The experiments were conducted to identify thermo‐tolerant rice genotypes and characterize physiological traits relevant to heat stress tolerance . Seventy‐two rice genotypes were exposed to high temperature (４０ ℃ /３５ ℃ , １４ h/１０ h) for １２ d at heading stage , and floret fertility was examined . The similar results were obtained in the two years?experiments that there was a distinctly genotypic difference in floret fertility as affected by heat stress . When rice seedlings were exposed to heat stress , chlorophyll content (SPAD value) , plant height , root length , shoot and root biomass were dramatically reduced , with thermo‐tolerant genotypes being relatively less affected than sensitive ones . Meanwhile ,high temperature enhanced membrane lipid peroxidation , as expressed by malondialdehyde content and increased superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity . Thermo‐tolerant genotypes had less and more increase in MDA content and SOD activity than sensitive ones under heat stress relative to the control , respectively .Accordingly the thermo‐tolerant genotypes were identified , with genotypes CJ６ , MY４６ and JX１７ being highly thermo‐tolerant , MH６３ , Kasalath and IRAT４２１７ being very sensitive .

Effects of the empty pYL１５６ vector ( pYL１５６ ∷ ００ ) , the most commonly used control vector for Tobacco rattle v irus ( TRV )‐induced gene silencing analysis on viral symptom development and growth of VIGS‐treated tomato and N icotiana benthamiana plants were investigated . It was shown that VIGS‐treatment for pYL１５６ ∷ ００ caused severe systemic viral symptoms and obvious growth repression in treated plants . Therefore , pYL１５６ ∷ ００ is not a good control vector for TRV‐induced gene silencing analysis in these plant species . To set a better control for this analysis , two new constructs ,pYL１５６ ∷ N IRi and pYL１５６ ∷ eG FP , were made . They were released by inserting a ２５３ bp fragment of a Phaseolus vulgaris nitrite reductase gene intron and a ４００ bp fragment of the jellyfish GFP coding
sequence in pYL１５６ ∷ ００ , respectively . Effects of the two new control constructs on viral symptom development and growth of VIGS‐treated N . benthamiana plants were compared with pYL１５６ ∷ ００ . The results showed that VIGS‐treatment for pYL１５６ ∷ ００ caused severe systemic viral symptoms and significant growth repression in treated plants , resulting in death of ２６.７％ plants . VIGS‐treatment for pYL１５６ ∷ N IRi also led to obvious viral symptoms and growth repression , but in a less severe extent than that for pYL１５６ ∷ ００ , resulting in death of １３.３％ plants . However , VIGS‐treatment for pYL１５６ ∷ eG FP did not cause any obvious viral symptom and growth repression . Severity of viral symptom and growth repression was well correlated with the accumulation level of TRV virus . These results demonstrate that pYL１５６ ∷ eG FP is an excellent control vector for TRV‐induced gene silencing analysis , and provide some insights into the direction to establish an excellent control for VIGS analysis .

　A fragment of ubiquitin fusion degradation protein (UFD) gene UFD1 was cloned from tomato
by reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) , and its role in regulation of plant disease
and stress resistance was analyzed employing virus‐induced gene silencing (VIGS) technique . The results
showed that the silencing of UFD1 in N icotiana benthamiana resulted in significantly weakening of
hypersensitive response ( HR) mediated by C f‐4/ A v r4‐ and C f‐9/A v r9 and induced by X anthomonas
oryz ae pv . oryz ae (Xoo) , alleviating of necrotic symptoms of tobacco wild fire disease , decreasing of
chlorophyll content in leaves under stress of high concentration of salt , but did not lead to change of
symptoms of white mould disease caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and resistance to drought stress . It is indicated that UFD1 is a pivotal regulator of plant disease and stress resistance , playing roles in
positive regulation of C f‐4‐ and C f‐9‐dependent gene‐for‐gene resistance , nonhost resistance to Xoo and
salt tolerance , and in contrast , negative regulation of resistance to tobacco wild fire disease .

