1.9320.96
总和334.6314
R20.992 3
矫正R20.978 5
预测R20.956 4
变异系数0.84
表10  五果采摘成功率响应面模型方差分析结果
图9  因素交互作用与四果和五果采摘成功率关系的响应面图和等高线图
图9  因素交互作用与四果和五果采摘成功率关系的响应面图和等高线图(续)
图10  成簇沙果采摘末端执行器1—气缸;2—推拉板;3—伸缩板;4—小桥铁;5—钨钢刀片;6—剪切外壳;7—底座;8—软体手指支撑架;9—采摘腔;10—软体手指;11—连杆;12—连接轴。
图11  成簇沙果采摘实验平台1—AUBO-E5机械臂;2—电磁阀;3—果实输送管;4—仿真树和成簇沙果;5—气缸;6—末端执行器。
图12  成簇沙果采摘实验过程
组别三果采摘成功率四果采摘成功率五果采摘成功率
均值10010091
110010090
210010090
310010090
410010090
510010095
表11  成簇沙果采摘实验结果 (%)
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