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浙江大学学报(工学版)
Journal of ZheJiang University (Engineering Science)  2021, Vol. 55 Issue (4): 775-792    DOI: 10.3785/j.issn.1008-973X.2021.04.021
    
Progress in two-phase flow-induced noise of small scale refrigeration system
Yu ZHANG(),Yi-cai LIU*()
School of Energy Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
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Abstract  

Progress in flow-induced noise of refrigerant was systematically reviewed. The analysis of two-phase flow theory shows that time gradient of the pressure drop is the root cause of flow-induced noise. Flow pattern significantly influences on the pressure drop, and the fluctuation of pressure drop causes vibration and noise along the pipeline. The cavitation dynamics shows that bubble size and shape change are influenced by the flow pattern, and the change of acoustic characteristics is represented. The influence of various factors on flow-induced noise was described from the aspects of thermodynamics and the structure of pipeline and throttling element. Effective methods for suppressing two-phase flow-induced noise were comprehensively compared. Researching methods of two-phase flow-induced noise were summarized from experimental and numerical simulation. Future interest will be focused on the quantitative research of flow-induced noise, and correlations will be proposed based on the characteristic parameters for the noise. Noise suppression methods will be proposed for the guideline of optimal design for refrigeration system.

Key words： two-phase flow      flow pattern map      throttling      flow-induced noise      cavitation dynamics     
Received: 11 July 2020      Published: 07 May 2021
CLC:  TB 651  
Fund:  国家自然科学基金资助项目（51776226）
Corresponding Authors: Yi-cai LIU     E-mail: zhangyu19@csu.edu.cn;lyccsu@csu.edu.cn
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Cite this article:

Yu ZHANG,Yi-cai LIU. Progress in two-phase flow-induced noise of small scale refrigeration system. Journal of ZheJiang University (Engineering Science), 2021, 55(4): 775-792.

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http://www.zjujournals.com/eng/10.3785/j.issn.1008-973X.2021.04.021     OR     http://www.zjujournals.com/eng/Y2021/V55/I4/775


小型制冷系统两相流致噪声研究进展

系统地回顾了制冷剂两相流致噪声研究的主要进展. 两相流理论研究表明，流致噪声的根本原因是压力降随时间的变化，流型对压力降的变化有显著影响，压力降的波动会引起管道的振动和噪声. 空泡动力学理论指出流型会影响气泡尺寸和形状，表现出声学特性的变化. 从热力学效应、管系和节流元件结构等方面出发，阐述各因素对流致噪声的影响，综合比较两相流致噪声抑制手段的效果. 从实验和数值模拟2个方面，概述了两相流致噪声研究方法的发展. 展望了两相流致噪声研究的发展方向，可以通过评价噪声特性的关键指标参数，系统地考察特征参数对流致噪声的影响，提出噪声抑制措施，未来指导制冷系统的优化设计.