　Subtractive cDNA library of differentially expressed genes during the sclertium formation of
Rhizoctonia solani , GD‐１１８ strain , was constructed by using suppression subtractive hybridization
(SSH) technique combined with virtual Northern blot . The hypha mRNA was used as the driver and the
sclertium mRNA was applied as the tester . Further PCR screening showed that the size of the inserts
was mainly between ２００ to ５００ bp . The effectiveness of the subtractive hybridization was verified by
virtual Northern blot of colonies randomly selected using hypha , sclertium cDNA sequence as probes .
Finally , ２８ specific sclertium formation‐related gene fragments were obtained after sequencing and
homology‐blasting , which were mainly related to stress response , transcription regulation , signal
transduction and metabolism in the pathogen . Results above provide scientific clues to understand the
mechanism of the sclertium formation of R . solani .

　By reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction ( RT‐PCR) , an open reading frame of pathogenesis‐related protein １ ( PR１ ) was isolated from inbred line R１５ which was resistant to kernel rot , named ZmPR1 .Molecular and bioinformatic analyses of ZmPR1 revealed that an open reading frame
of ５２８ bp was predicted to encode a １７５‐amino acid protein with a deduced molecular mass of １８ .７ ku .Homology analysis showed that the deduced amino acid sequence of PR１ protein in maize had a high similarity with other higher plants , such as Oryz a sativ a , T riticum aestivum , and A rabidopsis . PR１ proteins from different plants had the same conservative structure domain of cysteine‐rich secretory protein (CAP) . The recombinant expressed plasmid pET３２a( ＋ )‐ZmPR１ was expressed in Escherichia coli BL２１ . The expression conditions were optimized by induction at different time , different temperature , and different IPTG concentrations . The results indicated that the expression products migrated at the size of ３９ ku by sodium dodecyl sulfate‐polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS‐PAGE) and Western blot analysis . The optimum expression condition was ０ .６ mmol.L^-１ IPTG at ２８ ℃ ,but the induction time has little effect on the expression . The successful expression of ZmPR1 provides some
basis for protein purification and preparation of the monoclonal antibody .

YGM‐α‐gal , an expression vector for Saccharomyces cerev isiae , was constructed containing α‐
galactosidase gene as selection marker and an inducible GAL１ promoter . The β‐１ ,３‐１ ,４‐glucanase gene
cloned from Bacillus subtilis was inserted into the multiple cloning sites of the plasmid YGM‐α‐gal to
generate YGMPA‐α‐gal , then to transform the host yeast , and β‐１ ,３‐１ ,４‐glucanase was efficiently
expressed as a secretive protein in S . cerev isiae . The results indicated that the β‐１ ,３‐１ ,４‐glucanase
activity in the ferment liquid in shake flask was about ４１１.９ U.mL ^-１ after adding ２％ galactose for ２４ h ,
and the α‐galactosidase activity reached ６４.２ U.mL ^-１ after adding ２％ galactose for ６０ h . So the α‐
galactosidase gene can be used as an effective selection marker for screening the positive transformants of
food‐grade yeast expression system .

To investigate the expression and distribution of interferon‐γ ( IFN‐γ) in lung and trachea of macaques infected with Streptococcus pneumoniae , the histopathological changes of macaques?lung and trachea were studied by using hematoxylin‐eosin ( HE) stain , where the expression of IFN‐γ was researched by immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization . The results showed that a large area of lung was hyperemic and hemorrhagic , and there was lymphocytic infiltration in lung and some serous
exudate in alveolar septum . The area of IFN‐γ protein expression in infected macaques was higher than healthy group ( P ＜ ０.０５) .The optical density of IFN‐γ protein in pulmonary intravascular space was significantly higher than that of healthy group ( P ＜０.０１) , and the optical density in other tissues was higher than that of healthy group ( P ＜０.０５ ) . The optical densities of IFN‐γ mRNA in lung , tracheal epithelium and muscular layer were significantly higher than those of healthy group ( P ＜ ０.０１) , while in alveolar septum , lumen of blood vessel and lamina propria of tracheal were higher than those of healthy group ( P ＜０.０５ ) . As a result , the lung presented significant red hepatization in infected macaques , and the expression of IFN‐γ protein and mRNA in lung and trachea increased significantly ,
indicating that IFN‐γ might play an important role in immunoloregulation of macaques?lung and trachea infected by S . pneumoniae .

