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在同情与公正之间:罗尔斯和斯密正义理论隐秘关联之探析
张国清    杨雨莲
浙江大学 社会学系,浙江 杭州 310058
Sympathy and Justice: A Secret Association Between the Theories of Justice of Smith and Rawls
Zhang Guoqing     YangYulian
浙江大学 社会学系,浙江 杭州 310058

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摘要 

亚当?斯密和约翰?罗尔斯分别是18世纪古典自由主义和20世纪政治自由主义的代表人物。作为功利主义者,斯密在社会经济领域追求最大多数人的最大幸福,在法律政治领域借助不偏不倚的观察者理论,引出无偏正义法则;当效率和公平发生冲突时,他主张效率优先,但是仍然希望达成经济人与道德人的统一。作为新社会契约论者,罗尔斯反对功利主义的社会与政治理论,主张差别原则,在社会经济领域追求最少受惠者的最大权益,提出双重理性假说,借助原始位置和无知之幕假设,引出向最少受惠者倾斜的有偏正义原则,推崇人人享有平等的基本权利和自由,当效率与公平发生冲突时,强调公平优先,但也没有忽视效率的重要性。同情是否蕴含公正的问题,或者,同情心是否蕴含正义感的问题,是罗尔斯同斯密争论的焦点。充分展示并解答这个问题,将明晰斯密和罗尔斯正义理论的分歧所在,揭示两者的隐秘关联,有助于评估各自的学理价值,评价其对解决当前社会基本问题的实践价值。

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张国清 杨雨莲
关键词  亚当·斯密约翰·罗尔斯;不偏不倚的观察者;正义理论;同情;公正;正义感        
Abstract

Just as Adam Smith is one of the representatives of classical utilitarianism,John Rawls is one of the representatives of contemporary liberalism, through criticizing utilitarianism, he establishes a liberalism justice theory with a conception of fairness and justice as its core idea. Rawls expresses his appreciation for Adam Smith and criticizes the latter’s theory of justice in his works. But Rawls’ response to Smith’s thought is very rough. Whether Rawls deliberately avoids Smith’s moral philosophy is of great significance to understand the theories of justice between liberalism and utilitarianism. By comparing the justice theories of Rawls and Smith, we will reveal the relationship between them, judge the rationality of Rawls’ criticism of utilitarian justice theory, and evaluates the influence of Smith’s justice theory on contemporary political philosophy. Adam Smith puts forward a theory of justice from the view of a sympathetic and impartial spectator in his The Theory of Moral Sentiment. First of all, Smith believes that moral judgment is based on such an assumption that an impartial spectator has an ability of sympathy. Secondly, Smith further investigates and summarizes the characteristics of ″an impartial spectator″: impartiality; interest neutrality; understanding the truth of things, and he derives the legal system of justice from the assumption of ″an impartial spectator″. Smith distinguishes justice from benevolence. He concludes that justice is a negative virtue, benevolence is a positive one. Rawls’ criticism of Smith’s ″an impartial spectator″ theory of justice focuses on three aspects. Firstly, Rawls believes that the definition of impartial spectator does not make any assumption about the possibilities of the principles of justice. Secondly, Rawls criticizes that ″an impartial spectator″ only takes some preferences to be satisfied as an important measure to formulate social justice principles, without considering the aims of those preferences satisfied, and neglecting the satisfaction of some individuals’ preferences at the expense of others’ interests. Finally, Rawls believes that ″an impartial spectator″ is the integrator of simple preferences. However, Rawls’ comments on ″impartial spectator″ is not the truth as Smith’s interpretation on that notion. Rawls misreads Smith’s justice theory to some extent. Firstly, Rawls ignores the three characteristics of ″impartial spectator″: disinterested, uninvolved and not personally affected. In fact, it is the same as the ″mutual disinterestedness″ characteristic of the parties in the original position that Rawls assumes in his A Theory of Justice. Secondly, Rawls ignores that what Smith pursues is not a society with the maximum utility and the best average wealth. Smith is more concerned with the realization of justice. His theory of justice gives priority to the interests of the middle and lower classes in a society, he wants to unite the forces of the middle and lower classes, restrain and divide the interests of the upper class to realize the maximization of social interests. Rawls ignores the important contribution of Smith’s theory of justice to making some balance of the interests between social classes. In fact, Smith’s ″impartial spectator″ and Rawls’s ″the parties behind the veil of ignorance″ are two notions corresponding with one another. Smith deducts from sympathy to an impartial spectator’s justice, while Rawls deducts from the individuals in the original position to a conception of justice as fairness. Smith’s ″justice is the fundamental of society″ is similar to Rawls’s ″justice is the primary virtue of social institutions″. Therefore, there is a secret association between the justice theories of Smith and Rawls. And the sense of justice,or the sentiment of justice,is a key to show that secret, one belongs to Rawls, the other to Smith.

Key wordsAdam Smith    John Rawls    impartial spectator    theories of justice    sympathy    justice as fairness    sense of justice         
    
引用本文:   
张国清 杨雨莲. 在同情与公正之间:罗尔斯和斯密正义理论隐秘关联之探析[J]. 浙江大学学报(人文社会科学版), 2020, 6(3): 176-. Zhang Guoqing YangYulian. Sympathy and Justice: A Secret Association Between the Theories of Justice of Smith and Rawls. JOURNAL OF ZHEJIANG UNIVERSITY, 2020, 6(3): 176-.
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https://www.zjujournals.com/soc/CN/     或     https://www.zjujournals.com/soc/CN/Y2020/V6/I3/176
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