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浙江大学学报（农业与生命科学版）
浙江大学学报（农业与生命科学版）  2020, Vol. 46 Issue (2): 135-150    DOI: 10.3785/j.issn.1008-9209.2019.07.051
综述     
农田土壤重金属污染“边生产边修复”综合防治技术模式解析
邓美华1(),朱有为2(),段丽丽2,沈菁3,冯英4
1. 浙江省农业科学院质量与标准研究所，浙江省植物有害生物防控重点实验室，杭州 310021
2. 浙江省耕地质量与肥料管理总站，杭州 310020
3. 绍兴市农技推广中心，浙江 绍兴 312000
4. 浙江大学环境与资源学院，杭州 310058
Analysis on integrated remediation model of “phytoremediation coupled with agro-production” for heavy metal pollution in farmland soil
Meihua DENG1(),Youwei ZHU2(),Lili DUAN2,Jing SHEN3,Ying FENG4
1. State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control, Institute of Quality Standards for Agricultural Products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
2. Cultivated Land Quality and Fertilizer Management Department of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310020, China
3. Shaoxing Agricultural Technology Extension Center, Shaoxing 312000, Zhejiang, China
4. College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
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摘要：

我国农田土壤重金属污染形势严峻，已对农产品安全生产构成严重威胁。本文围绕农田重金属污染“源端控制-过程阻断-末端修复-安全利用”的技术路线，阐述了我国中轻度重金属污染农田“边生产边修复”综合防治技术模式的现有基础和瓶颈问题，总结了国内外重金属污染源解析方法的优缺点、我国当前农田重金属污染源监测与农田重金属钝化剂/活化剂开发利用的现状，估算了现有重金属富集/超富集植物地上部提取效率，分析了以低积累作物品种和种植结构调整为基础的农田安全利用技术应用的可行性，提出了我国农田土壤重金属污染综合防治技术有待进一步研究的问题，以期为我国土壤重金属污染治理提供参考。
关键词： 农田土壤;  重金属污染;  安全利用技术;  边生产边修复    
Abstract:

Heavy metal pollution in farmland soil is serious in China and poses a threat to the safety in agricultural production. Based on the integrated technology of “source controlling, process blocking, end remediation and safety production”, this paper concluded the current technologies and problems for “phytoremediation coupled with agro-production” of moderate and mild heavy metal polluted farmlands in China by literature review. For the sources controlling, the advantages and merits of the source apportionment methods and the field monitoring of heavy metal pollution sources were analyzed, and the application for the source identification methods and reduction technologies of pollution sources were clarified. Regarding the contaminated soil, we summarized the current applications of deactivators/activators and estimated the phytoextraction rate of heavy metals from the aboveground of accumulators/hyperaccumulators. The feasibility of the safety production technologies for heavy metal polluted farmlands was analyzed, which was based on planting low heavy metal accumulation varieties and changing crop systems. Finally, the related issues that need to be further studied on safety utilization of heavy metal polluted farmland soil were put forward.
Key words: farmland soil    heavy metal pollution    safety production technology    phytoremediation coupled with agro-production
收稿日期: 2019-07-05 出版日期: 2020-05-22
CLC:  X 53  
基金资助: 浙江省重大科技专项(2015C02011);浙江省绍兴市科技项目(2017B70011);浙江省植物有害生物防控重点实验室-省部共建国家重点实验室培育基地(2010DS700124-KF1906)
通讯作者: 朱有为     E-mail: meihuad@163.com;13018941333@163.com
作者简介: 邓美华（https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6479-4546），Tel：+86-571-86450124，E-mail：meihuad@163.com
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引用本文:

邓美华,朱有为,段丽丽,沈菁,冯英. 农田土壤重金属污染“边生产边修复”综合防治技术模式解析[J]. 浙江大学学报（农业与生命科学版）, 2020, 46(2): 135-150.

Meihua DENG,Youwei ZHU,Lili DUAN,Jing SHEN,Ying FENG. Analysis on integrated remediation model of “phytoremediation coupled with agro-production” for heavy metal pollution in farmland soil. Journal of Zhejiang University (Agriculture and Life Sciences), 2020, 46(2): 135-150.