To investigate the effect of pathogen causing banana wilt disease on soil ecosystem health , the differences of soil nematode trophic groups and ecological indices between banana wilt disease soil and control soil were compared in Hainan Province using soil nematode as bioindicator . The results showed that ３１ nematode genera in the disease area and control area were identified , ２６ of which was in disease area , ２８ in control area . The abundance of total nematodes , bacterivore in １０‐３０ cm soil layer and plant parasites and the values of Shannon‐Wiener diversity index ( H′) , maturity index (MI) , structure index (SI) and enrichment index ( EI) were significantly lower ( P ＜ ０.０１ ) in the disease area than in the control area , while those of fungivores and Simpson?s dominance index ( λ) exhibited quite a reverse condition . The abundance of total nematodes and bacterivore decreased ( P ＜０.０１) while those of plant parasites and the values of SI increased ( P ＜０.０１ ) with increasing soil depth in the disease area . The abundance of total nematodes and plant parasites decreased ( P ＜０.０５) and the values of SI ( P ＜０.０１)
increased with increasing soil depth in the control area . It is indicated that pathogen causing banana wilt disease changed soil nematode community structure and decreased diversity of soil nematode community .

　In the past , chiral pesticides were explored as racemic mixtures in environmental fate and ecotoxicities . However , as a result of the enantioselective interactions with chiral molecules , the enantiomers of chiral pesticides may have different potential toxicities to humans and animals . The present review introduced recent findings on enantioselective endocrine disruption , neurotoxicity ,immunotoxicity , reproductive and developmental toxicity of organophosphorus , organochlorines ,pyrethroids and phenylpyrazole pesticides , as well as the underlying mechanisms . Furthermore , the developmental trends of future investigations were discussed .

Total N , available P and K of cultivated soils from １１ districts of Zhejiang Province were investigated.Statistical results showed that the average soil total N and available K decreased , and the average soil available P increased , as compared with those obtained at １９８０s.The cultivated soil samples with low levels of soil total N ( ＜１g.kg ^-１ ) , available P ( ＜ １０ mg.kg ^-１ ) and K ( ＜ ８０ mg.kg ^-１ )accounted for １３.９０％ , ４４.８０％ and ４８.１７％ of total soil samples , respectively.The proportion of soil samples with deficiency of one of N , P , and K was as high as ７３.７９％ .There were imbalances among soil N , P and K.Great variations in concentrations of soil total N , available P and K were found.The variation coefficients of soil total N , available P and K decreased in the order of available P ( １９２％ ) ＞available K (７１％ ) ＞ total N (３９％ ).Soil total N was correlated positively with organic matter , and decreased in the order of clayey soil ＞ clay‐loamy soil ＞ loamy soil ＞ sandy soil , and in the order of hydrographic net plain ＞ river plain ＞ hilly area ＞ coastal plain.Soil available P increased with decreasing pH ,and decreased in the order of sandy soil ＞ loamy soil ＞ clay loamy soil ,clayey soil , and in the order of high hilly area , coastal plain ＞ river plain , low hilly area ＞ hydrographic net plain.Soil available K was related to pH , texture , and geomorphic type , and decreased with decreasing pH.The available K decreased in the order of clayey soil ＞ clay loamy soil ＞ loamy soil ＞ sandy soil , and in the order of coastal plain ＞ hydrographic net plain ＞ river plain ＞ low hilly area ＞ high hilly area.

To understand the effects of human activity on accumulation of black carbon in surface dusts ,１７４ of surface dust samples were collected from Zhejiang Province . The surface dust samples were taken from different areas which included indoor in countryside , outdoor in countryside , manufacture with coal as fuels , coach station , indoor in urban residential area , outdoor in urban residential area , and office room . The contents of black carbon in the surface dust samples were characterized by chemical method .The results showed that the contents of black carbon in the dusts varied greatly with variation coefficient of ６１.０４ ％ , and ranged from １.４７ to ２５.４７g.kg ^－１ , and averaged ９.２４g.kg ^－１ . Most of the samples(４５.９８％ ) had black carbon contents ranging from ５ to １０ g.kg ^－１ . Mean contents of black carbon in the surface dusts from different areas decreased in the sequence of indoor in countryside ＞ manufacture with coal as fuels ＞ coach station ＞ outdoor in countryside ＞ outdoor in urban residential area ＞ indoor in urban residential area ＞ office room . The proportion of black carbon in total organic carbon ranged from１４.３５％ to ６３.４７％ with mean of ４０.５５％ , and decreased in the sequence of coach station ＞manufacture with coal as fuels ＞ outdoor in urban residential area ＞ indoor in urban residential area ＞office room ＞ indoor in countryside ＞ outdoor in countryside .Correlation analysis showed that contents of black carbon in the dusts were positively and significantly correlated with its total organic carbon .Black carbon content of surface dusts was generally higher than that of soils , and lower than that of
aerosol . The proportions of black carbon in the dust total organic carbon were also higher than those of soils . The results above suggest that the surface dusts can be a source of black carbon in environments in earth .

