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浙江大学学报（农业与生命科学版）
浙江大学学报（农业与生命科学版）  2019, Vol. 45 Issue (2): 221-228    DOI: 10.3785/j.issn.1008-9209.2017.12.251
资源利用与环境保护     
农牧一体化农田系统可利用生产资源分析
关法春1,2(),边步云3,黄立华4,张永锋1,李晓辉1,张立春1
1. 吉林省农业科学院，长春 130033
2. 农牧一体化”农业生态试验站（延军农场），黑龙江 萝北 154200
3. 西藏农牧学院高原生态研究所，西藏 林芝 860000
4. 中国科学院东北地理与农业生态研究所，长春 130102
Analysis on available production resources in the cropland system of agro-pastoral integration
Fachun GUAN1,2(),Buyun BIAN3,Lihua HUANG4,Yongfeng Zhang1,Xiaohui Li1,Lichun ZHANG1
1. Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130033, China
2. Station of Agro-Ecology Research on Agro-Pastoral Integration in Yanjun Farm, Luobei 154200, Heilongjiang, China
3. Ecological Research Institute of Tibet Plateau, Tibet Agriculture and Animal Husbandry University, Linzhi 860000, Xizang, China
4. Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130102, China
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摘要：

为明确农牧一体化生产模式下农田生态系统生产潜力及可利用生产资源特征，采用对比方法开展农牧一体化生产和常规模式生产研究。结果表明：1）放牧前，玉米田养鹅（raising geese in cornfields, RGICF）处理杂草总密度是对照（CK）的1.41倍，杂草地上生物量是CK的1.68倍；放牧后，RGICF处理和CK的杂草总密度和地上生物量均降低，其中RGICF处理下降幅度大于CK，农牧一体化生产提高了系统杂草群落的生产力。2）RGICF处理的杂草生物多样性均高于CK，说明农牧一体化生产维持了较高的生物多样性。3）与CK相比，RGICF处理的玉米植株总体生长状况低于CK，其玉米资源量也低于CK，其中玉米产量减产8.22%，但其养鹅收益足以补偿减产损失，经济效益显著高于CK，而且RGICF处理还可产生4 836.75 kg/hm2有机肥（鹅粪和牛粪）用于还田。说明农牧一体化生产在维持较高生物多样性的基础上，产生了更多的可利用资源，这为农田生产力提升和生产效益倍增奠定了基础。
关键词： 玉米田养鹅;  农牧一体化;  生物多样性    
Abstract:

In order to clarify the production potential of cropland ecosystems and the characteristics of available production resources under an agro-pastoral integration mode, field experiments were conducted by the contrast method. The results showed that: 1) Under a raising geese in a cornfield (RGICF) treatment, the weed total density was 1.41 times of CK, and the aboveground biomass of weeds was 1.68 times of CK at pre-grazing. At post-grazing, the weed total density and aboveground biomass reduced under the RGICF and CK treatments, but the decrease under the RGICF was greater than that of CK, indicating that agro-pastoral integration could increase the productivity of weed communities in the system. 2) During the entire grazing period, the weed biodiversity with the treatment of RGICF was higher than that of CK, indicating that the high biodiversity was maintained under the production mode of agro-pastoral integration. 3) The overall growth condition of maize plants with the treatment of RGICF was lower than that of the CK, and the maize resource quantities were reduced by 8.22% compared with the CK, but all the net yield with the treatment of RGICF was significantly higher than that of the CK, because the earnings by raising geese were enough to compensate for the loss of maize production. Moreover, the total of 4 836.75 kg/hm2 organic fertilizer was also produced to return to the field under the RGICF treatment. In a word, more available resources are produced under the mode of agro-pastoral integration mode, which lays a foundation for improving cropland productivity and doubling production efficiency on the basis of maintaining the high biodiversity.
Key words: raising geese in cornfields    agro-pastoral integration    biodiversity
收稿日期: 2017-12-25 出版日期: 2019-04-25
CLC:  S 513  
基金资助: 吉林省农业科技创新工程项目(CXGC2017ZD012，C7208000428，CXGC2018ZY026)
作者简介: 关法春（https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6710-7927），E-mail： gfc1940@163.com
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引用本文:

关法春,边步云,黄立华,张永锋,李晓辉,张立春. 农牧一体化农田系统可利用生产资源分析[J]. 浙江大学学报（农业与生命科学版）, 2019, 45(2): 221-228.

Fachun GUAN,Buyun BIAN,Lihua HUANG,Yongfeng Zhang,Xiaohui Li,Lichun ZHANG. Analysis on available production resources in the cropland system of agro-pastoral integration. Journal of Zhejiang University (Agriculture and Life Sciences), 2019, 45(2): 221-228.