链接本文:

http://www.zjujournals.com/agr/CN/10.3785/j.issn.1008-9209.2019.07.051    或    http://www.zjujournals.com/agr/CN/Y2020/V46/I2/135

技术方法

Technical method

说明

Illustration

定性/定量

Quality/quantity

成本

Cost

精度

Precision

优点

Advantage

局限性

Limitation

同位素分析

Isotopic analysis

 利用稳定同位素的化学性质来判断重金属的迁移行为 定量 高 高 精度高，需要的样品数少，能够较好地表示重金属迁移与污染贡献率 实验仪器与条件要求高，需要收集各排放源样品的相关同位素特征值，仅在几种金属上应用比较成熟

多元统计分析

Multivariate analysis

 包括相关分析、主成分分析、聚类分析、因子分析、多元线性回归分析等 定性 一般 低 对排放源的诊断比较客观 由于不是对具体数值进行分析，易产生偏差；样品量需求大，鉴别因子要求5个以上

定量源解析模型

Quantitative source

identification model

 包括化学质量平衡、正定矩阵因子分解、因子得分-多元回归、绝对主成分分析-多元回归、UNMIX模型等 定量 一般 一般 这些模型可以利用自身优势，更加精确地分析参数，并对污染源进行定量分析 要求样品量大，数据处理比较费时费力，难以与实际排放源进行匹配

空间分析

Spatial analysis

 利用GIS分析污染源与重金属浓度空间分布的关系 定性 高 一般 可以在空间上展示其变化规律 需大面积取样，难以和实际排放源进行匹配

多目标污染源清单技术

Multiple pollution source

inventory

 通过对各种污染源进行调查，明确污染源排放因子、污染物排放量，从而构建污染源排放清单档案库 半定量 低 高 能够找出各污染源对土壤环境质量的影响，可为政府部门提供调控依据 结果存在很大的不确定性，计算过程复杂，小尺度数据难以获取
表1  几种常用的源解析技术方法比较

污染源

Pollution source

 Pb Cd Cr As Hg Cu Zn Ni

文献

Reference
有机肥/农家肥 Organic/farmyard fertilizer 245.11 47.70 1 130.02 189.88 69.81 2 110.42 5 970.02 2 440.47 [21,22]
无机肥 Chemical fertilizer 6.89 1.23 71.33 29.42 3.48 [16,22]
大气沉降 Atmospheric deposition 603.24 9.02 259.15 92.83 11.04 460.25 1 850.43 181.89 [16,34,35]
灌溉 Irrigation 50.32 4.35 [16]
表2  源端潜在最高重金属输入强度 (g/(hm2•a)

植物

Plant

重金属

Heavy

metal

地上部吸收量

Aboveground adsorption

capacity/

(kg/hm2)

计算依据

Basis of calculation

种植时间

Plant time/month

生境

Habitat

文献

Reference

东南景天

Sedum alfredii H.

 Cd，Zn Cd 0.54 污染土壤Cd 0.53 mg/kg，地上部Cd约9.8 mg/kg（5.52×103 kg/hm2） 3 一般生长于海拔1 400 m以下，喜阴湿环境 [51,53]

伴矿景天

Sedum plumbizincicola

Cd，Zn

Cd 0.63，

Zn 58.7

 重度污染土壤Cd 3.04 mg/kg，Zn 1.30 g/kg，种植密度44万株/667 m2 12 喜生于富含Pb、Zn矿地区，多年生肉质草本 [54,55]

宝山堇菜

Viola baoshannensis

Cd，Cu Cd 0.60 污染土壤Cd 0.53 mg/kg，地上部Cd约30.4 mg/kg（6.61 t/hm2），含水率以70%计算 3 — [53,56]

皇竹草

Pennisetum hydridum

Cd Cd 0.12～1.62 土壤Cd 0.11～5.0 mg/kg，地上部Cd 2.65～10.8 mg/kg（1.50×105～5.00×105 kg/hm2，按鲜质量计），含水率以70%计算 6～8 原产于哥伦比亚，产量高，耐旱涝，耐贫瘠，抗酸碱；我国于1983年作为牧草引进 [57,58]

龙葵

Solanum nigrum L.

Cd Cd 0.06～0.54 土壤Cd 1.07～3.66 mg/kg，地上部Cd 3.39～9.92 mg/kg，110～410 g/株，约9 000株/667 m2 6 生长适宜温度为22～30 ℃，分布全国 [59,60]

藿香蓟

Ageratum

conyzoides L.

Cd Cd 0.24～0.28 污染土壤Cd 4.5 mg/kg，播种密度22.5 kg/hm2，地上部Cd 21.1 mg/kg，干物质量752～888 kg/667 m2 3 一年生草本，喜温暖、阳光充足的环境，原产于亚热带地区 [61]

巨菌草

Pennisetum spp.

Cd Cd 0.14～0.24 土壤Cd 20～100 mg/kg，地上部Cd 11.5～39.3 mg/kg（6.0×103～12.0×103 kg/hm2） 6 引种栽培的多年生草本植物，生物量大、热值高、栽培广 [62]

超积累油菜

Hyperaccumulation Brassica campestris L.

