渭北旱塬苹果密植栽培模式对土壤水分的影响

doi:10.3785/j.issn.1008-9209.2019.04.181

浙江大学学报（农业与生命科学版）

2020, Vol. 46

Issue (3): 308-318 DOI: 10.3785/j.issn.1008-9209.2019.04.181

作物栽培与生理

渭北旱塬苹果密植栽培模式对土壤水分的影响

白岗栓^1,²(

),邹超煜³,杜社妮^1,²

^1.西北农林科技大学水土保持研究所，陕西杨凌 712100
^2.中国科学院水利部水土保持研究所，陕西杨凌 712100
^3.吉安市湿地管理中心，江西吉安 343000

Effects of dense-planting pattern of apple on soil moisture in Weibei dry plateau

Gangshuan BAI^1,²(

),Chaoyu ZOU³,Sheni DU^1,²

^1.Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
^2.Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Ministry of Water Resources, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
^3.Ji’an Wetland Management Center, Ji’an 343000, Jiangxi, China

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摘要：

为了减轻渭北旱塬苹果栽培中土壤干燥化对苹果生产带来的不利影响，以盛果期乔砧密植园为对照，在萌芽前将相同树龄、相同产量的半矮化砧密植园和矮砧密植园0～300 cm土层的土壤水分调整成同一水平，定期监测不同密植栽培模式对不同土层土壤水分的影响，以便为该区域苹果栽培提供科学支撑。结果表明：矮砧密植园0～300 cm土层土壤水分高于半矮化砧密植园，半矮化砧密植园高于乔砧密植园，且从春季到秋季，不同果园土壤水分之间的差距逐渐增大。监测期（2016年3—11月）矮砧、半矮化砧和乔砧密植园的土壤水分蒸散量较同期降水量分别高出4.51、46.37和92.70 mm，生长期（2016年4—10月）分别高出－18.06、22.35和65.34 mm，说明乔砧密植加剧了果园土壤干燥化。矮砧、半矮化砧密植园的土壤水分利用效率较乔砧密植园分别提高了14.98%和9.58%。综上所述，矮砧密植、半矮化砧密植可减缓果园土壤干燥化，提高果园土壤水分利用效率，所以渭北旱塬应积极推广苹果矮砧、半矮化砧密植栽培。

关键词： 苹果; 矮砧密植; 半矮化砧密植; 土壤水分

Abstract:

In order to reduce the adverse effects of soil desiccation on apple production and provide scientific support for apple cultivation in Weibei dry plateau, taking apple orchard with vigorous stock dense-planting in full bearing age as a control, the soil moisture contents of dwarfing stock and semi-dwarfing stock dense-planting orchards with same tree age and same fruit yields were adjusted to the same level in the 0-300 cm soil layer before germination stage, and the soil moisture contents in different soil layers in different orchards were monitored regularly. The result showed that the soil moisture content in the 0-300 cm soil layer in the dwarfing stock dense-planting orchard was higher than that in the semi-dwarfing stock dense-planting orchard, and that of in the semi-dwarfing stock dense-planting orchard was higher than that in the vigorous stock dense-planting orchard, and the gap between different orchards gradually increased from spring to autumn. The soil evapotranspiration of the dwarfing stock dense-planting, semi-dwarfing stock dense-planting and vigorous stock dense-planting orchards were 4.51, 46.37 and 92.70 mm higher than that of the precipitation in the same period during the monitoring period (from March to November in 2016), respectively; as such, they were －18.06, 22.35 and 65.34 mm higher during the growth period of apple trees (from April to October in 2016), respectively, which indicated that the vigorous stock dense-planting pattern increased the soil desiccation. The water use efficiency of dwarfing stock dense-planting and semi-dwarfing stock dense-planting orchards increased by 14.98% and 9.58%, respectively. In a sum, dwarfing stock dense-planting and semi-dwarfing stock dense-planting patterns could not only slow down the soil desiccation, but also could increase soil water use efficiency and production value, so dwarfing and semi-dwarfing stock dense-planting patterns should be popularized in Weibei dry plateau.

Key words: apple dwarfing stock dense-planting semi-dwarfing stock dense-planting soil moisture

收稿日期: 2019-04-18 出版日期: 2020-06-04

CLC:

S 661.1

基金资助: 国家重点研发计划“黄土高原生态修复模式的格局-结构-功能关系”(2016YFC0501602);延安山仑院士工作站科研项目“黄土高原经济林（果）节水增效技术与绿色发展”(20181201)

通讯作者: 白岗栓 E-mail: gshb@nwsuaf.edu.cn

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引用本文:

白岗栓,邹超煜,杜社妮. 渭北旱塬苹果密植栽培模式对土壤水分的影响[J]. 浙江大学学报（农业与生命科学版）, 2020, 46(3): 308-318.

Gangshuan BAI,Chaoyu ZOU,Sheni DU. Effects of dense-planting pattern of apple on soil moisture in Weibei dry plateau. Journal of Zhejiang University (Agriculture and Life Sciences), 2020, 46(3): 308-318.

链接本文:

http://www.zjujournals.com/agr/CN/10.3785/j.issn.1008-9209.2019.04.181 或 http://www.zjujournals.com/agr/CN/Y2020/V46/I3/308

表1 试验前不同密植方式果园树体生长状况

图1 苹果园的补灌区及监测点方框内为补灌区及监测区；圆点为土壤水分监测点。

表2 试验前不同密植方式苹果园的补灌量

图2 不同栽培模式不同生长期的果园土壤贮水量A.开花坐果期；B.幼果膨大期；C.花芽分化期；D.果实采前膨大期。

图3 不同栽培模式不同土层的土壤贮水量A. 0～100 cm土层；B. ＞100～200 cm土层；C. ＞200～300 cm土层；D. 0～300 cm土层。

表3 不同苹果园不同月份的土壤水分蒸散量及降水量 (mm)

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