链接本文:

http://www.zjujournals.com/agr/CN/10.3785/j.issn.1008-9209.2017.12.251    或    http://www.zjujournals.com/agr/CN/Y2019/V45/I2/221

图1  田间试验设计

杂草种类

Weed species

 杂草密度/（株/m2） Weed density/(plant/m2)
放牧前 Pre-grazing 放牧后 Post-grazing
CK RGICF CK RGICF

方正汇总行总密度×105/（株/hm2）

Total density×105/(plant/hm2)

 3.81±1.01 5.39±1.15 2.93±0.67* 1.24±0.49
小飞蓬Conyza canadensis 0.80±0.80 — 1.33±1.33 0.44±0.44
艾蒿Artemisia argyi 1.33±0.53 1.33±1.33 1.78±0.44 4.00±2.67
曲麻菜Sonchus arvensis 0.53±0.53 — — —
刺儿菜Cirsium setosum Willd. — 1.07±0.27 — —
蒌蒿Artemisia selengensis — 1.87±1.87 — —
水稗草Echinochloa crusgalli 11.20±5.60 14.40+9.60 3.56±3.11* 0.44±0.44
狗尾草Setaria viridis 2.40±0.80 2.93±2.13 2.22±0.44 —
牛筋Eleusine indica 5.33±2.67 3.47±0.27 2.67±2.67 0.89±0.89
马唐Digitaria sanguinalis 0.53±0.53 7.47±2.13* — —
芦苇Phragmites australias Trin. 1.60±1.60 1.87±1.06 — —
马齿苋Portulaca oleracea — — 0.44±0.44 —
卷茎蓼Fallopia convolvulus — — 0.44±0.44 0.44±0.44
鸭跖草Commelina communis 4.27±3.47 4.80±2.40 5.78±4.89 1.33±0.44
灰绿黎Chenopodium glaucum 1.60±1.60 1.87±0.27 1.78±0.44 0.89±0.44
反枝苋Amaranthus retroflexus 2.40±2.40 5.87±3.47 4.89±3.55 1.33±1.33
繁缕Stellaria media 4.00±1.60 6.13±5.07 4.00±4.00 3.11±0.44
香薷Elsholtzia ciliata 1.33±1.07 0.27±0.27 1.33±1.33 0.89±0.44
三叶草Trifolium dubium 0.53±0.53 — — —
披散木贼Equisetum diffusum 0.27±0.27 1.33±1.33 — —
苔草Carex sp. — 0.27±0.27 — —
表1  玉米农田内杂草种类和密度调查结果
图2  放牧前和放牧后不同处理杂草地上部生物量

多样性指数

Biodiversity

indices

放牧前

Pre-grazing

放牧后

Post-grazing
CK RGICF CK RGICF
H′ 2.13±0.08 2.32±0.06 1.95±0.09 2.20±0.07*
E 0.86±0.03 0.79±0.02* 0.83±0.01 0.88±0.02
D 0.83±0.02 0.87±0.03 0.82±0.02 0.86±0.01
D MG 2.75±0.01 2.98±0.09 1.76±0.04 2.04±0.05*
表2  不同处理下杂草群落的生物多样性指数
性状Characteristics CK RGICF
株高Plant height/cm 295.03±5.90 297.73±2.70
茎粗Stem diameter/cm 2.06±0.07 2.01±0.08
穗位高Ear height/cm 95.80±7.81 95.70±2.46
叶面积Leaf area/cm2 4 682.21±82.09 4 381.12±170.19
叶绿素含量SPAD 49.36±1.96 48.78±0.98

单株干物质量

Dry matter per plant/g

 96.67±5.77 83.33±20.87

玉米单株产量

Corn yield per plant/g

 244.27±40.26 224.18±36.94
表3  不同处理下放牧后的玉米植株性状

处理

Treatments

秸秆

Straw

杂草

Weed

枯落物

Litter
RGICF 6 167.33±974.56 52.22±30.64 174.39±49.72
CK 6 805.33±736.70 116.67±42.20 147.62±38.26
表4  不同处理下的田间资源量

处理

Treatments

玉米田投入

Cornfield input

养鹅投入

Geese input

玉米收入

Corn income

鹅收入

Geese income

净收益

Net income
RGICF 4 450 8 643 11 156.44±1 257.45 28 957.50±9 615.02 27 020.94±12 973.53*
CK 7 150 — 13 561.19±3 431.94 — 6 411.19±3 431.94
表5  不同处理下的生产经济效益分析

处理

Treatments

鹅粪（鹅舍）

Goose feces

(fowlery)

鹅粪(田间)

Goose feces (field)

牛粪

Cattle dung
RGICF 1 287.90±120.39 2 169.40±249.23 1 379.45±323.11
CK — — —
表6  不同处理下的粪肥产量
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