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浙江大学学报(工学版)  2026, Vol. 60 Issue (5): 935-944    DOI: 10.3785/j.issn.1008-973X.2026.05.003
土木与建筑工程     
高寒高湿高海拔环境下夯土遗址片状剥落现场试验方法
张博1,2(),韦鑫1,2,3,*(),裴强强1,2,3,4,郭青林1,2,3,4,白玉书1,2,4,杨善龙1,2,3
1. 敦煌研究院,甘肃 敦煌 736200
2. 甘肃省敦煌文物保护研究中心,甘肃 敦煌 736200
3. 甘肃莫高窟文化遗产保护设计咨询有限公司,甘肃 敦煌 736200
4. 兰州理工大学 教育部土木工程防灾减灾工程中心,甘肃 兰州 730050
Field test method for flake spalling of rammed earth sites in high-cold, high-humidity and high-altitude environment
Bo ZHANG1,2(),Xin WEI1,2,3,*(),Qiangqiang PEI1,2,3,4,Qinglin GUO1,2,3,4,Yushu BAI1,2,4,Shanlong YANG1,2,3
1. Dunhuang Academy, Dunhuang 736200, China
2. Research Center for Conservation of Cultural Relics of Dunhuang, Dunhuang 736200, China
3. Gansu Mogao Grottoes Cultural Heritage Conservation Design and Consultation Limited Company, Dunhuang 736200, China
4. Key Laboratory of Disaster Prevention and Mitigation in Civil Engineering of Gansu Province, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou 730050, China
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摘要:

为了探索夯土遗址立面片状剥落病害发育过程与机理的监测方法,以高海拔、冬季寒冷、积雪量大、冻融周期长的乌鞘岭长城为研究对象,基于多场耦合作用下土遗址浅表层风化机制,结合区域环境监测和片状剥落现象的捕捉方法,考虑冻土深度、阴阳坡和墙体形貌特征、传统工艺和高海拔环境特征,建立区域气象环境、墙体表面宏观现象和内部水-热-盐微观指标动态监测,表面延时摄影和黑金沙散斑监测系统为一体的大型模拟试验场. 结果表明:试验场显著提高了夯土遗址片状剥落病害监测的精准性和可靠性,有效捕捉了高寒高湿环境作用下夯土遗址表面病害现象及内部水、盐、热响应特征,揭示了片状剥落病害的发生机制及其阶段性发育特征.

关键词: 土遗址高寒高湿高海拔环境片状剥落模拟试验场环境监测    
Abstract:

Monitoring methods for the development process and mechanism of flake spalling in rammed earth sites were investigated. The Wushaoling Great Wall, characterized by high altitude, cold winters, heavy snowfall, and prolonged freeze–thaw cycles, was selected as the study site. Based on the superficial weathering mechanism of rammed earth under multi-field coupling, regional environmental monitoring was integrated with flake spalling phenomenon capture techniques. Factors including permafrost depth, slope aspect, wall morphology, traditional construction techniques, and high-altitude environmental characteristics were considered. A large-scale field test platform was established, incorporating dynamic monitoring of regional meteorological conditions, macroscopic wall-surface phenomena, and internal water-heat-salt indicators, together with time-lapse surface photography and a black-gold sand speckle monitoring system. The results showed that the field test platform significantly improved the accuracy and reliability of monitoring flake spalling in rammed earth sites. Surface deterioration phenomena and internal water, salt, and thermal response characteristics under high-cold and high-humidity conditions were effectively captured. The occurrence mechanism and staged developmental characteristics of flake spalling were clarified.

Key words: earthen sites    high-cold, high-humidity, and high-altitude environment    flaky spalling    simulated test field    environmental monitoring
收稿日期: 2025-05-26 出版日期: 2026-05-06
CLC:  TU 47  
基金资助: 国家重点研发计划课题(2023YFF0905900);甘肃省青年科技基金资助项目(23JRRF0007).
通讯作者: 韦鑫     E-mail: dhazhangbo@163.com;weixin201954@163.com
作者简介: 张博(1988—),男,副研究员,从事砂岩石窟寺和土遗址保护研究. orcid.org/0000-0002-7952-0791. E-mail:dhazhangbo@163.com
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引用本文:

张博,韦鑫,裴强强,郭青林,白玉书,杨善龙. 高寒高湿高海拔环境下夯土遗址片状剥落现场试验方法[J]. 浙江大学学报(工学版), 2026, 60(5): 935-944.

Bo ZHANG,Xin WEI,Qiangqiang PEI,Qinglin GUO,Yushu BAI,Shanlong YANG. Field test method for flake spalling of rammed earth sites in high-cold, high-humidity and high-altitude environment. Journal of ZheJiang University (Engineering Science), 2026, 60(5): 935-944.

链接本文:

https://www.zjujournals.com/eng/CN/10.3785/j.issn.1008-973X.2026.05.003        https://www.zjujournals.com/eng/CN/Y2026/V60/I5/935

图 1  乌鞘岭长城环境特征
图 2  乌鞘岭长城遗址本体病害
图 3  模拟试验场区域概况
图 4  现场试验墙形制设计
类型w/%ρ/(g·cm?3)wop/%ρd/(g·cm?3)WL/%WP/%
遗址土2.951.6535.6421.24
试验土1.281.4012.151.6927.6520.42
表 1  遗址土与试验土的基本物理性质对比
类型wB/(mg/kg干土)
K+Na+Ca2+Mg2+Cl?SO42?NO3?
遗址土1.649156.1277.08527.589573.64534.7210
试验土1.00647.94228.3138.14046.15070.3890.735
表 2  遗址土体与试验土体的可溶盐成分及其离子的质量分数
图 5  遗址土与试验土的X射线衍射谱图和粒径分布
图 6  现场试验墙外部环境气象站布置
图 7  现场试验墙周边地下温度传感器布置图
图 8  现场试验墙内部传感器布置图
图 9  现场试验墙外部环境监测设定
图 10  传感器与设备的安装细节
图 11  乌鞘岭长城大型模拟试验场整体布置图
图 12  试验墙夯筑过程中环境的温、湿和露点
图 13  现场试验墙夯筑流程
图 14  试验墙部分水-热-盐随时间变化曲线
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