Two different sediments ( Meiliangwan and Huajiachi) were selected to study the effect of initial P concentration ( C_０ ) on P sorption kinetics and to identify the corresponding sorption kinetic type . Kinetics studies were carried out using an agitated batch method . The kinetics of sorption were followed based on the amounts of P adsorbed at various time intervals . The data were analyzed using pseudo‐first order and pseudo‐second order equations . The results showed that : １) for the Meiliangwan sediment ,the process belonged to a two‐stage dynamic : an initial fast exchange of P followed by a much slower process , and its sorption quantity was much larger than that of the Huajiachi sediment , which could be seen as chemical sorption . For the Huajiachi sediment , the sorption process was slow and had a small
absorbing capacity , which belonged to physical sorption , and the data points fluctuated greatly ; ２) the zero equilibrium P concentration (EPC_０ ) in the Meiliangwan and Huajiachi sediments was ０.０３ and ０.４２mg.L ^-1 , respectively . When C_０ ＜ EPC_０ , the sediment desorbed P , or else the sediment adsorbed P ;３) the sorption data in the Meiliangwan and Huajiachi sediment followed pseudo‐second order and pseudo‐first order kinetic model respectively by investigating the theoretical criteria and comparing standard residual error and correlation coefficient ; ４) the sorption quantity and sorption rate of sediments increased with increasing C_０ . Besides , the higher the C_０ value was , the longer time was required to achieve equilibrium . From the relationship between C_０ and kinetic parameters , generalized predictive models for P adsorbed onto sediments at any contact time and initial P concentration within the given range were proposed . These equations could then be used to derive the amount of P adsorbed at any givenion concentration and the reaction time . It will be helpful to understand the P transfer differences between sediments .

In recent years , the issue of large amounts of greenhouse gas emissions and greenhouse effect induced by them has already aroused people?s great attention . Reducing greenhouse gas emission has become an urgent problem , which should be solved as soon as possible . CO_２ , CH_４ and N_２O are the major greenhouse gases , which play very important role in global warming . Agriculture is one of the most important greenhouse gases (CH_４ and N_２O) emission sources . For the purpose of making a positive contribution in reducing China?s greenhouse gas emission and relieving global warming , several controlling methods for reducing greenhouse gas emissions in Chinese agriculture were elaborated from the following aspects : reducing CH_４ emission from the rice fields and ruminant animals , utilization of
agricultural organic wastes for CO２ fertilization for the purpose of avoiding CH_４ and N_２O emissions during the process of straw burning and animal manure random dumping , as well as the adjustment of application methods of nitrogen fertilizer for reducing N_２O emission from the soil .

Pot experiments were conducted to examine the copper (Cu) fractions , mobility , availability and uptake by rice in black soil affected by application of pig manure (PM).The results indicated that Cu was predominately distributed in organic and residual‐bound fractions ,while the percentages of carbonate and organic‐bound fractions increased with increasing Cu concentrations in soil.The application of PM at the rate of １％ significantly reduced the DW (deionied water)‐ and DTPA‐extractable Cu ( P ＜０.０１) ,but the increase in the amounts of TCLP (toxicity characteristics leaching procedure) ‐extractable Cu was not significant.The application of PM at the rate of １％ significantly declined the Cu mobility ,effectively transformed soil Cu from soluble fractions to stable forms , but application of PM at the rate of３％ exhibited the opposite effect. The uptake of Cu by rice was very low compared with quantities accumulated in soil , however Cu concentrations in grains approached threshold level (GB １５１９９‐１９９４ ,Cu ≤ １０ mg.kg^－１ ) after Cu application of ≥ ４００ mg.kg ^－１ in soil.The application of PM at the rate of１％ significantly reduced Cu concentrations in rice plant tissues ( P ＜０.０１).The results also suggested that pig manure application with moderate Cu enrichment could decline Cu bioavailability in Cu contaminated soil , but long‐term and excessive amount of PM had a phototoxic effect and presented a potential threat to human health.Therefore , much attention should be paid regarding application of pig manures with high amount Cu for environmental and food safety.