关键词： 两相流,  流型图,  节流,  流致噪声,  空泡动力学 
Fig.1 Schematic of flow patterns in horizontal pipe and vertical pipe[7]
Fig.2 Separated model of two-phase flow
Fig.3 Control volume of momentum equation of separated two-phase flow
Fig.4 Comparison of estimated noise between noise pattern and flow pattern[12]
Fig.5 Noise suppression effect with porous metal[14]
Fig.6 Flow pattern variation and sound pressure level on pattern map（top）and flow images（bottom）near EEV for horizontal pipe layout[15]
Fig.7 Comparison of sound pressure level affected by flow conditioners[16]
文献 制冷剂 主要结论
文献[9] R22 ●建立制冷剂流型与噪声间的关系
●膨胀阀进口处制冷剂为单相时，能够有效地降低噪声
文献[11] 空气-水 ●弹状流产生的噪声较大
●噪声声压级取决于毛细管末端气体膨胀引起的压力脉动大小
文献[6，7] R600A ●环状流或波状流产生的噪声声压级较小
●弹状流和乳沫状流产生的噪声声压级较大
●乳沫状流产生的噪声是最嘈杂的
文献[12] R600A ●环形流的噪声声压级并非总比其他流型的小
●提出无量纲参数RINL用于评价噪声
●建立评价冰箱制冷剂流致噪声模式图
文献[14] R410A ●上游多孔金属可以将塞状流转为泡状流；
●下游多孔金属可以降低制冷剂流速
文献[15, 16] R410A ●弹状流、乳沫状流的噪声声压级明显较大
●流型对噪声的影响远超过管排布方式
●采用蜂巢或多孔金属结构的流动调节器能够有效地抑制流致噪声
文献[17] R600A ●间歇流：流体诱发的压力脉冲导致非稳态噪声激励
●非间歇流：均匀的噪声激励与两相流的气相速度密切相关，给出经验关联式
Tab.1 Literature review on flow-induced noise based on two-phase flow theory
Fig.8 Relationship between sound pressure and kinetic pressure of vapor flow[17]
Fig.9 Circular-cylinder shaped bubble（Taylor bubble）
Fig.10 Variation of noise with flow rate and bubble length[23]
文献 研究对象 制冷剂 主要结论
文献[21] 蒸发器出口段 R600A ●瞬态过程中制冷剂的迁移对蒸发器出口段瞬态噪声影响较大
●稳态噪声频率与式（11）计算结果相吻合
文献[22] 蒸发器入口段 R600A ●首次提出泰勒气泡的固有频率公式
●实验发现了2种气泡噪声：一是较大气泡通过孔板时破裂而产生，二是长圆柱形气泡沿轴向振荡时产生
文献[23] 电子膨胀阀 空气-水 ●单个气泡的前端和末端通过小孔时，均会出现噪声增大现象
●静压脉动值和噪声声压级受制冷剂质量流量的影响较大，受气泡长度的影响较小
文献[24] 毛细管 R600A ●毛细管出口制冷剂流动状态的改变是噪声激励的主要原因
●毛细管出口的塞状流观察到了典型的泰勒气泡，测得的频率与式（15）的计算结果相吻合
Tab.2 Literature review on flow-induced noise based on cavitation dynamics
Fig.11 Pressure-enthalpy diagram of general refrigeration cycle
Fig.12 Effect of circulation characteristics on noise[30]
Fig.13 Sound pressure levels as function of vapor quality and vapor velocity[17]
Fig.14 Mass flow and sound pressure level as function of evaporation temperature[17]
Fig.15 Effect of compression ratio on noise of air conditioner indoor unit[31]
Fig.16 Effect of pipe layout on flow-induced noise[9]
Fig.17 Modified design of evaporator-inlet pipe and noise results[7]
Fig.18 Effect of pipe layout on flow-induced noise[12]
Fig.19 Refrigeration system with transition pipe[35]
文献 制冷剂 主要结论
文献[9] R22 ●制冷剂垂直上升流入膨胀阀将出现弹状流
●水平流入方式能够有效降低低频噪声声压级
文献[7] R600A ●蒸发器入口垂直管道中的流型更可能是乳沫状流
●蒸发器进口管为水平布置时，制冷剂流致噪声声压级远小于竖直布置时的噪声声压级
文献[15] R410A ●膨胀阀前垂直布管引起的噪声声压级小于水平布管（与冰箱空调系统的结论相反）
文献[34] R600A ●制冷剂在毛细管进口处的理想全液相状态很难实现
文献[35] R600A ●采用直管过渡结构连接毛细管和蒸发器，能够明显抑制毛细管射流噪声
文献 [36] R134A ●增加管道壁厚能够有效地减小高频噪声沿着管道结构的传播
Tab.3 Literature review on influence of pipe layout on flow-induced noise
Fig.20 Flow-induced noise in short-tube orifice[37]
Fig.21 Effect of EEV structural parameters on flow-induced noise[25]
噪声抑制方法 文献 具体措施 Lp / dB 制冷剂
改变管路或节流件的结构 文献[9] 电子膨胀阀入口管水平布置 5 R22
文献[6] 减小蒸发器入口管直径 2~10 R22
文献[25] 改变电子膨胀阀喷孔长度 6 R410A
文献[25] 改变电子膨胀阀喷孔进口扩口角度 3 R410A
文献[25] 改变电子膨胀阀喷孔出口扩口角度 1 R410A
文献[1] 改进毛细管过渡管结构 3 R600A
文献[14] 在电子膨胀阀的上、下游安装多孔金属 13 R410A
采用流动调节器 文献[16] 采用蜂巢结构的流动控制器 10~20 R410A
文献[16] 采用多孔金属结构的流动控制器 5~15 R410A
Tab.4 Summary of suppression effect of flow-induced noise in small scale refrigerators
Fig.22 Signals comparison of different measurements by pressure transducer，accelerometer and microphone[36]
Fig.23 Numerical methods of flow induced noises[42]
Fig.24 Variation of sound power level with different opening of control valve[46]
Fig.25 Contours of turbulent kinetic energy and noise sound pressure level with different opening of EEV[25]
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