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浙江大学学报(人文社会科学版)  2025, Vol. 55 Issue (2): 70-81    DOI: 10.3785/j.issn.1008-942X.CN33-6000/C.2023.11.271
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机会均等的数理表达
杨雨莲1, 张国清2
1.中共杭州市委党校 法学与社会学教研部,浙江 杭州 310024
2.浙江大学 哲学学院,浙江 杭州 310058
Mathematical Expressions of Equality of Opportunity: John Roemer’s Contribution and Limitation
Yang Yulian1, Zhang Guoqing2
1.Faculty of Law and Sociology, The Party School of CPC Hangzhou, Hangzhou 310024, China
2.School of Philosophy, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China

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摘要 20世纪后半个世纪以来,研究者发展了机会均等理念。罗尔斯主张每个人均等地享有社会基本善,再根据差别原则,实现公平机会均等。德沃金主张借助重要性原则和具体责任原则,实现资源平等。约翰·罗默批判了罗尔斯和德沃金的观点,并借鉴马克思主义理论,从哲学上解释机会均等的含义,从经济学上探讨机会均等原则的精确定义和适用范围,重新阐释和表述了机会均等原则,提出机会均等原则就是社会主义机会平等。他提出了一种实现机会均等的精确算法,对机会均等作了精确的数理表达,为解决社会公平和机会均等难题提供了新思路。
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关键词 社会公平基本善机会均等数理表达    
Abstract:Justice as fairness is the unremitting pursuit of mankind, and equality of opportunity is an important principle reflecting social fairness and justice. Theoretically, equal opportunity is often associated with social justice, and it is a major hotspot of concern and discussion in the social sciences. In practice, justice as fairness is the inherent requirement of Socialism with Chinese Characteristics, and equality of opportunity serves as an important foundation for social fairness. Therefore, realizing equal opportunities is of great significance to maintaining social justice. How to define and realize equality of opportunity remains a significant challenge. Scholars with different disciplinary backgrounds, such as John Rawls, Ronald Dworkin, and John Harsanyi, have put forward their own theories of justice. After them, John Roemer, a contemporary American Marxist, analyzed Rawls’ Justice as Fairness and Dworkin’s Equality of Resources, and put forward an equal-opportunity policy with precise mathematical formulation, which stands out as a significant and innovative contribution to the current research on equality of opportunity.Equality of opportunity and equality of resources are two important paths to realizing distributive justice. Rawls advocates for “Fair Equality of Opportunity”, which requires the equality of the index of primary social goods and Dworkin advocates for “Concerns over Equality”, which requires the equality of resources. Roemer affirms Dworkin’s theory of resource distribution and questions the feasibility of “maximum criterion” proposed by Rawls, which is based on the “veil of ignorance”. In the distribution of resources, the least advantaged may not be able to achieve a “priority maximize expectation”.Roemer criticizes Rawls’ concept of primary goods, identifying three main shortcomings: First, the randomness of Rawls’ natural distribution of the primary goods does not answer the question of why the object of maximization is an indicator of the primary goods rather than happiness or the fulfillment of a life plan. Second, the conception of the primary goods has difficulty in accomplishing the transition between the moral randomness of individual characteristics and the equality of the primary goods. Third, the veil of ignorance protects individuals from random information and fails to explain the motivation of individuals to work on their life plans in the social contract.Therefore, in response to the academic debate over the equality of opportunity, Roemer proposes the equal-opportunity policy of “advance opportunity dominance”. To implement this idea, Roemer sorts people with similar circumstances into types and takes their free choices to be represented by their behavior relative to other members of the same type or, as Roemer calls it, by their “relative effort”. John Roemer’s normative criterion of equal opportunity provides a novel perspective for the development of the theory of distributive justice, and innovatively provides mathematical references for the government to formulate reasonable rules. Roemer’s equal-opportunity policy divides individuals into different types, and separates individuals from background variables to be able to fairly and responsibly choose a certain form of opportunity, which is the brilliance of Roemer’s equality of opportunity theory. Indeed, Roemer’s equal-opportunity policy is in part a limited Rawlsian egalitarian definition of a justice chance in life.Roemer’s equal-opportunity policy represents a kind of equality that lies between formal equality and result equality. Although he has written extensively about it, neither mathematical projections nor philosophical musings have precisely defined the Equality of Opportunity. In particular, he connects equal opportunity to personal responsibility, but does not specify how personal responsibility is delineated, and inequality may still lie behind equal opportunity. Marx criticized the Equality of Opportunity as a merely formal equality. Although Roemer’s equal-opportunity policy incorporates Marxist ideas to a certain extent, the introduction of type, which categorizes individuals from different backgrounds, acknowledges the differences of human beings and implies underlying inequality.
Key wordssocial fairness    primary goods    equality of opportunity    mathematical expression   
收稿日期: 2023-11-27     
基金资助:浙江省哲学社会科学规划“省市合作”课题(24SSHZ027YB);国家社科基金重大项目(23ZDA127);杭州市哲学社会科学规划课题基地项目(24JD003)
作者简介: 杨雨莲(https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3476-7763),女,中共杭州市委党校法学与社会学教研部讲师,法学博士,主要从事社会与政治理论研究;;张国清(https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7858-0629),男,浙江大学哲学学院教授,主要从事政治哲学和政治学理论研究;
引用本文:   
杨雨莲, 张国清. 机会均等的数理表达[J]. 浙江大学学报(人文社会科学版), 2025, 55(2): 70-81. Yang Yulian, Zhang Guoqing. Mathematical Expressions of Equality of Opportunity: John Roemer’s Contribution and Limitation. JOURNAL OF ZHEJIANG UNIVERSITY, 2025, 55(2): 70-81.
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https://www.zjujournals.com/soc/CN/10.3785/j.issn.1008-942X.CN33-6000/C.2023.11.271     或     https://www.zjujournals.com/soc/CN/Y2025/V55/I2/70
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