Cd Cd 0.03 中轻度污染土壤，地上部提取的Cd约2 g/667 m2 5～6 长日照作物，性喜冷凉或较温暖的气候，整体气温22 ℃以下 [63]

球果蔊菜

Rorippa globosa

Cd，As Cd 2.4×10－3～12×10－3 土壤Cd 10～50 mg/kg，地上部Cd 0.016～0.08 mg/株，种植密度1万株/667 m2 为喜湿性植物，具有耐水、抗盐碱、耐污染特性 [64,65]

蓖麻

Ricinus communis L.

Pb，Zn Pb 84.4×10－3，Zn 3.51 土壤Pb、Zn均为200～600 mg/kg，地上部Pb约90 mg/kg，Zn 1.00 mg/kg，地上部生物量约250 mg/株，250株/667 m2 6～7 喜高温，酸碱适应性强，不耐霜，在中国广为栽培，尤其在平原地区均可种植 [66]

土荆芥

Chenopodium

ambrosioides L.

 Pb Pb 35×10－3～74×10－3 土壤Pb 1.00～5.00 g/kg，种植密度14万株/hm2，地上部Pb 0.25～0.53 mg/株 3 广布于热带及温带地区，生长周期5～6个月 [67]

紫花苜蓿

Medicago sativa

Pb，Cu Pb 36×10－3～64×10－3，Cu 10×10－3～30 ×10－3 土壤Pb 300～800 mg/kg、Cu 200～400 mg/kg，种植密度200万株/hm2，地上部生物量0.1～0.4 g/株，Pb、Cu分别为80～90、50～150 mg/kg 2 适应性广，喜欢温暖、半湿润的气候条件，每年可以收3次 [68]

黑麦草

Lolium perenne

Pb，Zn Pb 35.4×10－3 土壤Pb 300～800 mg/kg，种植密度22.5 kg/hm2，千粒质量7 g，地上部0.1 g/株，Pb 110 mg/kg 2 喜温凉湿润气候，适宜温度10～27 ℃，每年收3～4次 [68]

羽叶鬼针草

Bidens

maximowicziana

Pb Pb 15.4×10－3～32.2×10－3 土壤Pb 0.4～2.0 g/kg，种植密度约14万株/hm2，地上部吸收Pb 0.11～0.23 mg/株 3 喜温暖湿润气候 [69]

香根草

Vetiveria zizanioides

Pb，Cd Pb 7.66×10－3，Cd 9.35×10－3 土壤Pb约360 mg/kg, Cd 4.55 mg/kg，地上部吸收Cd 0.94 mg/m2，Pb 0.77 mg/m2 3 热带植物，气候适应性广，温度10～45 ℃，海拔2 000 m [70]

蜈蚣草

Pteris vittata L.

 As As 1.54 土壤As 550 mg/kg，种植密度14万株/hm2，地上部9 g/株（干质量），As 1.22 g/kg 5 分布于热带和亚热带，宜钙质土及石灰岩，土壤pH为7.0～8.0 [71,72,73]

大叶井口边草

Pteris cretica L.

As，Pb As 0.14，Pb 0.02 土壤As、Pb分别为177、468 mg/kg，种植密度20万株/hm2，地上部1.37 g/株，As、Pb分别为513、83.4 mg/kg 3 多年生草本，喜阴湿，分布广 [74]

苎麻

Boehmeria nivea

(L.) Gaudich.

 Hg，Cd，As Hg 0.25×10－3 土壤Hg 0.45 mg/kg，根、茎、叶Hg分别为0.042、0.08、0.015 mg/kg，质量比设为1∶7∶2，总量为283 kg/667 m2 3 原产热带、亚热带地区，为喜温短日照植物；中国主要分布在北纬19°—39°之间 [75]

棉花

Gossypium subsp.

Hg Hg 0.07×10－3 土壤Hg 0.45 mg/kg，根、茎、叶Hg分别为0.012、0.021、0.013 mg/kg，质量比设为1∶7∶2，总量为259 kg/667 m2 5～6 原产于亚热带地区，一年生木本，广泛栽培于全国各地 [75]

海州香薷

Elsholtzia splendens

Cu，Zn Cu 0.3 土壤Cu 262 mg/kg，种植密度约5万株/hm2 4～5 直立草本，生长于海拔200～300 m处 [76]

商陆

Phytolacca acinosa

Roxb.

 Mn，Cd Mn 0.09～0.17 土壤Mn 500～1 000 mg/kg，地上部吸收Mn 13 mg/株，445～890株/667 m2 3 喜温暖湿润气候，耐寒不耐涝，适宜生长温度14～30 ℃ [77]
表3  我国现有重金属富集/超富集植物能力调查
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